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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
Commission File Number 001-33289
https://cdn.kscope.io/b373d359cd33981dc29939b471dd3c2a-enlogo2016a14.gif
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
BERMUDA
N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Windsor Place, 3rd Floor, 22 Queen Street, Hamilton HM JX, Bermuda
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (441) 292-3645
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Ordinary shares, par value $1.00 per share
ESGR
The NASDAQ Stock Market
LLC
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/1,000th Interest in a 7.00%
ESGRP
The NASDAQ Stock Market
LLC
Fixed-to-Floating Rate Perpetual Non-Cumulative Preferred Share, Series D, Par Value $1.00 Per Share


 
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/1,000th Interest in a 7.00%
ESGRO
The NASDAQ Stock Market
LLC
Perpetual Non-Cumulative Preferred Share, Series E, Par Value $1.00 Per Share
 
 
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
þ
 
Accelerated filer
☐
 
Non-accelerated filer
☐
 
Smaller reporting company
☐
 
Emerging growth company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2019 was approximately $1.86 billion based on the closing price of $174.28 per ordinary share on the NASDAQ Stock Market on that date. Shares held by officers and directors of the registrant and their affiliated entities have been excluded from this computation. Such exclusion is not intended, nor shall it be deemed, to be an admission that such persons are affiliates of the registrant.
As of February 24, 2020, the registrant had outstanding 18,012,556 voting ordinary shares and 3,509,682 non-voting convertible ordinary shares, each par value $1.00 per share.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A relating to its 2020 annual general meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.
 



Enstar Group Limited
Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019

Table of Contents
 
 
 
Page
PART I
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
 
 
 
PART II
 
 
 
 
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
 
 
 
PART III
 
 
 
 
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
 
 
 
PART IV
 
 
 
 
Item 15.
Item 16.




CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain statements that constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, with respect to our financial condition, results of operations, business strategies, operating efficiencies, competitive positions, growth opportunities, plans and objectives of our management, as well as the markets for our securities and the insurance and reinsurance sectors in general. Statements that include words such as "estimate," "project," "plan," "intend," "expect," "anticipate," "believe," "would," "should," "could," "seek," "may" and similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature identify forward-looking statements for purposes of the federal securities laws or otherwise. All forward-looking statements are necessarily estimates or expectations, and not statements of historical fact, reflecting the best judgment of our management and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements. These forward looking statements should, therefore, be considered in light of various important factors, including those set forth in this annual report and the documents incorporated by reference herein, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements. These factors include:
•
risks associated with implementing our business strategies and initiatives;
•
the adequacy of our loss reserves and the need to adjust such reserves as claims develop over time;
•
risks relating to our acquisitions, including our ability to evaluate opportunities, successfully price acquisitions, address operational challenges, support our planned growth and assimilate acquired companies into our internal control system in order to maintain effective internal controls, provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud;
•
risks relating to our active underwriting businesses, including unpredictability and severity of catastrophic and other major loss events, failure of risk management and loss limitation methods, the risk of a ratings downgrade or withdrawal, and cyclicality of demand and pricing in the insurance and reinsurance markets;
•
risks relating to the performance of our investment portfolio and our ability to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs;
•
changes and uncertainty in economic conditions, including interest rates, inflation, currency exchange rates, equity markets and credit conditions, which could affect our investment portfolio, our ability to finance future acquisitions and our profitability;
•
the risk that ongoing or future industry regulatory developments will disrupt our business, affect the ability of our subsidiaries to operate in the ordinary course or to make distributions to us, or mandate changes in industry practices in ways that increase our costs, decrease our revenues or require us to alter aspects of the way we do business;
•
risks relating to the variability of statutory capital requirements and the risk that we may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available or may be available only on unfavorable terms;
•
risks relating to the availability and collectability of our reinsurance;
•
losses due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
•
increased competitive pressures, including the consolidation and increased globalization of reinsurance providers;
•
emerging claim and coverage issues;
•
lengthy and unpredictable litigation affecting the assessment of losses and/or coverage issues;
•
loss of key personnel;
•
the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us and the resulting impact on our liquidity;
•
our ability to comply with covenants in our debt agreements;
•
changes in our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations or intentions, which may happen at any time at management’s discretion;
•
operational risks, including system, data security or human failures and external hazards;



•
risks relating to our ability to obtain regulatory approvals, including the timing, terms and conditions of any such approvals, and to satisfy other closing conditions in connection with our acquisition agreements, which could affect our ability to complete acquisitions;
•
risks relating to our subsidiaries with liabilities arising from legacy manufacturing operations;
•
tax, regulatory or legal restrictions or limitations applicable to us or the insurance and reinsurance business generally;
•
changes in tax laws or regulations applicable to us or our subsidiaries, or the risk that we or one of our non-U.S. subsidiaries become subject to significant, or significantly increased, income taxes in the United States or elsewhere;
•
changes in Bermuda law or regulation or the political stability of Bermuda; and
•
changes in accounting policies or practices.
The factors listed above should be not construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the Risk Factors that are included in Item 1A below. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.


PART I 
ITEM 1.     BUSINESS
Company Overview
Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar") is a Bermuda-based holding company. We are a multi-faceted insurance group that offers innovative capital release solutions and specialty underwriting capabilities through our network of group companies in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, and other international locations. Enstar is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol "ESGR". In this report, the terms "Enstar," "the Company," "us," and "we" are used interchangeably to describe Enstar and our subsidiary companies.
Our core focus is acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off. Since our formation, we have completed or announced the acquisition of over 100 insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of business.
Our fundamental corporate objective is growing our net book value per share. We strive to achieve this primarily through growth in net earnings from both organic and accretive sources, including the completion of new acquisitions, the effective management of companies and portfolios of business acquired, and the execution of active underwriting strategies.
Enstar also manages specialty active underwriting businesses:
•
Atrium Underwriting Group Limited and its subsidiaries ("Atrium"), which manage and underwrite specialist insurance and reinsurance business for Lloyd’s Syndicate 609; and
•
StarStone Insurance Bermuda Limited and its subsidiaries ("StarStone"), which is an A.M. Best A- rated global specialty insurance group with multiple underwriting platforms.
Business Strategy
Enstar aims to maximize growth in book value per share by employing the following strategies:
We Leverage Management’s Experience and Industry Relationships to Solidify Enstar’s Position in the Run-Off Market.  Enstar leverages the extensive experience and relationships of our senior management team to solidify our position as a leading run-off acquirer and generate future growth opportunities.
We Engage in Highly Disciplined Acquisition Practices. Enstar is highly selective and disciplined when assessing potential acquisition targets, carefully analyzing risk exposures, claims practices and reserve requirements as part of a detailed due diligence process. We believe this decreases risk and increases the probability that we can deliver positive operating results from the companies and portfolios acquired.
We Prudently Manage Investments and Capital. In managing investments and deploying group capital, Enstar strives to achieve superior risk-adjusted returns, while growing profitability and generating long-term growth in shareholder value.
We Manage Claims Professionally, Expeditiously, and Cost-Effectively. Enstar aims to manage claims in a professional and disciplined manner, drawing on in-house expertise to dispose of claims efficiently. Enstar strives to pay valid claims on a timely basis, while relying on well-documented policy terms and exclusions where applicable, and litigation when necessary, to defend against paying invalid claims.
We Seek to Commute Assumed Liabilities and Insurance and Reinsurance Assets at a Discount to the Ultimate Liability. Using detailed claims analysis and actuarial projections, Enstar seeks to negotiate with policyholders with a goal of commuting existing insurance and reinsurance liabilities at a discount to the ultimate liability.
We Aim to Profitably Underwrite Selected Specialty Lines to Enhance Future Growth Opportunities.  Through our Atrium and StarStone segments, we selectively underwrite in chosen specialty lines, with a focus on balancing risk exposures.

1

Strategic Growth
Enstar transactions typically take the form of either acquisitions or portfolio transfers. In an acquisition, we acquire an insurance or reinsurance company and manage the run-off or continued underwriting of risk in its business lines. In a portfolio transfer, a reinsurance contract transfers risk from the initial insurance or reinsurance company to a company in the Enstar group. Enstar also enters into reinsurance to close ("RITC") transactions with Lloyd's of London ("Lloyd's") insurance and reinsurance syndicates in run-off, whereby a portfolio of run-off liabilities is transferred from one Lloyd’s syndicate to another.
The substantial majority of Enstar’s acquisitions have been in the non-life run-off business, which generally includes property and casualty, workers’ compensation, asbestos and environmental, construction defect, marine, aviation and transit, professional indemnity and directors and officers, motor, and other closed business. Enstar evolved from a stand-alone run-off consolidator to a more diversified insurance group with active underwriting capabilities following our acquisitions of Atrium and StarStone, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. We partnered with the Trident funds ("Trident") (managed by Stone Point Capital LLC ("Stone Point")) in the acquisitions of these active underwriting businesses. Stone Point Capital is a financial services-focused private equity firm that has significant experience investing in insurance and reinsurance companies and other insurance-related businesses, which Enstar believes is valuable in our active underwriting joint ventures. In each of the Atrium and StarStone transactions, Enstar has a 59.0% equity interest, Trident has a 39.3% equity interest, and Dowling Capital Partners L.P. ("Dowling") has a 1.7% equity interest.
Recent Acquisitions and Significant New Business
AXA Group
On February 24, 2020, we entered into a loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreement with AXA XL, a division of AXA, to reinsure specified legacy construction general liability multi-year policies. We will assume reinsurance reserves of approximately $225.0 million in the transaction. Completion of the transaction is subject to, among other things, regulatory approvals and satisfaction of various closing conditions. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2020.
Munich Re
On September 10, 2019, we signed an agreement with Great Lakes Insurance SE and HSB Engineering Insurance Limited, both subsidiaries of Munich Reinsurance Company ("Munich Re"), pursuant to which we will acquire certain portfolios from their Australian branches. In the transaction, which is subject to regulatory and Federal Court of Australia approval, we will receive total assets of approximately AUD$228.2 million (approximately $160.3 million) for assuming the associated net insurance reserves, which primarily relate to long tail insurance business. We are pursuing a portfolio transfer of the insurance business under Division 3A of Part III of Australia’s Insurance Act 1973 (Cth), which would provide legal finality for Munich Re and its subsidiaries. This transaction is expected to close in 2020.
Morse TEC
On October 30, 2019, we completed the acquisition of Morse TEC LLC ("Morse TEC") through our subsidiary, Enstar Holdings (US) LLC from BorgWarner Inc. Morse TEC holds $662.5 million in gross liabilities associated with personal injury asbestos claims and environmental claims arising from BorgWarner's legacy manufacturing operations.
Zurich
On October 1, 2019, we completed a reinsurance transaction with Zurich Insurance Group ("Zurich"), pursuant to which we reinsured certain of Zurich's U.S. asbestos and environmental liability insurance portfolios. In the transaction, we assumed $622.9 million of gross reserves, relating to 1986 and prior year business, for reinsurance premium of $465.5 million and recorded a deferred charge of $115.8 million. We have ceded 10% of this transaction to Enhanzed Reinsurance Ltd. ("Enhanzed Re"), in which we have an investment, on the same terms and conditions as those received by Enstar.



2

Maiden ADC
On August 5, 2019, we and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (“Maiden Re Bermuda”) completed a transaction pursuant to a Master Agreement with Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and Maiden Re Bermuda to provide adverse development cover reinsurance to Maiden Re Bermuda, effective January 1, 2019. In the transaction, Maiden Re Bermuda ceded and we assumed as retrocessionaire Maiden Re Bermuda's liability under its quota share agreement with the Bermuda subsidiary ("AmTrust Bermuda") of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. (“AmTrust”). The adverse development cover reinsurance is for losses incurred on or prior to December 31, 2018 in excess of a $2.2 billion retention up to a $600.0 million limit, in exchange for a premium of $445.0 million. We assumed total gross reserves of $530.2 million and recorded a deferred charge of $85.2 million. Enstar's reinsurance performance obligations in the transaction are collateralized in accordance with a Master Collateral Agreement among Enstar, Maiden Re Bermuda, AmTrust and certain subsidiaries of AmTrust.
Amerisure
On April 11, 2019, we completed a loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreement with Amerisure Mutual Insurance Company ("Amerisure") and Allianz Risk Transfer (Bermuda) Limited (“ART Bermuda”). In the transaction, Amerisure ceded, and each of Enstar and ART Bermuda severally assumed, a 50% quota share of the construction defect losses incurred by Amerisure and certain of its subsidiaries on or before December 31, 2012. Under the agreement, which was effective as of January 1, 2019, we assumed $48.3 million of gross reserves in exchange for consideration of $45.5 million and recorded a deferred charge asset of $2.9 million.
AmTrust RITC Transactions
On February 14, 2019, we completed four RITC transactions with Syndicates 1206, 1861, 2526 and 5820, managed by AmTrust Syndicates Limited, under which we reinsured to close the 2016 and prior underwriting years. We assumed, among other items, gross loss reserves of £703.8 million ($897.1 million) and net loss reserves of £486.8 million ($620.4 million) relating to the portfolios in exchange for consideration of £539.9 million ($688.2 million) and recorded a deferred charge asset of $20.6 million.
Acquisitions and Significant New Business since January 1, 2019
The table below sets forth a summary of acquisitions and significant new business that we have signed or completed since January 1, 2019, including those announced in 2020 prior to issuing this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a more detailed explanation of these transactions, as well as transactions completed in 2018 and 2017, refer to Note 3 - "Acquisitions" and Note 4 - "Significant New Business" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Acquisitions and Significant New Business (January 1, 2019 - Present)
Transaction
 
Purchase Price
 
Assets Acquired/Assumed
 
Total Liabilities Acquired/Assumed
 
Segment
 
Primary Nature of
Business
AXA XL
 
N/A
 
$211 million
 
$225 million
 
Non-life Run-off
 
U.S. construction general liability
Munich Re
 
N/A
 
$160 million
 
$160 million
 
Non-life Run-off
 
Australian public liability, professional liability and builders' warranty liabilities
Morse TEC
 
$— million
 
$683 million
 
$683 million
 
Non-life Run-off
 
U.S. liabilities associated with personal injury asbestos claims and environmental claims arising from legacy manufacturing operations
Zurich
 
N/A
 
$507 million
 
$623 million
 
Non-life Run-off
 
U.S. asbestos and environmental liability
Maiden Re Bermuda
 
N/A
 
$445 million
 
$530 million
 
Non-life Run-off
 
U.S. workers' compensation and General Casualty
Amerisure
 
N/A
 
$45 million
 
$48 million
 
Non-life Run-off
 
U.S. construction defect
AmTrust RITCs
 
N/A
 
$1,144 million
 
$1,165 million
 
Non-life Run-off
 
Lloyd's property, professional, marine, non-marine, affinity annual, extended warranty and political

3

Sale of Life and Annuities
The following sections describe the sale of various life and annuities businesses and assets. Each of these was an opportunistic sale, allowing us to release capital and liquidity. We will still consider life and annuities business opportunities, either for our own balance sheet, or via one of our affiliates, Enhanzed Re or Monument Insurance Group ("Monument").
Alpha
On May 31, 2019, we completed the transfer of our remaining life assurance policies written by our wholly-owned subsidiary Alpha Insurance SA to a subsidiary of Monument. We have an investment in Monument. Our policy benefits operations do not qualify for inclusion in our reportable segments and are therefore included within other activities. The related assets, as well as the results from these operations, were not significant to our consolidated operations and therefore they have not been classified as a discontinued operation. In addition, our transfer of these life assurance polices to Monument was not classified as a held-for-sale business transaction since the underlying contracts did not meet the definition of a business.
Pavonia
On December 29, 2017, we completed the sale of Pavonia Holdings (US), Inc. (“Pavonia”) to Southland National Holdings, Inc. (“Southland”), a Delaware corporation and a subsidiary of Global Bankers Insurance Group, LLC. The aggregate purchase price was $120.0 million. We used the proceeds to make repayments under our revolving credit facility. A sale of one subsidiary, Pavonia Life Insurance Company of New York ("PLIC NY") has not yet been agreed or completed. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, included within other assets and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet were amounts of $20.6 million and $11.7 million, and $24.0 million and $11.3 million, respectively, relating to PLIC NY.
Other Transactions
During 2019, we divested 16 dormant Lloyd’s corporate members for a de-minimis amount.
Operating Segments
We have three reportable segments of business that are each managed, operated and separately reported: (i) Non-life Run-off; (ii) Atrium; and (iii) StarStone. Our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange and other miscellaneous items. For additional information and financial data relating to our segments, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations by Segment," "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investments" and Note 24 - "Segment Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Non-life Run-off
Our Non-life Run-off segment comprises the operations of our subsidiaries that are running off their property and casualty and other non-life lines of business.
In the primary (or direct) insurance business, the insurer assumes risk of loss from persons or organizations that are directly subject to the given risks. In the reinsurance business, the reinsurer agrees to indemnify an insurance or reinsurance company, referred to as the ceding company, against all or a portion of the insurance risks arising under the policies the ceding company has written or reinsured. When an insurer or reinsurer stops writing new insurance business, either entirely or with respect to a particular line of business, the insurer, reinsurer, or the line of discontinued business is in run-off.
Participants in the industry often have portfolios of business that become inconsistent with their core competency or provide excessive exposure to a particular risk or segment of the market. These non-core and/or discontinued portfolios are often associated with potentially large exposures and lengthy time periods before resolution of the last remaining insured claims, resulting in significant uncertainty to the insurer or reinsurer covering those risks. These factors can distract management, drive up the cost of capital and surplus for the insurer or reinsurer and negatively impact the insurer’s or reinsurer’s rating, which makes the disposal of the unwanted company or portfolio an attractive option. The insurer or reinsurer may engage with a third party that specializes in run-off management, such as Enstar, to purchase the company or assume the portfolio in run-off.

4

In the sale of a company in run-off, a purchaser, such as Enstar, may pay a discount to the book value of the company based on the risks assumed and the relative value to the seller of no longer having to manage the company in run-off. Such a transaction can be beneficial to the seller because it receives an up-front payment for the company, eliminates the need for its management to devote any attention to the disposed company and removes the risk that the established reserves related to the run-off business may prove to be inadequate. The seller is also able to redeploy its management and financial resources to its core businesses.
In some situations, an insurer or reinsurer may wish to divest itself of a portfolio of non-core legacy business that may have been underwritten alongside other ongoing core business that the insurer or reinsurer does not want to dispose of. In such instances, we are able to provide economic finality for the insurer or reinsurer by providing a loss portfolio reinsurance contract to protect the insurer or reinsurer against deterioration of the non-core portfolio of loss reserves.
Overall, the focus of our Non-life Run-off segment is to acquire companies or portfolios in run-off and to effectively manage that business in ways that further our primary corporate objective of growing Enstar's net book value per share.
Acquisition Process
We evaluate each acquisition and loss portfolio transfer opportunity presented by carefully reviewing the portfolio’s risk exposures, claim practices, reserve requirements and outstanding claims. Based on this initial analysis, we can determine if a company or portfolio of business would add value to our current portfolio of run-off businesses. If we decide to pursue the purchase of a company in run-off, we then proceed to price the acquisition in a manner we believe will result in positive operating results based on certain assumptions including, without limitation, our ability to favorably resolve claims, negotiate with direct insureds and reinsurers, manage our investment portfolio and otherwise manage the nature of the risks posed by the business.
At the time we acquire a company in run-off, we estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired based on actuarial advice and our views of the exposures assumed. We primarily earn our total return on an acquisition from disciplined claims management and/or commuting the liabilities that we have assumed, maximizing reinsurance recoveries on the assumed portfolio of business and investment returns from the acquired investment portfolios.
Run-off Management
Following the acquisition of a company or portfolio of business in run-off, we strive to conduct the run-off in a disciplined and professional manner to efficiently discharge the liabilities associated with the business while preserving and maximizing its assets. Our approach to managing our companies and portfolios of business in run-off includes, where possible, negotiating with third-party insureds and reinsureds to commute their insurance or reinsurance agreement (sometimes called policy buy-backs for direct insurance) for an agreed upon up-front payment by us and to more efficiently manage payment of insurance and reinsurance claims. We attempt to commute policies with direct insureds or reinsureds to eliminate uncertainty over the amount of future claims. Commutations and policy buy-backs provide an opportunity for the company to exit exposures to certain policies and insureds generally at a discount to the ultimate liability and provide the ability to eliminate exposure to further losses. Commutations can also reduce the duration, administrative burden and ultimately the future cost of the run-off.
In certain lines of business, such as direct workers’ compensation insurance, commutations and policy buy-back opportunities are not typically available, and our strategy with respect to these businesses is to derive value through efficient and effective management of claims.
Integral to our success is our ability to analyze, administer, and settle claims while managing related expenses, such as loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"). We have implemented claims handling guidelines along with claims reporting and control procedures in all of our claims units. All claims matters are reviewed regularly, with all material claims matters being circulated to and authorized by management prior to any action being taken. Our claims management processes also include leveraging our extensive relationships and developed protocols to more efficiently manage outside counsel and other third parties to reduce expenses. With respect to certain lines of business, we have agreements with third-party administrators to manage and pay claims on our subsidiaries’ behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. These agreements generally set forth the duties of the third-party administrators, limits of authority, indemnification language designed for our protection and various procedures relating to compliance with laws and regulations. These arrangements are also subject to review by our relevant claims departments, and we monitor these administrators on an ongoing basis.

5

We provide consultancy services to third parties in the insurance and reinsurance industry primarily through our subsidiaries, the Cranmore companies, Enstar Limited, Enstar (US), Inc., Enstar EU, Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc. ("Paladin") and Kinsale Brokers Limited. In addition to third-party engagements, our consultancy companies also perform these services in-house for our Enstar companies, using their expertise to assist in managing our run-off portfolios and performing certain due diligence matters relating to acquired businesses. The services range from full-service incentive-based or fixed fee run-off management to bespoke solutions such as claims inspection, claims validation, reinsurance asset collection and IT consulting services. Paladin provides medical bill review, utilization review, physician case management and related services in the workers’ compensation area.
Following the acquisition of a company or the assumption of a portfolio of business through a reinsurance transaction, we analyze the acquired exposures and reinsurance receivables on a policyholder-by-policyholder basis to identify those we wish to approach to discuss commutation. In addition, policyholders and reinsurers often approach us requesting commutation. We then carry out a full analysis of the underlying exposures in order to determine the attractiveness of a proposed commutation. From the initial analysis of the underlying exposures, it may take several months, or even years, before a commutation is completed. In certain cases, if we and the policyholder or reinsurer are unable to reach a commercially acceptable settlement, the commutation may not be achievable, in which case we will continue to settle valid claims from the policyholder, or collect reinsurance receivables from the reinsurer, as they arise or become due.
Certain insureds and reinsureds are often willing to commute with us, subject to receiving an acceptable settlement, as this provides certainty of recovery of what otherwise may be claims that are disputed in the future, and often provides a meaningful up-front cash receipt that, with the associated investment income, can provide funds to meet future claim payments or even commutation of their underlying exposure. Therefore, subject to negotiating an acceptable settlement, many of our insurance and reinsurance liabilities and reinsurance receivables can be either commuted or settled by way of policy buy-back over time. Properly priced commutations may reduce the expense of adjusting direct claims and pursuing collection of reinsurance, realize savings, remove the potential future volatility of claims and reduce required regulatory capital.
We manage cash flow with regard to reinsurance recoverables by working with reinsurers, brokers and professional advisors to achieve fair and prompt payment of reinsured claims, and we take appropriate legal action to secure receivables when necessary. We also attempt where appropriate to negotiate favorable commutations with our reinsurers by securing a lump sum settlement from reinsurers in complete satisfaction of the reinsurer’s past, present and future liability in respect of such claims.
As a result of the number of transactions we have completed over the years, our organizational structure consists of licensed entities across many jurisdictions. In managing our group, we continue to look for opportunities to simplify our legal structure by way of company amalgamations and mergers, reinsurance, or other transactions to improve capital efficiency and decrease ongoing compliance and operational costs over time. In addition, we seek to pool risk in areas where we maintain the expertise to manage such risk to achieve operational efficiencies, which allows us to most efficiently manage our assets to achieve capital diversification benefits.
Atrium
Our Atrium segment is comprised of the active underwriting operations and financial results of Northshore Holdings Ltd. ("Northshore"), a holding company that owns Atrium and its subsidiaries and Arden Reinsurance Company Ltd. ("Arden"). Enstar acquired Atrium on November 25, 2013.
Atrium’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Atrium Underwriters Ltd, manages Syndicate 609, which underwrites specialist insurance and reinsurance business at Lloyd’s. Atrium’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Atrium 5 Ltd., provides 25% of the underwriting capacity and capital to Syndicate 609, with the balance provided by traditional Lloyd’s Names. Atrium has offices in London and the United States. Generally, Atrium continues to operate in accordance with the underwriting and other business strategies established pre-acquisition, although we and Stone Point continually review these strategies and business goals and continue to develop synergies with our existing business operations.
Arden is a Bermuda-based reinsurance company that provides reinsurance to Atrium (through a 65% quota share reinsurance arrangement with Atrium 5 Ltd., which is eliminated upon consolidation) and is currently in the process of running off certain other discontinued business. Results related to Arden’s discontinued business are included within our Non-life Run-off segment.

6

Business Lines
Syndicate 609 provides insurance and reinsurance on a worldwide basis including the United States, Europe, the Far East and Australasia. Atrium specializes in a wide range of industry classes, including marine, aviation and transit, property and casualty binding authorities, reinsurance, accident and health and non-marine direct and facultative. Lloyd’s business is often underwritten on a subscription basis across the insurance market. Atrium is the lead underwriter in approximately 45% of the business it underwrites.
Lloyd’s is a surplus lines insurer and an accredited reinsurer in all U.S. states and territories, and a licensed (or admitted) insurer in Illinois, Kentucky and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
A description of each of Atrium's lines of business follows:
Marine, Aviation and Transit. The marine line of business is a worldwide portfolio writing marine hull, marine war, cargo, fine art and specie, marine and energy liability and total loss only business. Atrium leads a number of the major marine war contracts in London. Business is written on a direct, reinsurance, proportional and excess of loss basis. The aviation portfolio includes all aspects of aviation insurance, with Atrium specializing in rotor wing and non-major airlines. The majority of the account is sourced through London brokers as direct or facultative reinsurance of a local reinsurer. Included within the marine, aviation and transit lines of business are the upstream energy and terrorism portfolios. The upstream energy portfolio is split into two main categories of assureds: operators (private and publicly quoted companies, national oil companies and Oil Insurance Limited members) and contractors (drilling, service and construction companies). The principal coverage is physical damage/business interruption, control of well and associated pollution, construction and Gulf of Mexico windstorm and other natural catastrophe perils. Nearly all of the upstream energy line of business is sourced through Lloyd’s brokers, with the significant majority written on a facultative basis and a smaller amount written on a treaty basis. The terrorism portfolio includes political violence, strikes, riots and civil commotion, and war on land business. Most of the business is located in the U.K., the U.S. and the European Economic Area.
Binding Authorities. The property and casualty binding authority portfolio includes a broad range of small and medium business entity insurance products offered across the United States and Canada. Typical property risks include commercial, vacant and hard-to-place residential dwellings. Typical casualty risks include owners, landlords and tenants, business owners, artisan, special events and various niche products. Business is written through both traditional binding authorities as well as online binding authorities through AUGold, Atrium’s proprietary online system that is used by brokers. The liability line of business includes a professional liability portfolio of products covering a diverse range of classes including architects, consultants and lawyers and also a miscellaneous range encompassing many different professions. Included within this line of business is international general liability, which is a book of primary coverholder business covering the security, leisure and hotel industries. The majority of business is produced through delegated binding authority contracts.
Reinsurance. The reinsurance line is a worldwide portfolio and includes aviation reinsurance, casualty reinsurance, property reinsurance, and marine reinsurance. Business is mainly written on a risk excess of loss, catastrophe excess of loss or retrocessional basis. Aviation reinsurance is written through an underwriting consortium managed by Atrium.
Accident and Health. The accident and health line is a global account that encompasses a wide range of classes, including group and individual disability, personal accident, travel insurance, medical expenses, aviation personal accident, war risks, kidnap and ransom insurance, and sports accident insurance. The line includes both insurance and reinsurance business, written as facultative placements and under delegated underwriting facilities and both proportional and non-proportional treaties.
Non-Marine Direct and Facultative. The non-marine direct and facultative portfolio includes a diverse mix of property business offered in both the international and U.S. markets, comprised of physical loss or damage, business interruption, extra expense, construction, contingency and pecuniary loss risks in respect of onshore property and onshore engineered risks. The majority of this line of business is written through Lloyd’s brokers and under delegated underwriting facilities.

7

Distribution
All of the business in the Atrium segment is placed through insurance and reinsurance brokers, and a key distribution channel for Syndicate 609 is the managing general agent binding authorities. Atrium seeks to develop relationships with insurance and reinsurance brokers, insurance and reinsurance companies, large global corporations and financial intermediaries to develop and underwrite business. Independent broker Marsh Inc. accounted for 13% of Atrium’s gross premiums written in 2019. Other brokers (each individually less than 10%) accounted for the remaining 87% of gross premiums written.
Atrium’s proprietary online platform, AUGold, provides end-to-end processing, quote and policy production for managing general agents across a range of classes of business.  The platform provides agents with efficient and cost effective access to Lloyd’s binding authorities and is designed to enable Atrium to compete more effectively with North American excess and surplus lines carriers.
Managing Agency Services
Atrium receives a managing agency fee of 0.7% of Syndicate 609 capacity and a 20% profit commission based on the net earnings of Syndicate 609, pursuant to its management contract. Atrium also receives management fees and profit commission from the management of underwriting consortiums. These fees and profit commission are included within fees and commission income in our consolidated statement of earnings.
Claims Management
Claims in respect of business written by Syndicate 609 are primarily notified by various central market bureaus. Where a syndicate is a "leading" syndicate on a Lloyd’s policy, its underwriters and claims adjusters work directly with the broker or insured on behalf of itself and the following market for any particular claim. This may involve appointing attorneys or loss adjusters. The claims bureaus and the leading syndicate advise movement in loss reserves to all syndicates participating on the risk. If necessary, Atrium's claims department may adjust the case reserves it records from those advised by the bureaus.
Reinsurance Ceded
On an annual basis Atrium purchases a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage its risk profile. The majority of Atrium’s third-party reinsurance cover is with Lloyd’s Syndicates or other highly rated reinsurers.
StarStone
Our StarStone segment is comprised of the active underwriting operations and financial results of StarStone and StarStone Specialty Holdings Limited ("StarStone Group"), a holding company that owns StarStone and its subsidiaries. Our StarStone segment also includes various intra-group cessions and the results of KaylaRe's reinsurance of StarStone Group from May 14, 2018, the date on which we completed the acquisition of KaylaRe. Refer to Note 3 - "Acquisitions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Effective September 30, 2019, KaylaRe and KaylaRe Ltd. merged with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, our wholly-owned subsidiary, with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited as the surviving company.
We acquired StarStone (formerly known as Torus) on April 1, 2014 in partnership with Trident (managed by Stone Point). Dowling also has a minority investment. StarStone’s strategy emphasizes underwriting discipline and focuses on profitable lines and improvement of operational effectiveness and efficiency.
StarStone is a global specialty insurer operating worldwide from key underwriting hubs in the Lloyd's and London markets, Bermuda, Continental Europe, and the United States. StarStone has five wholly-owned insurance platforms and licenses to serve a global client base. In December 2017, the London market and European business were merged into a single European entity based in Liechtenstein. This was executed in order to improve operational efficiencies and position the StarStone group post-Brexit. Through Syndicate 1301, StarStone offers a variety of specialty products at Lloyd’s. Syndicate 1301 is managed by StarStone's wholly-owned Lloyd’s managing agency.
In 2018, we appointed new executive leadership at StarStone, and we made progress in repositioning the underwriting portfolio in 2019 to reflect market opportunities and to achieve a mix of business for improved underwriting profitability. We will continue to focus on profitable lines, taking action to remediate certain lines that we wish to continue writing and exiting lines of business that we no longer find attractive. As part of these remediation efforts we have closed the StarStone offices in Australia, Hong Kong and Zurich and have disposed of our investment in Malakite Underwriting Partners Ltd, a Dubai-based managing general agent.

8

Business Lines
StarStone offers a broad range of property, casualty and specialty insurance products to both large multi-national and small and middle-market clients around the world. A description of StarStone's business lines is as follows:
Casualty.  Casualty is StarStone's largest product group, including StarStone’s U.S. excess casualty, global management and professional liability, global healthcare, and accident and health products. The U.S. excess casualty product includes umbrella, excess and retained limit products across a wide range of market segments focused on small to mid-market businesses. The global management and professional liability product specializes in directors and officers and professional liability protection for both traditional and emerging professions. Our healthcare product provides insurance for acute care centers, nursing homes, physician groups, senior living facilities, and others. The accident and health product provides protection for a broad range of groups and individuals such as air crew personal accident and loss of license, accidental death and permanent and temporary disability for individuals including athletes and high net worth individuals.
Marine.    We provide a broad range of marine and specialty products including hull and machinery, marine and energy liabilities, cargo, war, transport, specie and fine art, and terrorism. These products are written through Lloyd's Syndicate 1301, our European branch network and by some of our U.S. based teams. We also provide high excess casualty coverage placed in the London wholesale market which is focused on high excess layers for Fortune 500 companies.
Property.    This line includes all of our property insurance products. The run-off construction portfolio focuses on large, complex, infrastructure and contractor cover across all risk areas. Property also includes our onshore, power, and upstream and offshore products written through our Lloyd's and London platforms. Most lines are written on a full value, primary, excess of loss or quota share basis.
Aerospace.    We serve a diverse client base within the aerospace sector including airlines, aircraft manufacturers and airport service providers. Our products are split between short-tail and long-tail risks and by aircraft type into three areas: airlines, aviation products and liability, and general aviation.
Workers' compensation.    This line provides workers' compensation solutions for a range of industries, including energy and maritime businesses to high-hazard operations. We also cover cross-state, multi-jurisdictional exposures in single policies. Business is written directly with clients and through partnerships with independent agents, managing general underwriters, and select wholesale brokers throughout the United States.
Distribution
StarStone's distribution strategy is to focus on proximity to clients and brokers, using its Lloyd’s platform, European branch distribution network, its U.S. wholesale distribution strategy, as well as its relationships with insurance and reinsurance brokers and risk carriers, corporations and financial intermediaries.
Syndicate 1301 can conduct business in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. In addition to underwriting business directly at Lloyd’s in London, it provides local access to Lloyd’s in Continental Europe and the United States.
In the United States, products are written locally through our admitted and excess and surplus lines carriers. Our U.S. strategy also utilizes our online e-commerce broker portal, ESCAPE, which offers immediate wholesale distribution to all 50 states.
Business in the StarStone segment is generally placed through insurance and reinsurance brokers and managing general agents. Independent broker Marsh Inc. accounted for 15% of StarStone’s gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2019. Other brokers and managing general agents (each individually less than 6%) accounted for the remaining 85% of gross premiums written.
Claims Management
Claims in respect of business written by Syndicate 1301, as well as in respect of StarStone’s other London market business, are primarily notified by various central market bureaus whereby the leading syndicate or company advise all participants of movement in loss reserves. StarStone’s claims department adjusts bureau claims in respect of coverages where StarStone is the lead underwriter and may choose to adjust the case reserves it records from those advised by the bureaus.

9

Claims in respect of non-bureau business are handled by StarStone’s experienced claims professionals. StarStone uses claims handling guidelines along with a global claims management system to review, report and administer claims. With respect to certain lines of business, StarStone may use third-party administrators to manage and pay claims on its behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. StarStone also utilizes Enstar’s experience in claims management.
Reinsurance Ceded
StarStone purchases an annual tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage its risk profile. The majority of StarStone’s third party reinsurance cover is with highly rated reinsurers or is collateralized by letters of credit. Several of the StarStone affiliates previously had entered into a Quota Share Treaty with KaylaRe Ltd. pursuant to which KaylaRe Ltd. reinsured 35% of all business written by these StarStone affiliates for risks attaching from January 1, 2016, net of the StarStone affiliates' reinsurance programs. The portion of this quota share agreement related to U.S. business was not renewed in 2018, and the remainder was not renewed in 2019. On May 14, 2018, Enstar acquired all of the outstanding shares and warrants of KaylaRe, and the results of KaylaRe were included within our consolidated financial statements from that date. Effective September 30, 2019, KaylaRe and KaylaRe Ltd. merged with our wholly owned subsidiary, Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited as the surviving company.
In addition, effective October 1, 2018, April 1, 2019 and October 1, 2019 the StarStone Group transferred all lines of business for 2018 and prior underwriting years and construction line of business for 2019 underwriting year via intra-group reinsurance agreements with other Enstar group subsidiaries. For a detailed discussion of these transactions refer to "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Business Overview - Current Outlook."
Other activities
Our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange and other miscellaneous items. Following the sale of our life settlements investments during 2018 and the transfer of our remaining life assurance policies from Alpha to Monument in 2019, we have de minimis residual life business in our consolidated operations.

10

Liability for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The liability for losses and LAE, also referred to as loss reserves, represents our gross estimates before reinsurance for unpaid reported losses and losses that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR") for our Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone segments. We recognize an asset for the portion of the liability that we expect to recover from reinsurers. LAE reserves include allocated loss adjustment expenses ("ALAE"), and unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE"). ALAE are linked to the settlement of an individual claim or loss, whereas ULAE are based on our estimates of future costs to administer the claims. IBNR represents reserves for loss and LAE that have been incurred but not yet reported to us. This includes amounts for unreported claims, development on known claims and reopened claims.
We establish reserves for individual claims incurred and reported, as well as IBNR claims.  We use considerable judgment in estimating losses for reported claims on an individual claim basis based upon our knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim, the severity of the injury or damage, the jurisdiction of the occurrence, the potential for ultimate exposure, the type of loss, and our experience with the line of business and policy provisions relating to the particular type of claim.  We also use considerable judgment to establish reserves for IBNR claims using a variety of generally accepted actuarial methodologies and procedures to estimate the ultimate cost of settling IBNR claims.  See "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" for a description of our loss reserving process.
The estimation of unpaid claim liabilities at any given point in time is subject to a high degree of uncertainty for a number of reasons. A significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance or reinsurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event. Our actuarial methodologies include industry benchmarking which, under certain methodologies, compares the trend of our loss development to that of the industry. To the extent that the trend of our loss development compared to the industry changes in any period, it is likely to have an impact on the estimate of ultimate liabilities. Unpaid claim liabilities for property and casualty exposures in general are impacted by changes in the legal environment, jury awards, medical cost trends and general inflation. Certain estimates for unpaid claim liabilities involve considerable uncertainty due to significant coverage litigation, and it can be unclear whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using reserving techniques that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development factors, and the uncertainties surrounding the estimation of unpaid claim liabilities are not likely to be resolved in the near future. In addition, reserves are established to cover loss development related to both known and unasserted claims. Consequently, our subsequent estimates of ultimate losses and LAE, and our liability for losses and LAE, may differ materially from our initial estimates.
In our Non-life Run-off segment, policy buy-backs and commutations provide an opportunity for us to exit and settle exposures to policies with insureds and reinsureds, often at a discount to the previously estimated ultimate liability. Commutations are beneficial to us as they extinguish liabilities, reduce the potential for future adverse loss development, and reduce future claims handling costs. Our estimates of ultimate claim liabilities, including IBNR reserves, are based upon actuarial methodologies applied to the remaining non-commuted aggregate exposures and revised historical loss development information, after adjusting for the elimination of historical loss development relating to commuted and bought-back exposures. In addition, the routine settlement of claims, at either below or above the carried advised loss reserve, updates historical loss development information to which actuarial methodologies are applied often, resulting in revised estimates of ultimate liabilities. A large portion of our loss reserves are related to workers' compensation and casualty exposures, which include latent exposures primarily relating to asbestos and environmental damage. In establishing reserves, we consider facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Case reserves are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy.
Further information regarding the liability for net losses and LAE, including loss development tables and a reconciliation of activity, is included in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Further information regarding net incurred losses and LAE is included in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations by Segment."

11

Inception-to-Date Acquisition Loss Development for our Non-life Run-off segment
The table below sets forth a summary of acquired and assumed net reserves and the resulting development for the 10 most recent acquisition years for our Non-life Run-off segment:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Net Incurred Losses and LAE
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisition Year
 
Acquired and Assumed Net Reserves
 
Net Paid Losses
 
Net Loss Development
 
Net Losses recognized on Acquired Unearned Premium
 
Amortization of Deferred Charge Assets
 
Change in provisions for bad debt
 
Change in provisions for ULAE
 
Amortization of Fair Value Adjustments
 
Change in Fair Value - FVO
 
Total Net Incurred losses and LAE
 
Retro-cession of reserves
 
Effect of Exchange Rate Movement
 
Closing Net Reserves
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
2010
 
1,245,093

 
(673,762
)
 
(320,522
)
 
—

 
243

 
(29,003
)
 
(50,008
)
 
21,490

 
—

 
(377,800
)
 
(8,274
)
 
(28,647
)
 
156,610

2011
 
712,867

 
(70,603
)
 
(315,984
)
 
—

 
—

 
(31,096
)
 
(53,369
)
 
(22,001
)
 
—

 
(422,450
)
 
(90,104
)
 
(2,373
)
 
127,337

2012
 
422,476

 
(240,113
)
 
(77,699
)
 
—

 
—

 
(242
)
 
(9,004
)
 
(9,132
)
 
—

 
(96,077
)
 
—

 
(25,605
)
 
60,681

2013
 
657,982

 
(511,796
)
 
(109,537
)
 
110,285

 
—

 
(127
)
 
(6,417
)
 
(29,909
)
 
—

 
(35,705
)
 
(28,391
)
 
(4,553
)
 
77,537

2014
 
465,395

 
(361,293
)
 
(16,600
)
 
62,404

 
—

 
1,752

 
4,823

 
(44,964
)
 
—

 
7,415

 
—

 
(3,269
)
 
108,248

2015
 
1,491,256

 
(776,646
)
 
(475,300
)
 
53,481

 
220,310

 
56

 
(76,486
)
 
16,444

 
—

 
(261,495
)
 
(50,466
)
 
(13,117
)
 
389,532

2016
 
1,350,463

 
(463,203
)
 
6,762

 
—

 
4,232

 
(542
)
 
(8,158
)
 
—

 
—

 
2,294

 
—

 
8,226

 
897,780

2017
 
1,504,561

 
(349,899
)
 
(170,459
)
 
—

 
—

 
125

 
(32,974
)
 
(1
)
 
104,015

 
(99,294
)
 
—

 
55,653

 
1,111,021

2018
 
2,873,675

 
(999,944
)
 
(133,561
)
 
68,518

 
8,320

 
—

 
(46,376
)
 
32,139

 
51,013

 
(19,947
)
 
—

 
(49,971
)
 
1,803,813

2019
 
1,586,993

 
(188,463
)
 
(23,377
)
 
54,601

 
17,754

 
—

 
(7,759
)
 
—

 
(927
)
 
40,292

 
(47,018
)
 
16,082

 
1,407,886

 
 
$
12,310,761

 
$
(4,635,722
)
 
$
(1,636,277
)
 
$
349,289

 
$
250,859

 
$
(59,077
)
 
$
(285,728
)
 
$
(35,934
)
 
$
154,101

 
$
(1,262,767
)
 
$
(224,253
)
 
$
(47,574
)
 
$
6,140,445

2009 and prior
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
338,840

Total Net Non-life Run-off Liability for Losses and LAE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
6,479,285

The above table presents the assumed and acquired net reserves in the year they were assumed or acquired in our Non-life Run-off segment, including the impact of any fair value adjustments due to business combinations or electing the fair value option, deferred charge assets and unallocated LAE. The table also presents the cumulative roll forward of those acquired and assumed net reserves from the year of acquisition to December 31, 2019. As such, each acquisition year reflects a different time period and therefore impacts the comparability between acquisition years. We generally do not experience significant favorable or adverse development on acquired or assumed net reserves in the year of acquisition. After the first year, and following detailed reviews of all open claims, we primarily earn our total return from disciplined claims management and/or commuting the liabilities and maximizing reinsurance recoveries, in addition to maximizing investment returns on the investment portfolio.




12

Investments
For information regarding our investment strategy, portfolio and results, refer to "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investments."
Ratings
In our active underwriting businesses, financial strength ratings are an important factor in establishing competitive position and in product marketing. Financial strength ratings by third-party organizations provide an opinion of an insurer’s or reinsurer’s financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to its policyholders. These ratings reflect A.M. Best’s, Standard and Poor’s ("S&P"), and Fitch Ratings Ltd.’s ("Fitch") opinions of capitalization, performance and management, and are not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. These ratings may be changed, suspended or withdrawn at the discretion of the agencies. Rating agencies charge fees for their services.
Our Lloyd’s Syndicates 609 (Atrium) and 1301 (StarStone) are part of a group rating for the Lloyd's overall market. Lloyd’s is rated "A" (Excellent) by A.M. Best, "A+" (Strong) by Standard and Poor’s (or S&P) and "AA-" (Very Strong) by Fitch Ratings.
StarStone’s operating insurance entities have been assigned a financial strength rating of "A-" (Excellent) by A.M. Best. The A.M. Best rating for StarStone of "A-" (Excellent) by A.M. Best is the fourth highest of 16 rating levels.
Refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Downgrades of financial strength ratings at StarStone or Lloyd’s could materially and negatively impact our active underwriting business and our company," for more information regarding the importance of financial strength ratings.
Competition
Our Non-life Run-off segment competes in international markets with domestic and international reinsurance companies to acquire and manage insurance and reinsurance companies in run-off and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off. The acquisition and management of companies and portfolios in run-off is highly competitive, and driven by a number of factors, including proposed acquisition price, reputation, and financial resources. Some of these competitors may have greater financial resources than we do, may have been operating for longer than we have and may have established long-term and continuing business relationships throughout the insurance and reinsurance industries, which can be a significant competitive advantage. As a result, we may not be able to compete successfully in the future for suitable acquisition candidates or run-off portfolio management engagements.
Our Atrium and StarStone active underwriting segments operate in the highly competitive insurance and reinsurance markets, where companies compete on the basis of premium rates, reputation and perceived financial strength, the terms and conditions of the products offered, ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, speed of claims payments and quality of administrative services, relationships with insurance and reinsurance companies and insurance intermediaries, capacity and coverage offered, experience in the particular risk to be underwritten, and various other factors.
Atrium and StarStone compete in the international insurance and reinsurance markets directly with numerous other parties, including established global insurance and reinsurance companies, start-up insurance and reinsurance entities, other Lloyd’s syndicates, as well as capital markets and securitization structures aimed at managing risk. Many of these competitors have significant operating histories, underwriting expertise and capacity, extensive capital resources, and longstanding customer relationships. Any of these factors can be a significant competitive advantage and may make it difficult for us to write business effectively and profitably. Because few barriers exist to prevent insurers and reinsurers from entering the non-life active underwriting business, market conditions and capital capacity influence the degree of competition at any given time. For a detailed discussion of competition and the cyclical pattern of the insurance and reinsurance market, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to our Insurance Businesses." The cyclical market pattern can be more pronounced in the specialty insurance and reinsurance markets in which Atrium and StarStone compete.
Employees
As of December 31, 2019, we had 1,444 employees, as compared to 1,366 as of December 31, 2018. Although our employee count was not significantly changed from last year, it may not be consistent from period to period due to our business strategies, which include anticipated ongoing acquisition and integration activities.

13

Enterprise Risk Management
Effective risk oversight is an important priority for our management and our Boards of Directors (both at the Company level and at a subsidiary level), and we place strong emphasis on ensuring we have a robust risk management framework to identify, measure, manage, monitor and report on risks that affect the achievement of our strategic, operational and financial objectives.
An effective enterprise risk management ("ERM") framework contributes to the strength of our overall group (the "Group"). The value of having effective risk management can positively impact many areas of the business such as setting and achieving business strategy and objectives, capital management decision making, efficiency and effectiveness in operations and processes, financial performance and reliable financial reporting, regulatory compliance, good reputation with key stakeholders and business continuity planning.
Risk Management Strategy
Our risk management strategy is to:
•
engage in highly disciplined acquisition, management and (re)insurance practices across a diverse portfolio of loss reserves;
•
seek investment risk where it is adequately rewarded;
•
maintain reserving risk at low to moderate levels;
•
via active underwriting segments, take on underwriting risks across a balanced range of select specialty lines where the expected margins compensate for the risk and/or the costs of risk mitigation; and
•
maintain capital, liquidity, credit, operational and regulatory risks at low levels.
These strategies are pursued through the use of appropriate controls, governance structures and highly skilled teams effectively working together.
We embed our risk strategy in our organization by promoting a culture of high risk awareness. This is achieved in the demonstration of our day-to-day approach in how we manage our business and in how we manage and assess challenges and opportunities.
Risk Appetite
The primary objective of our risk appetite framework is to monitor and protect the Group from an unacceptable level of loss, compliance failures and adverse reputational impact. It considers material risks in the business relating to: strategy, capital adequacy, insurance, investment/market, reinsurance counterparty/credit, regulatory, tax and operational risk. Risk appetite and tolerance is set by our Board and reviewed annually. It represents the amount of risk that we are willing to accept as a Group compared to risk metrics based on our shareholders' equity, capital resources, potential financial loss, and other risk-specific measures.
Accountability for the implementation, monitoring and oversight of risk appetite is assigned to individual corporate executives and monitored and maintained by the Risk Management function. Risk tolerance levels are monitored and deviations from pre-established levels are reported in order to facilitate responsive action.
Our subsidiary companies’ risk appetite frameworks are aligned with the risk appetite framework of the Group, while local company appetite and tolerances are set by the local boards. A review is undertaken annually to confirm the subsidiary risk appetite does not in the aggregate exceed Group risk appetite.
Risk metrics levels are set and monitored regularly by an appointed owner and reported to management committees and to our Board and Risk Committee on at least a quarterly basis. Stress and scenario tests are key tools within our risk appetite framework, used as risk indicators across risk categories and to support a forward looking assessment of risk. As part of monitoring and aggregating risk exposures across the Group, capital impact assessments are performed for risks that are deemed material.

14

Risk Governance and Risk Management Organization
Our ERM framework consists of numerous processes and controls that have been designed by management, with oversight by the Board of Directors and its committees, and implemented by employees across the organization. The purpose of our ERM framework is to appropriately assess and manage risk as we continue to take opportunities to meet our business objectives. Senior executives are ultimately accountable for key defined risks and are responsible for providing regular reporting to the Group Executive Team (our "executives"), Management Risk Committee ("MRC"), Board Risk Committee and Board; and to facilitate the same to subsidiary committees and boards to support decision making and strong risk governance. The collective boards, management and employees are responsible for the effective implementation and/or operation of processes and controls.
Board of Directors
Our Board and its committees (and subsidiary boards of directors) receive management information from our executives, Board committees and management committees relating to performance against strategy and regularly review information regarding, among other things, acquisitions, active underwriting, loss reserves, credit, liquidity and investments, operations and information security and the risks associated with each.
Our Risk Committee has responsibility to assist the Board in overseeing the integrity and effectiveness of the Company’s ERM framework, including by reviewing and evaluating the risks to which the Company is exposed, as well as monitoring and overseeing the guidelines and policies that govern the processes by which the Company identifies, assesses and manages its exposure to risk. Our Audit Committee, comprised entirely of independent directors, oversees our accounting and financial reporting-related risks and internal control environment, receiving regular reports via the annual internal and external audit process. Our Investment Committee is responsible for overseeing the Company’s investment portfolio and investment-related risk, determining the Group’s investment strategy and guidelines and approving investment transactions in accordance with these guidelines. Our Compensation Committee oversees compensation-related risks. On an annual basis, the Compensation Committee undertakes a risk assessment of our compensation programs to ensure they do not provide incentives for our employees to take inappropriate or excessive risks. Our Nominating and Governance Committee considers risk relating to management succession planning and other corporate governance matters.
Executive and Risk Management Organization
In addition to the director oversight provided by our Risk Committee, our ERM governance structure is supported by our MRC comprising executives and members of senior management who are responsible for the management of key risks and representatives from assurance functions. At the operating subsidiary level, risks relating to our individual insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are also overseen by the subsidiary boards of directors, subsidiary risk committees and other committees, and management teams, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements and our ERM framework.
The MRC is chaired by the Chief Operating Officer and meets regularly. The MRC discusses, challenges and debates the risks in the business and those emerging and where required recommends changes to the course of activity in reacting to these risks. The MRC also provides oversight and governance of ERM matters for the Group, monitoring risk assumption and risk mitigation activities and their consistency with the Risk Appetite Framework while promoting and sponsoring risk culture and awareness throughout the Group.
Risk Ownership, Accountability and Assurance
We have adopted the "three lines of defense" model. Our first line consists of our executives and members of senior management and their function as leaders and risk owners. They are responsible for executing the risk management strategy and appropriately managing the activities and conduct of the business functions, as well as promoting staff understanding of strategy, risk mitigating policies and procedures.
Our second line comprises our various risk, control and compliance oversight functions. Our Risk Management function reports to our executives, the MRC and our Risk Committee and focuses primarily on implementing and overseeing the administration of the MRC and Risk Committee directives and facilitating an efficient, effective and consistent approach to risk management across the Group. Our management assurance is further complemented by our compliance function which seeks to mitigate legal and regulatory compliance risks and ensures that appropriate, effective and responsive compliance services are available to the business units across the Group. Other second line functions include certain activities of our actuarial function and other Group functions contributing to our management assurance.

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Our third line of defense comprises our internal audit function which independently reviews the effectiveness of our ERM framework. The results of audits are monitored by the Audit Committee. Independent assurance from external third parties (e.g., independent actuarial services, etc.) also sits within our third line of defense.
Entity Level Management
At the operating subsidiary level, risks relating to our individual insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are also overseen by the subsidiary boards of directors, subsidiary risk committees and other committees, and management teams, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements and our ERM framework.
Certain risks relating to the Group’s underwriting segments (Atrium and StarStone) are distinct from the Non-life Run-off segment. These businesses include external stakeholders that also differ from our other businesses, including joint venture partners, rating agencies, and, with respect to Atrium, third party Lloyd’s names who provide approximately 75% of the underwriting capacity to Atrium’s Syndicate 609. Atrium and StarStone each maintain dedicated ERM frameworks to manage risk, return and capital in the individual businesses, which align with and form part of Group ERM. These include oversight at the Atrium and StarStone boards of directors, as well as executive risk committees and other committees that manage and monitor risks relevant to specified functional areas. Individualized risk policies and risk appetites are established and tailored to the specific needs of Atrium and StarStone, respectively. Enstar executives serve as members of the Atrium and StarStone boards of directors and certain committees.
The Group and each regulated insurance entity have a unique risk register documenting its risk landscape, with risk, key risk metric, and control owners assigned, which is maintained through a risk management software system. Specific functions, such as IT, maintain risk registers with more detailed and specific risks and controls. The risk and control assessment process is carried out on a quarterly basis using a risk management software system.
Risk Categories
We manage our ERM process based on the major categories of risk within our business discussed below. Our ERM is a dynamic process, with updates continually being made as a result of changes in our business, industry and the economic environment. This process and our controls cannot provide absolute assurance that our risk management objectives will be met or that all risks will be appropriately identified and managed, and accordingly, the possibility of material adverse effects on our company remains. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" for important information on the risks we face.
Strategic Risk.    Strategic risk is the risk of unintended adverse impact on the business plan objectives arising from business decisions, improper implementation of those decisions, inability to adapt to changes in the external environment, or circumstances that are beyond our control. We manage strategic risk by utilizing a strategic business planning process involving our executives and Board. Our annual business plan is reviewed and overseen by our executives and Board, and actual performance, trends, and uncertainties are monitored in comparison to the plan throughout the year. We specifically evaluate acquisition opportunities pursuant to a detailed and proprietary process that takes into account, among other things, the risk of the transaction and potential returns, the portfolio’s risk exposures, claims management practices, reserve requirements and outstanding claims, as well as risks specifically related to our ability to integrate the acquired business and the impact it may have on our risk appetite framework and related tolerances. Our governance process, led by our Board of Directors, reviews newly proposed transaction opportunities, capital-raising matters, and other significant business initiatives. In order to effectively participate in future opportunities and manage downside risks (due to external events) we review and monitor our liquidity and available financing. We rely on our processes to help us to anticipate potential adverse changes and, where possible, avoid or mitigate them.
Capital Adequacy Risk.    Capital adequacy risk is the risk that capital levels are or become insufficient to ensure our insurance obligations will be met and policyholders are protected. We have a low appetite for capital adequacy risk. As well as meeting our regulatory obligations, the ability to effectively participate in future opportunities is dependent upon the Group and its subsidiaries continually meeting (and/or exceeding) solvency requirements. We endeavor to manage our capital such that all of our regulated entities meet local regulatory capital requirements at all times and maintain adequate capital to enable our insurance obligations to be met while taking into account the risks faced. We aim to deploy capital efficiently and to establish adequate loss reserves that we believe will protect against future adverse developments. Capital adequacy and its ability on an ongoing basis to support the business under adverse circumstances is assessed via stress and scenario testing. Specific scenarios are mandated under the various regulatory regimes in which the Group and its subsidiaries operate. User-defined scenarios have also been developed and are regularly tested and reported on.

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Insurance Risk.    Insurance risk spans many aspects of our insurance operations, including underwriting risk, risk assumed upon acquisitions/portfolio transfers and risk associated with our reserving assumptions.
Underwriting risk in our active underwriting businesses relates to the inherent uncertainty as to the occurrence, amount and timing of insurance liabilities we assume through our underwriting process. We manage exposure levels across risk categories to maintain them within the approved risk appetite. Underwriting risk management strategies may differ depending on the line of business involved and the type of account being insured or reinsured.
We strive to mitigate underwriting risk through our controls and strategies, including our underwriting risk selection, diversification of our underwriting portfolios by class and geography, purchasing reinsurance, establishing a business plan and associated parameters, underwriting peer review, authority limits, underwriting guidelines that provide detailed underwriting criteria and a framework for pricing, along with the use of specialized underwriting teams supported by actuarial, catastrophe modeling, claims, risk management, legal, finance, and other technical personnel.
We utilize internally developed pricing models to evaluate individual underwriting decisions within the context of business plans and risk appetites. We also use internally developed capital models, which provide information on key risks and facilitate an understanding of the interaction among the risks and related exposures, as a comprehensive tool for business and capital planning.
In some business lines we are exposed to multiple insured losses arising out of a single peril, such as a natural catastrophe event (for example, a hurricane, windstorm, tornado, flood or earthquake) or a man-made event (for example, war, terrorism, airplane crashes and other transportation-related accidents, or building fires). We model and manage our individual and aggregate exposures to these events and other material correlated exposures in accordance with our risk appetite. Our modeling process utilizes major commercial vendor models to measure certain of these exposures. The incidence, timing and severity of catastrophes and other event types are inherently unpredictable, and it is difficult to estimate the amount of loss any given occurrence will generate. Accordingly, there is material uncertainty around our ability to measure exposures, which can cause actual exposures and losses to deviate from our estimates.
To monitor catastrophe risk, we review exceedance probability curves aggregated across Atrium and StarStone together with aggregated realistic disaster scenarios. We consider occurrence exceedance probability and aggregate exceedance probability, which reflect losses resulting from single or multiple events, from individual perils and in the aggregate. We manage our underwriting exposure through a combination of reporting zonal aggregations, realistic disaster scenarios and stochastic modeling. StarStone also manages its underwriting exposure through monitoring realistic disaster scenarios for man-made events and certain natural catastrophe risks, and applying absolute maximum limits by line of business.
Acquisition Risk.    We manage acquisition risks through our acquisition evaluation process and our reserving practices discussed above in "Liability for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses." Acquisition pricing risk can arise from a potential loss in value following an acquisition due to an underestimation of liabilities, a failure to generate assumed future cash flows that supported the pricing analysis (due to an underperformance of investments and/or underestimation of expenses) or an unexpected increase in capital requirements necessary to support the transaction due to unanticipated regulatory changes. We rely on due diligence to strategically select risks, and assume only select portfolios when our due diligence supports our negotiated pricing. In aggregate, we have a high risk appetite to continue to execute transactions, with no express restrictions on the size, geography or lines of business that we will review and consider. However, we have a low aggregate risk appetite for transactions that could ultimately have a negative impact on book value per share.
Reserving Risk. Reserving risk is the risk that a Company's reserves are not sufficient to cover its unpaid loss and loss adjustment expense costs. The estimation of reserves is subject to uncertainty because the ultimate cost of settling claims is dependent upon future events and loss development trends that can vary with the impact of economic, social, and legal and regulatory matters. We manage reserving risk through our reserving practices discussed above in "Liability for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Loss Reserving," as well as through our commutation and policy buy-back strategy and claims management practices. We also have a Reserving Committee that is responsible for managing reserving risk and making recommendations to our Chief Financial Officer on the appropriate level of reserves to include in our consolidated financial statements. For additional information relating to our loss reserves by segment, "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies."

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Investment/Market Risk.    Investment / Market risk is the risk of loss resulting from under-performing investment returns, dilution of investment capital, or adverse financial market movements (such as interest rates or exchange rates). Investment / Market risk can be broken down into the following sub-risks which may threaten our ability to effectively manage the investment portfolio: interest rate risk, credit spread risk, public equity risk, alternative investment risk and concentration risk. We manage Investment / Market risk in a number of ways, including use of investment guidelines; regular reviews of investment opportunities; market conditions; portfolio duration; oversight of the selection and performance of external asset managers; regular stress testing of the portfolio against known and hypothetical scenarios; established tolerance levels; and we manage foreign currency by asset/liability matching and use of derivatives. Investments are primarily managed by our Investment function, which is overseen by our Investment Committee.
Liquidity Risk.    Liquidity risk is the risk that we are unable to realize investments and other assets in order to settle financial obligations when they fall due or that we would have to incur excessive cost to do so. We manage this risk generally by following an investment strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims and contract liabilities, as well as for settlement of commutation payments. Liquidity risk also includes the risk of our dependence of our future cash flows upon the availability of dividends or other statutorily permissible payments from our subsidiaries, which is limited by applicable laws and regulations. Due to our acquisitive strategy, liquidity risk at the Group level also includes immediate cash needs as a result of the purchase of (re)insurance portfolios and/or capital injections into a new or existing subsidiary to support associated solvency requirements as a direct result of merger and acquisition activity or other significant changes. We manage this risk through our capital management and planning processes, which include reviews of minimum capital resources requirements at our regulated subsidiaries and anticipated distributions, as well as anticipated capital needs.
Credit / Counterparty Risk.     Credit risk relates to the uncertainty of a counterparty’s ability to make timely payments in accordance with contractual terms of the instrument or contract. We are exposed to direct credit risk primarily within our portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments, and through customers, brokers and reinsurers in the form of premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverables. In addition, we are exposed to credit risk through our funds withheld arrangements if the reinsured company is unable to honor the value of the funds held balances, such as in the event of insolvency. In our run-off businesses, we manage credit risk with respect to our reinsurance recoverables by ongoing monitoring of counterparty ratings and working to achieve prompt payment of reinsured claims, as well as through our commutation strategy. For funds withheld arrangements, we generally have the contractual ability to offset any shortfall in the payment of the funds held balances with amounts owed by us to the reinsured for losses payable and other amounts contractually due. In our active underwriting businesses, we firstly mitigate credit risk through our reinsurance purchasing process, where reinsurers are subject to financial security and rating requirements prior to approval and by limiting exposure to individual reinsurers. Thereafter we manage credit risk by the regular monitoring of reinsurance recoveries and premium due directly or via brokers and other intermediaries. In our fixed maturity and short-term investment portfolios, we attempt to mitigate credit risk through diversification and issuer exposure limitation.
Operational Risk.    Operational risk is the risk of a loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, or from external events, personnel, systems or third parties. Due to our acquisitive strategy, operational risk also includes risks and challenges associated with integrating new companies into the Group. We seek to mitigate operational risks through the application of our policies and procedures and internal control and compliance processes throughout the Group and a focus on acquisition integration and assimilation of new companies into our internal control systems, including but not limited to operational incident management, business continuity planning, information security procedures, financial reporting controls and a review process for material third-party vendor usage.
Regulatory Risk.  Regulatory risk is the risk of legal or regulatory sanctions resulting in a financial loss, or loss of reputation as a result of an insurer’s failure to comply with laws, regulations, rules, related self-regulatory organization standards, and codes of conduct. We manage regulatory risk through a focus on compliance with laws and regulations, adherence to our policies and procedures (including our Code of Conduct) and our internal controls, an established corporate governance framework and practices, and communication and engagement with external stakeholders.
Tax Risk.  Tax risk is the risk that tax requirements are not adhered to accurately or in a timely manner resulting in a financial loss. We proactively seek to identify, evaluate, manage, monitor and mitigate tax risks. We are committed to complying with all tax laws, rules and regulations applicable to the Group. In evaluating potential transactions we consider the overall commercial, financial and tax aspects. Where there is uncertainty or complexity in relation to a tax risk, we may seek external advice and, where appropriate, we may obtain tax clearances from relevant tax authorities.

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Emerging Risks
As part of our ERM Framework, we maintain a Framework for the Management of Emerging Risk, which sets out the minimum standards by which emerging risks are identified, analyzed, evaluated, treated and reported on. Pursuant to this framework, the MRC and our Board Risk Committee continually monitor emerging risks and oversee changes to our ERM Framework to react to these risks, where appropriate. Emerging risks are defined as risks which may develop or which already exist but are difficult to quantify. They are marked by a high degree of uncertainty, and may or may not fall within the categories outlined above under "Risk Categories." While emerging risks are not fully understood or explicitly considered within the day-to-day operation of our business due to the lack of quantifiable data, we expect that the potential impacts of these risks may crystallize over time and therefore merit additional analysis, monitoring, evaluation and when appropriate treatment. Recent examples of emerging risks that we review and consider include:
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Risks relating to the increased use of letters of credit by our subsidiaries to satisfy collateral obligations in our reinsurance and run-off transactions;
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Risks relating to changes in Bermuda solvency capital eligibility requirements;
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Risks relating to cybersecurity and data privacy;
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Risks relating to the transition from LIBOR;
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Risks relating to our claims management activities, including social inflation, increased litigation funding, and laws that impose absolute liability for certain types of claims;
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Risks relating to climate change, including as a result of our investments in companies that may be exposed to "transition risk;" and
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Risks arising from global pandemics, such as coronavirus.
Regulation
General
The business of insurance and reinsurance is regulated in most countries, although the degree and type of regulation varies significantly from one jurisdiction to another. Our material operations are in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and several Continental European countries. We are subject to extensive regulation under the applicable statutes in these countries and any others in which we operate. In addition, the Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA") acts as group supervisor of our insurance and reinsurance companies (our "Group"). A summary of the material regulations governing us in these countries is set forth below.
We may become subject in the future to regulation in new jurisdictions or additional regulations in existing jurisdictions depending on the location and nature of any companies acquired and the volume and location of business being transacted by our existing companies.
Bermuda
Group Supervision
The BMA’s group supervision objective is to provide a coordinated approach to the regulation of an insurance group and its supervisory and capital requirements. Bermuda has been recognized by the U.S. National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") as a qualified jurisdiction, and the E.U. recognizes Bermuda's full equivalence under Solvency II.
We are group supervised by the BMA. As our Group supervisor, the BMA performs a number of functions including: (i) coordinating the gathering and dissemination of information for other regulatory authorities; (ii) carrying out a supervisory review and assessment of our Group; (iii) carrying out an assessment of our Group's compliance with the rules on solvency, risk concentration, intra-group transactions and good governance procedures; (iv) planning and coordinating, through regular meetings with other authorities, supervisory activities in respect of our Group; (v) coordinating any enforcement action that may need to be taken against our Group or any Group members; and (vi) coordinating meetings of colleges of supervisors in order to facilitate the carrying out of these functions. Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited ("Cavello") has been named as our Group’s Designated Insurer, effective December 11, 2019. As Designated Insurer, Cavello is required to facilitate compliance by our Group with the insurance solvency and supervision rules.

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On an annual basis, the Group is required to file Group statutory financial statements, a Group statutory financial return, a Group capital and solvency return, audited Group financial statements, a Group Solvency Self-Assessment ("GSSA"), and a financial condition report with the BMA. The GSSA is designed to document our perspective on the capital resources necessary to achieve our business strategies and remain solvent, and to provide the BMA with insights on our risk management, governance procedures and documentation related to this process. In addition, the Group is required to file a quarterly financial return with the BMA.
We are required to maintain available Group statutory capital and surplus in an amount that is at least equal to the group enhanced capital requirement ("Group ECR"). The BMA has also established a group target capital level equal to 120% of the Group ECR.
The BMA also maintains supervision over the controllers of all Bermuda registered insurers, and accordingly, any person who, directly or indirectly, becomes a holder of at least 10%, 20%, 33% or 50% of our ordinary shares must notify the BMA in writing within 45 days of becoming such a holder (or ceasing to be such a holder). The BMA may object to such a person and require the holder to reduce its holding of ordinary shares and direct, among other things, that voting rights attaching to the ordinary shares shall not be exercisable.
Operating Subsidiaries
The Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (together, the "Insurance Act"), regulate the insurance and reinsurance business of our operating subsidiaries in Bermuda. The Insurance Act imposes certain solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, require information and the production of documents and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies.
Significant requirements pertaining to our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries vary depending on the class in which our company is registered, but generally include the appointment of a principal representative in Bermuda, the appointment of an independent auditor, the appointment of an approved loss reserve specialist, the filing of annual statutory and GAAP financial statements, the filing of statutory financial returns, compliance with group solvency and supervision rules, and compliance with the Insurance Code of Conduct (relating to corporate governance, risk management and internal controls).
Our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries must also comply with a minimum liquidity ratio and minimum solvency margin. The minimum liquidity ratio requires that the value of relevant assets must not be less than 75% of the amount of relevant liabilities. The minimum solvency margin, which varies depending on the class of the insurer, is determined as a percentage of either net reserves for losses and LAE or premiums or pursuant to a risk-based capital measure. StarStone Insurance Bermuda Limited, a Class 4 insurer, Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, a Class 3B insurer and Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited, a Class 3A insurer, all domiciled in Bermuda, are subject to an enhanced capital requirement ("ECR") determined pursuant to a risk-based capital measure and are required to file a Commercial Insurer’s Solvency Self-Assessment (“CISSA”), and a financial condition report with the BMA.
Each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if it were in breach of its minimum solvency margin or liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries is prohibited, without the prior approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital, or from reducing by 25% of more its total statutory capital and surplus, as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements. Our Bermuda insurance companies that are in run-off are required to seek BMA approval for any dividends or distributions.
Economic Substance Act
The Economic Substance Act 2018 (the “ESA”) was passed in Bermuda in December 2018 in response to the decision of the European Union Code of Conduct Group (Business taxation) (the "EU Code Group") to place Bermuda, as well as other offshore jurisdictions, on notice of being included in a list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes. Under the provisions of the ESA, any Bermuda-registered entity engaged in a “relevant activity” (which includes insurance business and holding entity activities) must maintain a substantial economic presence in Bermuda. To the extent that the ESA applies to our entities registered in Bermuda, we will be required to demonstrate compliance with economic substance requirements by filing an annual economic substance declaration with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda.

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United Kingdom and Lloyd’s
United Kingdom
Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries consist of wholly-owned run-off companies. These subsidiaries are authorized by the U.K. Prudential Regulation Authority (the "PRA"), and are also regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA", together with the PRA, the "U.K. Regulator"). Our U.K. run-off subsidiaries may not underwrite new business without the approval of the U.K. Regulator. E.U. directives also allow certain of our regulated U.K. subsidiaries to conduct business in E.U. states other than the U.K. within the scope of permission granted by the U.K. Regulator without the necessity of additional licensing or authorization in E.U. countries.
The United Kingdom left the European Union on January 31, 2020 (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). There is an 11-month transition period that ends on December 31, 2020 during which existing European Union rules remain in force. For a discussion of the potential impact of Brexit on our operations, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Laws and Regulation." Pending the end of the transition period (and then subject to the outcome of the negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union. as to the terms of their future trading relationship), E.U. directives allow certain of our regulated U.K. subsidiaries to conduct business in E.U. states other than the United Kingdom within the scope of permission granted by the U.K. Regulator without the necessity of additional licensing or authorization in E.U. countries.
Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain adequate financial resources in accordance with the requirements of the U.K. Regulator. The calculation of the minimum capital resources requirements in any particular case depends on, among other things, the type and amount of insurance business written and claims paid by the insurance company.
The Solvency II framework directive, which took effect on January 1, 2016, sets out E.U.-wide requirements on capital adequacy and risk management for insurers with the aim of further increasing policyholder protection, instilling greater risk awareness and improving the international competitiveness of E.U. insurers. Insurers must comply with a Solvency Capital Requirement ("SCR"), which is calculated using either the Solvency II standard formula or a bespoke internal model. Our non-Lloyd's U.K. companies use the standard formula.
The U.K. Regulator’s rules require our U.K. insurance subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval for any proposed or actual payment of a dividend. The U.K. Regulator uses the SCR, among other tests, when assessing requests to make distributions.
Under the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000 ("FSMA"), any company or individual (together with its or his concert parties) proposing to directly or indirectly acquire "control" over a U.K. authorized insurance company (which is generally defined as acquiring 10% or more of the shares or voting power in a U.K. authorized insurance company or its parent company) must seek prior approval of the U.K. Regulator of his intention to do so. A person who is already deemed to have "control" will require prior regulatory approval if the person increases the level of "control" beyond 20%, 30% and 50%.
Lloyd’s
We participate in the Lloyd’s market through our interests in: (i) Atrium’s Syndicate 609, which is managed by Atrium Underwriters Limited, a Lloyd's managing agent; (ii) StarStone’s Syndicate 1301, which is managed by StarStone Underwriting Limited ("SUL"), a Lloyd’s managing agent; and (iii) Syndicate 2008, a wholly aligned syndicate that has permission to underwrite RITC business and other run-off or discontinued business type transactions with other Lloyd’s syndicates. SUL serves as managing agent for Syndicate 2008. All of the Group’s underwriting by these syndicates is supported by one or more internal corporate members.
Our Lloyd’s operations are subject to authorization and regulation by the U.K. Regulator and compliance with the Lloyd’s Act(s) and Byelaws and regulations, as well as the applicable provisions of the FSMA. The Council of Lloyd’s has wide discretionary powers to regulate members’ underwriting, and its exercise of these powers might affect the return on an investment of the corporate member in a given underwriting year. This discretion includes the ability to assess up to 3% of a member’s underwriting capacity in any one year as a Central Fund contribution.
The underwriting capacity of a corporate member of Lloyd’s must be supported by providing a deposit (referred to as "Funds at Lloyd’s") in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit in satisfaction of its capital requirement. The amount of the Funds at Lloyd’s is assessed annually and is determined by Lloyd’s in accordance with applicable capital adequacy rules.

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Business plans, including maximum underwriting capacity, for Lloyd’s syndicates requires annual approval by the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, which may require changes to any business plan or additional capital to support underwriting plans.
In order to achieve finality and to release their capital, Lloyd’s members are usually required to have transferred their liabilities through an approved RITC, such as offered by Syndicate 2008. RITC is generally put in place after the third year of a syndicate year of account. On successful conclusion of RITC, any profit from the syndicate for that year of account can be fully remitted by the managing agent to the syndicate’s members.
The Lloyd’s market has applied the Solvency II internal model under Lloyd’s supervision, and our Lloyd’s operations are required to meet Solvency II standards. The Society of Lloyd's has received approval from the PRA to use its internal model under the Solvency II regime.
Lloyd’s approval is required before any person can acquire control of a Lloyd’s managing agent or Lloyd’s corporate member.
United States
Our insurance and reinsurance companies domiciled in the United States consist of property and casualty companies in run-off, as well as StarStone Specialty Insurance Company (a U.S. excess and surplus lines insurer) and StarStone National Insurance Company (a U.S. admitted insurer that is licensed in all 50 states and the District of Columbia). Our U.S. insurers are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision by the states in which they are domiciled, licensed and/or eligible to conduct business. The insurance laws and regulations of the state of domicile have the most significant impact on operations. We currently have U.S. insurers and reinsurers domiciled in Texas, New York, Delaware, Missouri, Oklahoma and Rhode Island, with one of these insurers also commercially domiciled in California.
Generally, regulatory authorities have broad regulatory powers over such matters as licenses, standards of solvency, premium rates and policy forms (except for excess and surplus lines insurers), marketing practices, claims practices, investments, security deposits, restrictions on size of risks that may be insured under a single policy, methods of accounting, form and content of financial statements, corporate governance, enterprise risk management, reserves and provisions for unearned premiums, unpaid losses and LAE, reinsurance, minimum capital and surplus requirements, dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic examinations, annual and other report filings, and transactions among affiliates.
As to periodic examinations, regulators have begun to look well beyond financial solvency and market conduct. In 2017, for example, the New York Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) increased its focus on cybersecurity, requiring financial institutions regulated by the NYDFS to establish a cybersecurity program. The NYDFS now also requires the completion of an extensive questionnaire regarding each New York domestic insurer’s cybersecurity program in connection with such examinations. Additionally, most states require the completion of an extensive questionnaire, similar to that required by New York, in connection with such examinations. Other states have since enacted similar laws based on the NAIC’s Insurance Data Security Model Law, adopted in 2017.
U.S. insurers are also required to maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity as determined by law, and to comply with risk-based capital requirements and licensing rules. Insurers having less statutory surplus than required by the risk-based capital calculation will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action. If any of our U.S. insurers were to have risk-based capital levels that are below required levels, they would be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny and control by their domestic and possibly other insurance regulators. As of December 31, 2019, all of our U.S. insurers exceeded their required levels of risk-based capital.
Applicable insurance laws also limit the amount of dividends or other distributions our U.S. insurers can pay to us. The insurance regulatory limitations are generally based on statutory net income and/or certain levels of statutory surplus as determined by the insurer’s state or states of domicile. Generally, prior regulatory approval must be obtained before an insurer may pay a dividend or make a distribution above a specified level.

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All states have enacted legislation regulating insurance holding company systems that requires each insurance company in the system to register with the insurance department of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. The NAIC has adopted amendments to the Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and associated regulations, which all states in which our U.S. insurers are domiciled or commercially domiciled have adopted. The amendments provide the regulators with additional tools to evaluate risks to an insurance company within the insurance holding company system. They impose more extensive informational requirements on parents and other affiliates of licensed insurers with the purpose of protecting them from enterprise risk, including requiring an annual enterprise risk report by the ultimate controlling person of the insurers identifying the material risks within the insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to the insurers and requiring a person divesting its controlling interest to make a confidential advance notice filing.
The NAIC has also adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act, which requires insurers to maintain a risk management framework and establishes a legal requirement for insurers or their insurance group to conduct an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment ("ORSA") in accordance with the NAIC’s ORSA Guidance Manual. The ORSA Model Act has been adopted in all of the states in which our U.S. insurers are domiciled, and our insurers in these states may be subject to ORSA requirements if certain premium thresholds are exceeded. Where applicable, we must regularly conduct an ORSA consistent with the ORSA Model Act, including undertaking an internal risk management review no less often than annually and preparing a summary report assessing the adequacy of risk management and capital in light of our insurers’ current and future business plans.
In addition, the NAIC’s Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure (“CGAD”) Model Act and Regulation requires the annual filing of a disclosure describing the insurance group’s corporate governance structure, policies, and practices. The Model Act and Regulation have been adopted in some, though not all, of the states in which we have insurers domiciled. There are no premium thresholds for CGAD.
The Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), represented a comprehensive overhaul of the financial services industry within the United States and, among other things, established the Financial Services Oversight Council and created within the United States Department of the Treasury a Federal Insurance Office ("FIO"). The FIO is authorized to study, monitor and report to Congress on the U.S. insurance industry and the significance of global reinsurance to the U.S. insurance market. The Dodd-Frank Act also authorizes the federal preemption of certain state insurance laws and streamlines the regulation of reinsurance and surplus lines/non-admitted insurance.
Before a person can acquire control of a domestic insurer (including a reinsurer) or any person controlling such insurer (including acquiring control of Enstar Group Limited), prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state in which the domestic insurer is domiciled and, under certain circumstances, from insurance commissioners in other jurisdictions. Generally, state statutes and regulations provide that "control" over a domestic insurer or person controlling a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, 10% or more of the voting securities or securities convertible into voting securities of the domestic insurer or of a person who controls the domestic insurer.
Australia
Our Australian regulated insurance entities (which include our insurance subsidiary and our non-operating holding company) are subject to prudential supervision by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority ("APRA"). APRA is the primary regulatory body responsible for regulating compliance with the Insurance Act 1973. APRA has issued prudential standards that apply to general insurers in relation to capital adequacy, the holding of assets in Australia, risk management, business continuity management, reinsurance management, outsourcing, audit and actuarial reporting and valuation, the transfer and amalgamation of insurance businesses, governance, and the fit and proper assessment of the insurer’s responsible persons.
APRA’s prudential standards require that all insurers maintain and meet prescribed capital adequacy requirements to enable their insurance obligations to be met under a wide range of circumstances.

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APRA also prescribes prudential standards on risk management and governance. These requirements include the need for regulated insurance entities to have a risk management framework that is consistent and integrated with its risk profile and capital strength, supported by a risk management function and subject to comprehensive review. APRA’s risk management requirements also include the need for regulated insurance entities to have a board risk committee that provides the Board with objective non-executive oversight of the implementation and on-going operation of its risk management framework, and the requirement that regulated insurance entities designate a chief risk officer who is involved in, and provides effective challenge to, activities and decisions that may materially affect the regulated insurance entities’ risk profile. Our Australian regulated insurance entities are compliant with these requirements.
An insurer must obtain APRA’s written consent prior to making any capital releases, including any payment of dividends in excess of current year earnings. Our insurance subsidiary must provide APRA a valuation prepared by an appointed actuary that demonstrates that the tangible assets of the insurer, after the proposed capital reduction, are sufficient to cover its insurance liabilities to a 99.5% level of sufficiency of capital before APRA will consent to a capital release or dividend.
Under the Financial Sector (Shareholdings) Act 1998, the interest of an individual shareholder or a group of associated shareholders in an insurer is generally limited to a 15% "stake" of the insurer. A person’s stake is the aggregate of the person’s voting power and the voting power of the person’s associates. A higher percentage limit may be approved by the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia on national interest grounds. Any shareholder of Enstar Group Limited with a "stake" greater than 15% has received approval to hold that stake from the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Europe
In addition to Bermuda, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, we have subsidiaries in Belgium, as well as StarStone Insurance SE, a Liechtenstein-based company that continues to underwrite new business through branches across Europe and is regulated by the Financial Markets Authority. StarStone Insurance Europe AG was merged into StarStone Insurance SE in Liechtenstein effective from October 1, 2017, following the relocation of StarStone Insurance SE’s principal office from the U.K. to Liechtenstein on May 8, 2017. With effect from January 1, 2019, our Swiss insurance subsidiary redomesticated to Bermuda and is now regulated by the BMA. It continues to have a UK branch.
Our subsidiaries and branches in European jurisdictions such as Belgium and Liechtenstein are regulated in their respective home countries. Typically, such regulation is for the protection of policyholders and ceding insurance companies rather than shareholders. Regulatory authorities generally have broad supervisory and administrative powers over such matters as licenses, standards of solvency, investments, reporting requirements relating to capital structure, ownership, financial condition and general business operations, special reporting and prior approval requirements with respect to certain transactions among affiliates, reserves for unpaid losses and LAE, reinsurance, minimum capital and surplus requirements, dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic examinations and annual and other report filings. The application of the Solvency II framework across such European jurisdictions from January 1, 2016 generally results in a more uniform approach to regulation.
Available Information
We maintain a website with the address http://www.enstargroup.com. The information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this filing. We make available free of charge through our website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after the material is electronically filed with or otherwise furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, (the "SEC"). Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are also available on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, copies of our Code of Conduct and the governing charters for the Audit, Compensation, Nominating and Governance, Investment, and Risk Committees of our Board of Directors are available free of charge on our website.

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ITEM 1A.   RISK FACTORS
Any of the following risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. There may be additional risks that we currently consider not to be material or of which we are not currently aware, and any of these risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results.
You should carefully consider these risks along with the other information included in this document, including the matters addressed above under "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" before investing in any of our securities. We may amend, supplement or add to the risk factors described below from time to time in future reports filed with the SEC.
We have categorized our risk factors into the following areas:
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Risks Relating to Our Insurance Businesses
If we are unable to implement our business strategies successfully, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
Our future results of operations will depend in significant part on the extent to which we can implement our business strategies successfully, including with respect to our active underwriting segments and investments. Our business strategies are described in "Item 1. Business - Business Strategy." We may not be able to implement these strategies or any future strategies fully or realize the anticipated results of our strategies as a result of significant business, economic, regulatory and competitive uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to successfully implement our business strategies, we may not be able to achieve future growth in our earnings and our financial condition and ability to access capital may suffer and, as a result, holders of our securities may receive lower returns.
Inadequate loss reserves could reduce our net earnings and capital surplus, which could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our success is dependent upon our ability to assess accurately the risks associated with the business we have insured and reinsured. We are required to maintain reserves to cover the estimated ultimate liability for losses and LAE for both reported and unreported incurred claims. As of December 31, 2019, gross reserves for losses and LAE reported on our balance sheet were $10.4 billion. The process of establishing these reserves includes a significant level of judgment. As a result, these reserves are only estimates of what we expect the settlement and administration of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances known to us, as well as actuarial methodologies, historical industry loss ratio experience, loss development patterns, estimates of future trends and developments and other variable factors such as inflation. We cannot be certain that ultimate losses will not exceed our estimates of losses and LAE because of the uncertainties that surround the estimation process (which are discussed above in "Item 1. Business - Liability for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense"). As a result, actual losses and LAE paid will deviate, perhaps substantially, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements due to legal, judicial, social, technological or other factors, including changes in loss inflation. If our reserves are insufficient to cover our actual losses and LAE, we would have to augment our reserves and incur a charge to our earnings. These charges could be material and would reduce our net earnings and capital and surplus.

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In our non-life run-off businesses, loss reserves include asbestos and environmental ("A&E") liabilities and liabilities associated with personal injury A&E claims from acquired companies with legacy manufacturing businesses. Ultimate values for A&E claims cannot be estimated using traditional reserving techniques, and there are significant uncertainties in estimating losses for these claims. Factors contributing to the uncertainty include long waiting periods, reporting delays and difficulties identifying contamination sources and allocating damage liability. Developed case law and adequate claim history do not always exist for A&E claims, and changes in the legal and tort environment affect the development of such claims. To further understand this risk, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Non-Life Run-off - Latent Claims".
In our active underwriting businesses, U.S. GAAP does not permit insurers and reinsurers to reserve for catastrophes until they occur, which means that claims from these events could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as our financial strength ratings.
Our active underwriting businesses present inherent risks and uncertainties which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Underwriting is inherently a matter of judgment, involving assumptions about matters that are unpredictable and beyond our control, and for which historical experience and probability analysis may not provide sufficient guidance. Our StarStone and Atrium active underwriting businesses expose us to significant risks that could result in under-performance of the active underwriting businesses compared to our expectations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Those risks include, but are not limited to:
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exposure to claims arising out of unpredictable natural and man-made catastrophic events (including hurricanes, windstorms, tsunamis, severe weather, earthquakes, floods, fires, droughts, explosions, environmental contamination, acts of terrorism, cyber events and war or political unrest);
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changing climate patterns and ocean temperature conditions that could increase the frequency and severity of catastrophe events and natural disasters to which we have loss exposure;
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failure of our risk management and loss limitation methods (described in "Item 1. Business - Enterprise Risk Management") to adequately manage our loss exposure or provide sufficient protection against losses;
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the intense competition for business in the insurance and reinsurance industries, including competition from major global insurance and reinsurance companies and underwriting syndicates that may have greater experience and resources than our companies or that may be more highly rated than our companies, or competition resulting from industry consolidation;
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dependence on a limited number of brokers, managing general agents and other third parties to support our business, both in terms of the volume of business we rely on them to place and the credit risk we assume from them; and
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susceptibility to the effects of inflation due to premiums being established before the ultimate amounts of losses and LAE are known.
The cyclical nature of the insurance and reinsurance industries may make it more difficult for StarStone and Atrium to execute their underwriting strategies successfully, which could negatively impact our earnings and our financial condition.
The insurance and reinsurance industry has historically been characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excess underwriting capacity, as well as periods of more favorable pricing due to limited underwriting capacity. Periods of favorable pricing tend to attract additional underwriting capacity (by new entrants, market instruments and structures, and additional commitments by existing insurers) that ultimately cause prices to decrease. Changes in the frequency and severity of losses suffered by insureds and insurers also impact industry cycles, and we may not be able to accurately predict whether market conditions will improve, remain constant or deteriorate. Any of these factors could lead to a significant reduction in premium rates, impair our ability to underwrite at appropriate rates, result in less favorable policy terms and drive fewer submissions for our active underwriting services, which could decrease our earnings or adversely affect our financial condition.

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Cyclical market conditions also impact the availability and cost of reinsurance purchased by StarStone and Atrium as part of our risk management strategy. Market conditions may limit or prevent our active underwriting companies from obtaining adequate reinsurance protection for our business needs. If our active underwriting companies are unable to purchase reinsurance, or if reinsurance is available only on unfavorable terms or with less creditworthy reinsurers, we may retain a higher proportion of risks than we would otherwise prefer, incur additional expense, or purchase reinsurance from companies with higher credit risk, or we may underwrite fewer or smaller contracts. Any of these factors could negatively impact our financial performance.
Downgrades of financial strength ratings at StarStone or Lloyd’s could materially and negatively impact our ability to write new business or renew our existing business in our active underwriting segments.
Financial strength ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance and reinsurance companies. The StarStone operating insurance entities are currently assigned a financial strength rating of "A-" (Excellent) by A.M. Best with a stable outlook. The stability of StarStone's credit rating depends on the continued financial, strategic and operational support provided by its shareholders, including Enstar. A ratings downgrade, outlook change or withdrawal could negatively impact StarStone’s competitive position in the industry, and severely limit or prevent StarStone from writing new insurance and reinsurance contracts if policyholders move their business to other more highly-rated companies. Such a change could also inhibit our ability to implement our business and growth strategies successfully. Additionally, many of StarStone's reinsurance contracts permit the ceding companies to cancel the contract if StarStone's financial strength rating is downgraded. Whether a ceding company would cancel a reinsurance contract after a ratings downgrade would depend on a number of factors (including the reason for and extent of the downgrade, and the pricing and availability of replacement reinsurance) and, accordingly, we cannot predict the extent to which these cancellation rights would be exercised or what effect any such cancellations would have on our financial condition or results of operations.
Lloyd’s ratings apply to business written through Syndicate 609 (Atrium) and Syndicate 1301 (StarStone). Lloyd’s is rated "A" (Excellent) by A.M. Best, "A+" (Strong) by S&P and "AA-" (Very Strong) by Fitch Ratings. Financial strength ratings downgrades at Lloyd’s could adversely affect our Lloyd’s syndicates’ ability to trade in certain classes of business at current levels.
Emerging claim and coverage issues could adversely affect our business.
As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect the adequacy of our provision for losses and LAE by either extending coverage beyond the envisioned scope of insurance policies and reinsurance contracts, or by increasing the number or size of claims. Our exposure to these uncertainties could be exacerbated by an increase in insurance and reinsurance contract disputes, arbitration and litigation, as well as social inflation trends, including expanded theories of liability and higher jury awards. Increasingly, the handling of insurance claims can also lead to bad faith or other forms of extra-contractual damages. The full effects of these and other unforeseen emerging claim and coverage issues are extremely hard to predict. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until long after we have acquired or issued the affected contracts. As a result, the full extent of liability under these insurance or reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract has been issued.
Our investments in life insurance businesses, including through certain of our equity method investments, are subject to the risk that actual mortality, morbidity, policy persistency, and investment yield may be different than our assumptions and could render the reserves established by these businesses inadequate, causing a decline in our financial returns from these investments.
The performance of our investments in life businesses depends on the ability of these businesses to operate effectively and efficiently. Reserves for life policy benefits are based on certain assumptions, including mortality, morbidity, lapse rates, expenses, and discount rates based on expected yields at acquisition. The adequacy of the reserves established by the businesses in which we invest is contingent on actual experience related to these key assumptions. If actual experience differs from these assumptions, or the assumptions are changed based on new information or experience, it could materially and adversely impact our financial returns on these investments.
The life insurance businesses in which we have invested have exposure to the risk of catastrophic mortality, such as a pandemic or other event that causes a large number of deaths. In an economic downturn, these businesses may also experience an elevated incidence of lapses of life insurance policies due to increased risk that policyholders may choose to cease paying insurance premiums (resulting in a non-diversified pool of policyholders). Any of these events could adversely affect our financial returns on these investments.

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Risks Relating to Our Acquisitions
We may not be able to continue to grow our business through acquisitions.
We have pursued and, as part of our strategy, will continue to pursue growth through acquisitions of reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business, primarily in our run-off segment. However, the acquisition and management of companies and portfolios in run-off is highly competitive, and driven by a number of factors, including proposed acquisition price, reputation, and financial resources. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do, have been operating for longer than we have and have established long-term and continuing business relationships throughout the insurance and reinsurance industries, which can be a significant competitive advantage. In recent years, new competitors have entered the insurance run-off space, including through the formation of reinsurance companies or the use of other financial products intended to acquire insurance liabilities in run-off. We expect competition from these sources and others to continue to increase over time. As a result, we may not be able to compete successfully in the future for suitable acquisition candidates, and if we do not continue to acquire companies or portfolios, we may not be able to achieve our strategic goals.
There can be no assurance that our acquisitions will be financially beneficial to us or our shareholders.
The evaluation and negotiation of potential acquisitions, as well as the integration of acquired businesses or portfolios, can be complex and costly and may require substantial management resources. Our acquisitions could involve numerous additional risks that we may not be able to identify during the due diligence process, such as potential losses from unanticipated litigation, levels of claims or other liabilities and exposures, an inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs and financial exposures in the event that sellers are unable or unwilling to meet their indemnification, reinsurance and other obligations to us.
Our run-off business entails acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance companies, portfolios of insurance and reinsurance, and companies with liabilities related to legacy manufacturing operations. Unlike traditional insurers and reinsurers, our companies and portfolios in run-off no longer underwrite new policies and their stated provisions for losses and LAE may not be sufficient to cover future losses and the cost of run-off. Because our non-life companies and portfolios in run-off generally no longer collect underwriting premiums, our sources of capital to cover losses are limited to our stated reserves, reinsurance coverage and equity.
To achieve positive operating results from an acquisition, we must first price transactions on favorable terms relative to the risks posed by the acquired businesses and then successfully manage the acquired businesses by efficiently managing claims, collecting from insurers or reinsurers, generating investment returns on the assets supporting the acquired businesses and controlling expenses. Failure to do these things successfully could result in us having to cover losses sustained with retained earnings, which would materially and adversely impact our ability to grow our business and may result in material losses.
We may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, which may result in underperformance relative to our expectations and a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The acquisitions we have made and expect to make in the future may pose operational challenges that divert management’s time and energy and expose us to risks relating to:
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the value of liabilities assumed being greater than expected;
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the value of assets or our anticipated return on assets being lower than expected or diminishing because of credit defaults, changes in interest rates, or delays in implementation of our intended investment strategies;
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funding cash flow shortages that may occur if anticipated revenues are not realized or are delayed, or if expenses are greater than anticipated;
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integrating financial and operational reporting systems and internal controls, including assurance of compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and our reporting requirements under the Exchange Act;
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leveraging our existing capabilities and expertise into the business acquired and establishing synergies within our organization;
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funding increased capital needs and overhead expenses;
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integrating technology platforms and managing any increased cybersecurity risk;

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obtaining and retaining management personnel required for expanded operations;
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fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates relating to the assets and liabilities we may acquire;
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goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges; and
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complying with applicable laws and regulations.
If we are unable to address some or all of these challenges, our acquisitions may underperform relative to our expectations and our business may be materially and adversely affected.
We may not complete future acquisitions within the time frame we anticipate or at all, which could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Once we have signed a definitive agreement to acquire a business or portfolio, conditions to closing, such as obtaining regulatory approvals or shareholder approvals, must be met before the acquisition can be consummated. These and other closing conditions may not be satisfied at all, or may cause a material delay in the anticipated timing of closing. In addition, our ability to complete the acquisition on the originally anticipated terms, or at all, could be jeopardized if a seller receives competing proposals, if litigation is brought challenging the transaction or certain of its terms, or if regulators impose unexpected terms and conditions on the transaction. Failure to consummate an acquisition on the originally anticipated terms, or a significant delay in the closing, could result in significant expense, diversion of time and resources, reputational damage, litigation and a failure to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, all of which could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Liquidity and Capital Resources
The amount of statutory capital that we must hold to maintain our financial strength and credit ratings and meet certain regulatory requirements can vary significantly from time to time and is sensitive to several factors.
Statutory capital and reserve requirements for our insurance subsidiaries are prescribed by the applicable insurance regulators in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union and Australia. Insurance regulators have established risk-based capital adequacy measures, such as the BSCR in Bermuda and the Solvency II regime in the European Union and United Kingdom, which provide minimum solvency and liquidity requirements for insurance companies. The amount of capital that we and/or our insurance subsidiaries are required to hold may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors including the amount of statutory income or losses generated by our insurance subsidiaries (which itself is sensitive to equity market and credit market conditions), the amount of additional capital our non-life run-off and live underwriting insurance subsidiaries must hold to support future growth, changes in the value of investments, changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, as well as changes to the relevant regulatory capital adequacy measures. Many of these factors are outside of our control, and our overall liquidity and credit ratings are significantly influenced by our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital amounts. If statutory capital requirements increase or if our insurance subsidiaries' solvency decreases, our subsidiaries would be required to hold more capital, and our ability to obtain distributions from these subsidiaries could be limited. If we fail to maintain adequate statutory capital, the regulators may restrict our activities and prohibit us and our subsidiaries from completing acquisitions without raising additional capital.
We may require additional capital and credit in the future that may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.
Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including acquisition and investment activity, our ability to manage the run-off of our assumed policies, our ability to establish reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses, our underwriting plans, and our obligations to satisfy statutory capital requirements. We may need to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings in the future. Our ability to secure this financing may be affected by a number of factors, including volatility in the worldwide financial markets, the strength of our capital position and operating results. In addition, an unfavorable change or downgrade of our issuer credit ratings could increase the interest rate charged under our revolving credit facility and may make it more expensive for us to access capital markets. Any equity or debt financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us, and could limit our strategic, financial and operational flexibility, including as a result of the need to dedicate a greater portion of our cash flows from operations to preferred share dividends and interest and principal payments on our debt financing. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our existing shareholders could result, and any securities that are part of an equity financing may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of our already outstanding securities.

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In addition, we may not achieve the desired regulatory capital treatment for any potential issuance of debt or equity securities due to changing solvency capital eligibility requirements under the Bermuda Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011 (the "Group Supervision Rules") to which we are subject. For example, our outstanding preferred shares and senior notes qualify as Tier 2 and Tier 3 capital, respectively, in accordance with the Group Supervision Rules. In order for these instruments to continue to receive the intended regulatory capital treatment, their terms must reflect the criteria contained in the Group Supervision Rules and any amendments thereto. Although our expectation is that any changes to the Group Supervision Rules governing eligible capital would not apply retroactively, no assurance can be made that the BMA will in the future deem that our preferred shares and senior notes constitute Tier 2 and Tier 3 capital, respectively, under the Group Supervision Rules. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or credit, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by, among other things, our inability to finance future acquisitions.
Our reinsurance subsidiaries may be required to provide collateral to ceding companies pursuant to their reinsurance contracts. Their ability to conduct business could be significantly and negatively affected if they are unable to do so or if any letters of credit posted as collateral are drawn upon by a ceding company.
Our reinsurance subsidiaries are often required to post collateral in the form of letters of credit, trust funds or other assets in order to provide security for their reinsurance obligations and to provide ceding companies with statutory credit for such reinsurance. If our reinsurance subsidiaries are unable to post the required collateral or the cost of providing such collateral materially increases, their operations could be significantly and negatively affected, which in turn could limit our ability to complete certain run-off acquisitions on favorable terms, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the beneficiary of any letter of credit draws funds against the letter of credit, we would be obligated to immediately repay the bank that issued the letter of credit the amount of such drawn funds, which could increase our indebtedness and significantly and negatively affect our liquidity and financial condition.
Uncertain conditions in the global economy generally may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In the event of financial turmoil affecting the global banking system and global financial markets (which may result from a variety of events such as natural or man-made disasters including global pandemic such as coronavirus, war, or terrorism) or significant financial service institution failures, there could be a new or incremental tightening in the credit markets, low liquidity, and extreme volatility in fixed maturity, credit, currency, and equity markets. This could have a number of effects on our business, including our ability to obtain financing for future acquisitions. Even if financing is available, it may only be available on terms that are not favorable to us, which would decrease our profitability.
Global and local economic conditions could also affect demand for and claims made under our policies, our counter-party credit risk, and the ability of our customers and other counterparties to establish or maintain their relationships with us.
Net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains or losses also could vary materially from expectations depending on gains or losses realized on the sale or exchange of financial instruments; impairment charges resulting from revaluations of debt and equity securities and other investments; interest rates; cash balances; and changes in the fair value of financial and derivative instruments. Increased volatility in the financial markets and overall economic uncertainty would increase the risk that the actual amounts realized in the future on our financial instruments could differ significantly from the fair values currently assigned to them.
Reinsurers may not satisfy their obligations to our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, which could result in significant losses or liquidity issues for us.
Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to credit risk with respect to their reinsurers because the transfer of risk to a reinsurer does not relieve our subsidiaries of their liability to the insured. Reinsurance companies may be negatively impacted or downgraded during difficult financial and economic conditions in the worldwide capital markets and economies. In addition, reinsurers may be unwilling to pay our subsidiaries even though they are able to do so, or disputes may arise regarding payment obligations. The failure of one or more of our subsidiaries’ reinsurers to honor their obligations in a timely fashion may affect our cash flows, reduce our net earnings or cause us to incur a significant loss. Disputes with our reinsurers may also result in unforeseen expenses relating to litigation or arbitration proceedings. A reinsurer’s inability or unwillingness to honor its obligations to StarStone and Atrium may negate the intended risk-reducing impact of our reinsurance purchasing programs.

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Exposure to reinsurers who from time to time represent meaningful percentages of our total reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses may increase the risks described above. For information on reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources - reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses."
We are a holding company, and we are dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us.
We are a holding company and therefore we are dependent on distributions of funds from our operating subsidiaries to fund acquisitions, fulfill financial obligations in the normal course of our business, including payments on our outstanding Senior Notes, and pay dividends to our shareholders, including holders of our preferred shares and, in turn, the related depositary shares. The ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to make distributions to us may be limited by various business considerations and applicable insurance laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which we operate (which are described in "Item 1. Business - Regulation"). The ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us may also be restricted by, among other things, other applicable laws and regulations and the terms of our debt obligations and our subsidiaries’ debt obligations. If our subsidiaries are restricted from making distributions to us, we may be unable to maintain adequate liquidity to fund acquisitions or fulfill our financial obligations.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may cause us to experience losses.
We maintain a portion of our investments, insurance liabilities and insurance assets denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Consequently, we and our subsidiaries may experience foreign exchange losses, which could adversely affect our results of operations. We publish our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars. Therefore, fluctuations in exchange rates used to convert other currencies, particularly Australian dollars, Canadian dollars, British pounds and Euros, into U.S. dollars will impact our reported financial condition, results of operations and cash flows from year to year.
Our failure to comply with covenants contained in our credit facilities or in the indenture governing our 4.5% Senior Notes due 2022 ("2022 Senior Notes") and our 4.95% Senior Notes due 2029 (the "2029 Senior Notes" and, together with the 2022 Senior Notes, the "Senior Notes") could trigger prepayment obligations, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We and our subsidiaries currently have several outstanding credit facilities and outstanding Senior Notes. We depend on access to these funds in operating our business. The credit facilities and the indentures governing our Senior Notes contain various business and financial covenants that impose restrictions on us and certain of our subsidiaries with respect to, among other things, limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, amalgamations and sales of substantially all assets, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to certain dispositions of stock and dividends and stock repurchases, investment constraints and limitations on liens on the capital stock of certain subsidiaries. We may also enter into future debt arrangements containing similar or different restrictive covenants. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default under the credit facilities or the indentures governing our Senior Notes, which could result in us being required to repay the amounts outstanding under these facilities or the Senior Notes prior to maturity. These prepayment obligations could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, complying with these covenants could limit our financial and operational flexibility. Our credit facilities and Senior Notes are described in more detail in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Debt Obligations."

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Risks Relating to Our Investments
The value of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ investment portfolios and the investment income that our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries receive from these portfolios may decline materially as a result of market fluctuations and economic conditions, including those related to interest rates and credit spreads.
We derive a significant portion of our income from our invested assets, which consist primarily of investments in fixed maturity securities. The value and net investment income that our subsidiaries obtain from investments in fixed maturity securities will generally increase or decrease with changes in interest rates. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A rise in interest rates would increase net unrealized losses, which would decline over time as the security approaches maturity. Conversely, a decline in interest rates would increase net unrealized gains, which would decline over time as the security approaches maturity. The fair market value can also decrease as a result of a deterioration of the credit quality of those securities. Any perceived decrease in credit quality may cause credit spreads to widen and this would result in an increase in net unrealized losses. A deterioration of credit ratings on our fixed maturity security investments may result in a preference to liquidate these securities in the financial markets. If we liquidate these securities during a period of tightening credit, we may realize a significant loss.
The Financial Conduct Authority of the United Kingdom plans to phase out the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") by the end of 2021. A significant portion of our investments in fixed maturities is in LIBOR-based instruments. There is currently no definitive replacement rate for LIBOR, and we therefore are unable to determine the potential impact of the LIBOR change on our investment results.
Some of our fixed maturity securities, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, carry prepayment risk, or the risk that principal will be returned more rapidly or slowly than expected, as a result of interest rate fluctuations. When interest rates decline, consumers will generally make prepayments on their mortgages, causing us to be repaid more quickly than we might have originally anticipated, meaning that our opportunities to reinvest these proceeds back into the investment markets may be at reduced interest rates (with the converse being true in a rising interest rate environment). Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are also subject to default risk on the underlying securitized mortgages, which would decrease the value of our investments.
The changes in the market value of our securities that are classified as trading or available-for-sale are reflected in our financial statements. Other-than-temporary impairment losses in the value of our fixed maturity securities are also reflected in our financial statements. As a result, a decline in the value of the securities in our investment portfolios may materially reduce our net income and shareholders’ equity, and may cause us to incur a significant loss. For more information on our investment portfolios, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investable Assets."
Our investments in alternative investments and our investments in joint ventures and/or entities accounted for using the equity method may be illiquid and volatile in terms of value and returns, which could negatively affect our investment income and liquidity.
In addition to fixed maturity securities, we have invested, and may from time to time continue to invest, in alternative investments such as hedge funds, fixed income funds, equity funds, private equity funds and co-investments, collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") equities, CLO equity funds, real estate funds and other alternative investments. These and other similar investments may be illiquid due to restrictions on sales, transfers and redemption terms, may have different, more significant risk characteristics than our investments in fixed maturity securities and may also have more volatile values and returns, all of which could negatively affect our investment income and overall portfolio liquidity.
We have also invested, and from time to time may continue to make investments in joint ventures and in other entities that we do not control. In these investments, many of which are accounted for using the equity method, we may lack management and operational control over the entities in which we are invested, which may limit our ability to take actions that could protect or increase the value of our investment. In addition, these investments may be illiquid due to contractual provisions, and our lack of operational control may prevent us from obtaining liquidity through distributions from these investments in a timely manner or on favorable terms.
Alternative or "other" investments may not meet regulatory admissibility requirements or may result in increased regulatory capital charges to our insurance subsidiaries that hold these investments, which could limit those subsidiaries’ ability to make capital distributions to us and, consequently, negatively impact our liquidity. For more information on our alternative investments, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investable Assets."

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The valuation of our investments may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Fixed maturity and alternative investments, such as hedge funds, fixed income funds, equity funds, private equity funds and co-investments, CLO equities, CLO equity funds and real estate funds represent the majority of our total cash and invested assets. These investments are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. Fair value prices for all trading and available-for-sale securities in the fixed maturities portfolio are independently provided by our investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. We record the unadjusted price provided by our accounting service providers, managers or custodians, after we perform an internal validation process. Fair value for our alternative investments is estimated based primarily on the most recently reported net asset values reported by the fund manager, which we may adjust following our internal review.
These valuation procedures involve estimates and judgments, and during periods of market disruptions (such as periods of significantly rising or high interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity), it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable. In addition, there may be certain asset classes that are now in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to changes in the financial environment. In these cases, the valuation of a greater number of securities in our investment portfolio may require more subjectivity and management judgment. As a result, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation as well as valuation methods that are more sophisticated or require greater estimation, which may result in valuations greater than the value at which the investments could ultimately be sold. Further, rapidly changing and unpredictable credit and equity market conditions could materially affect the valuation of securities carried at fair value as reported within our consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The nature of our business liquidity demands and the structure of our entities’ investment portfolios may adversely affect the performance of our investment portfolio and financial results and our investing flexibility.
We strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs for future liabilities. Because of the unpredictable nature of losses that may arise under the insurance and reinsurance policies issued by certain of our subsidiaries and as a result of our opportunistic commutation strategy, our liquidity needs can be substantial and may arise at any time. In that regard, we attempt to correlate the maturity and duration of our investment portfolio to our general liability profile. If we are unsuccessful in managing our investment portfolio within the context of this strategy, we may be forced to liquidate our investments at times and at prices that are not optimal, and we may have difficulty liquidating some of our alternative investments due to restrictions on sales, transfers and redemption terms. This could have a material adverse effect on the performance of our investment portfolio.
We have many individual portfolios of cash and investments from our acquired companies and portfolios. Each investment portfolio has its own regulatory admissibility requirements, and each run-off entity is likely to have negative operating and financing cash flows due to commutation activity, claims settlements and capital distributions. These factors reduce our overall investing flexibility.

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Risks Relating to Laws and Regulations
Insurance laws and regulations restrict our ability to operate, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or any investigations, inquiries or demands by government authorities, may have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are subject to the insurance laws and regulations of a number of jurisdictions worldwide. Existing laws and regulations, among other things, limit the amount of dividends that can be paid to us by our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, prescribe solvency and capital adequacy standards, impose restrictions on the amount and type of investments that can be held to meet solvency and capital adequacy requirements, require the maintenance of reserve liabilities, and require pre-approval of acquisitions and certain affiliate transactions. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations or to maintain appropriate authorizations, licenses, and/or exemptions under applicable laws and regulations may cause governmental authorities to preclude or suspend our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries from carrying on some or all of their activities, place one or more of them into rehabilitation or liquidation proceedings, impose monetary penalties or other sanctions on them or our affiliates, or commence insurance company delinquency proceedings against our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries. The application of these laws and regulations by various governmental authorities may affect our liquidity and restrict our ability to expand our business operations through acquisitions or to pay dividends on our ordinary or preferred shares. Furthermore, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements may result in significant expenses, which could have a negative impact on our profitability. To further understand these regulatory requirements, see "Item 1. Business - Regulation."
In addition, the insurance and reinsurance industry has experienced volatility as a result of investigations, litigation and regulatory activity by various insurance, governmental and enforcement authorities concerning certain practices within the insurance and reinsurance industry. Insurance and reinsurance companies that we have acquired, or may acquire in the future, may have been or may become involved in these or other investigations, litigation or regulatory activity and may have lawsuits filed or other regulatory actions taken against them. Our involvement in any such activity would cause us to incur legal costs and, if we or any of our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries were found to have violated any laws or regulations, we could be required to pay fines and damages and incur other sanctions, perhaps in material amounts, which could have a material negative impact on our profitability.
Political, regulatory and industry initiatives could materially adversely affect our business by increasing the amount of regulation we face or changing the nature of the regulations that apply to us in operating our insurance businesses or acquiring new insurance businesses.
Increasingly, governmental authorities have taken interest in the potential systemic risks posed by the insurance and reinsurance industry as a whole. The insurance regulatory environment has become subject to increased scrutiny across a number of jurisdictions, and authorities regularly consider enhanced or new regulatory requirements and seek to exercise their supervisory authority in new and more extensive ways. Regulators are generally concerned with the protection of policyholders above other constituencies, including our shareholders. Additional laws and regulations have been and may continue to be enacted that may have adverse effects on our operations, financial condition, statutory capital adequacy, and liquidity. We cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of these initiatives; however, we believe it is likely there will continue to be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future, and these initiatives could adversely affect our business.
In many of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including Bermuda, there are increased regulations relating to group supervision though cooperation and coordination among insurance regulators regardless of an individual company’s domiciliary jurisdiction. The BMA acts as our Group supervisor, as described in "Item 1. Business - Regulation" which has led to increased regulatory reporting and oversight.
The implementation of Solvency II, an E.U.-wide directive covering the capital adequacy, risk management and regulatory reporting for insurers, requires significant resources to ensure compliance by our E.U. companies. Additionally, if our non-E.U. subsidiaries engage in E.U. insurance or reinsurance business, additional capital requirements may be imposed for such companies to continue to insure or reinsure E.U.-domiciled risk or cedants if their regulatory regime is not deemed to have Solvency II equivalence. Bermuda has gained Solvency II equivalence, and our Bermuda reinsurers are subject to requirements in line with a Solvency II framework.
In the United States, the Dodd-Frank Act addresses the entire financial services industry and includes initiatives such as the creation of a Federal Insurance Office and other federal oversight agencies, the requiring of more transparency, accountability and focus in protecting investors and businesses, the input of shareholders regarding executive compensation, and the enhanced empowerment of regulators to punish fraud and unethical business practices. Continued compliance with these laws and regulations is likely to result in additional regulation and additional

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costs for us.
In addition, increased scrutiny by insurance regulators of investments in or acquisitions of insurers or insurance holding companies by private equity firms or hedge funds may result in imposition of additional regulatory requirements and restrictions. We have in the past partnered with private equity firms in making acquisitions and may do so in the future. This increased scrutiny may make it difficult to complete U.S. acquisitions with private equity or hedge funds should we seek to do so. In addition, private equity firms and hedge funds have invested in Enstar and may seek to do so in the future. This increased scrutiny may materially adversely impact our ability to raise capital through transactions with these types of investors.
Our business is subject to laws and regulations relating to sanctions and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are legally required to comply with all applicable economic sanctions and anti-bribery laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we operate. U.S. laws and regulations applicable to our U.S. subsidiaries include the economic trade sanctions laws and regulations administered by the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, as well as certain laws administered by the U.S. Department of State. New sanction regimes may be initiated, or existing sanctions expanded, at any time, which can impact our business activities. In addition, our companies are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-bribery laws such as the Bermuda Bribery Act and the U.K. Bribery Act that generally bar corrupt payments or unreasonable gifts to foreign governments or officials. Although we have policies and controls in place that are designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, it is possible that an employee or intermediary could fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations. In such event, we could be exposed to civil penalties, criminal penalties and other sanctions, including fines or other punitive actions. Such civil or criminal penalties, sanctions, fines or other punitive actions, and the possibility of resulting damage to our business and/or reputation, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The United Kingdom’s referendum vote to leave the European Union ("Brexit") could adversely affect our business.
There has been volatility in the financial and foreign exchange markets following the advisory referendum held on June 23, 2016, in which the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union (commonly referred to as “Brexit”), and this is expected to continue. On March 29, 2017, Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty was triggered, and following the successful passing of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill by the U.K. Parliament, the United Kingdom left the European Union on January 31, 2020 pursuant to the terms of a withdrawal agreement concluded between the U.K. government and the E.U. Council (the “Withdrawal Agreement”). The Withdrawal Agreement allows for a transition period during which the United Kingdom’s trading relationship with the European Union will remain largely unchanged. This transition period is due to end on December 31, 2020. During the transition period, the United Kingdom and the European Union will continue to negotiate the terms of their ongoing relationship. However, uncertainty remains over the United Kingdom's future relationship with the European Union after 2020. As a result, we face risks associated with the potential uncertainty and consequences that may follow Brexit, including with respect to volatility in the financial markets, exchange rates and interest rates. We also have significant operations and employees in the United Kingdom, including in our Lloyd’s and StarStone businesses. Brexit’s impact on our U.K. businesses will depend on the United Kingdom and Lloyd’s abilities to retain access to the E.U. markets, and our U.K. businesses could be adversely affected if adequate access to these markets is not obtained. Brexit may also lead to legal uncertainty and differences in national laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which E.U. laws to replace or replicate, and these issues could impact our structure and operations. Any of these effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Changes in accounting principles and financial reporting requirements could impact our reported financial results and our reported financial condition.
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), and they are subject to the accounting-related rules and interpretations of the SEC. We are required to adopt new and revised accounting standards implemented by the FASB.

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Unanticipated developments in accounting practices may require us to incur considerable additional expenses to comply with such developments, particularly if we are required to prepare information relating to prior periods for comparative purposes or to apply the new requirements retroactively. The impact of changes in accounting standards, particularly those that apply to insurance companies, cannot be predicted but may affect the calculation of net earnings, shareholders’ equity and other relevant financial statement line items. In addition, such changes may cause additional volatility in reported earnings, decrease the understandability of our financial results and affect the comparability of our reported results with the results of others.
Risks Relating to our Operations
We are dependent on our executive officers, directors and other key personnel and the loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and upon the ability of our senior management and other key employees to implement our business strategy. We believe that there are only a limited number of available qualified personnel in the businesses in which we compete, and the pool of highly skilled employees available to fill key positions at our companies may fluctuate based on market conditions. We rely substantially upon the services of our executive officers and our subsidiaries’ executive officers and directors, as well as our local management teams, to implement our business strategies. The loss of the services of any of our management or other key personnel, or the loss of the services of or our relationships with any of our directors, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Higher demand for employees with appropriate skills could lead to increased compensation expectations for existing and prospective personnel across our organization, which could also make it difficult to maintain labor expenses at desired levels.
Some of our directors, large shareholders and their affiliates have interests and/or other involvement with entities that can create conflicts of interest, through related party transactions or competition.
We have participated in transactions, investments and investment management arrangements in which one or more of our directors, large shareholders or their affiliates has an interest, and we may continue to do so in the future. These matters, called related party transactions, are described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report. In addition, some of our directors, large shareholders or their affiliates from time to time have ownership interests or other involvement with entities that compete against us or otherwise have interests that could, at times, be considered potentially adverse to us, either in the pursuit of acquisition targets, investments or in our business operations. The interests of our directors, large shareholders or their affiliates in related party transactions or competitive businesses may create the potential for, or result in, conflicts of interests.
Cybersecurity events or other difficulties with our information technology systems could disrupt our business, result in the loss of critical and confidential information, increased costs, and adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.
We rely heavily on the successful, uninterrupted functioning of our information technology systems, as well as those of any third-party service providers we use. We rely on these systems to securely and accurately process, store, and transmit confidential and other data in connection with our critical operational functions such as paying claims, performing actuarial and other modeling, pricing, quoting and processing policies, cash and investment management, acquisition analysis, financial reporting and other necessary support functions. Our active underwriting companies rely on broker portals to bind certain business, and, therefore, a service interruption would negatively impact our ability to write business. Where we rely on third parties for outsourced functions and other services, our information may be exposed to the risk of a data breach or cyber-security incident through their systems. A failure of our information technology systems or those of our third-party service providers could materially impact our ability to perform the critical functions described above, affect the confidentiality, availability or integrity of our proprietary information and expose us to litigation and increase our administrative expenses.
Computer viruses, cyber-attacks, and other external hazards, as well as any internal process or employee failures, could expose our information technology systems to security breaches that may cause critical data to be corrupted or confidential or proprietary information to be exposed, or cause system disruptions or shut-downs. In addition to our own information, we receive and may be responsible for protecting confidential or personal information of ceding companies, policyholders, employees, and other third parties, which could also be compromised in the event of a security breach.

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Although we utilize numerous controls, protections and risk management strategies to attempt to mitigate these risks, and management is not aware of a material cyber-security incident to date, the sophistication and volume of these security threats continues to increase. We may not have the technical expertise or resources to successfully prevent every data breach or cyber-security incident. The potential consequences of a data breach or cyber-security incident could include claims against us, significant reputational damage to our company, damage to our business as a result of disclosure of proprietary information, and regulatory action against us, which may include fines and penalties. Such an incident could cause us to lose business and commit resources, management time and money to remediate these breaches and notify aggrieved parties, any of which in turn could have an adverse impact on our business. We may also experience increasing costs associated with implementing and maintaining adequate safeguards against these types of incidents and attacks.
In addition, the information security and data privacy regulatory environment is increasingly demanding. We are subject to numerous laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions governing the protection of the personal and confidential information of our clients and/or employees, including in relation to medical records and financial information. These laws and regulations are rapidly expanding, increasing in complexity and sometimes conflict between jurisdictions. For example, the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") creates rights for individuals to control their personal data and sets forth the requirements with which companies handling the personal data of E.U.-based data subjects have to comply (regardless of whether such data handling involves E.U.-based operations). We are also subject to the GDPR through our handling of the personal data of E.U.-based subjects in connection with our ordinary course operations. If any person, including any of our employees or those with whom we share such information, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to our client data, or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could be subject to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines and/or criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions, including as a result of a violation of the GDPR.
If outsourced providers such as third-party administrators, managing general agents, investment managers or other service providers were to breach obligations owed to us, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We outsource certain business functions to third-party providers, and these providers may not perform as anticipated or may fail to adhere to their obligations to us. For example, certain of our subsidiaries rely on relationships with a number of third-party administrators under contracts pursuant to which these third-party administrators manage and pay claims on our subsidiaries’ behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. In these relationships, we rely on controls incorporated in the provisions of the administration agreement, as well as on the administrator’s internal controls, to manage the claims process within our prescribed parameters. Our StarStone and Atrium subsidiaries use managing general agents, general agents and other producers to write and administer business on their behalf within prescribed underwriting authorities. We also rely on external investment managers to provide services pursuant to the terms of our investment management agreements, including following established investment guidelines. Although we monitor these administrators, agents and producers, and investment managers on an ongoing basis, our monitoring efforts may not be adequate or our service providers could exceed their authorities or otherwise breach obligations owed to us, which, if material, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Taxation
Recently enacted U.S. tax reform legislation, various international tax transparency and economic substance initiatives, and possible future tax reform legislation and regulations could materially affect us and our shareholders.
On December 22, 2017, the US government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act is broad and contains many provisions that have significant implications on us, and potentially on our shareholders, including re-measurement of deferred taxes and surplus due to the reduction in corporation income tax rate, and imposition of a new base-erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) on affiliate transactions (including reinsurance arrangements between affiliated companies). In response to the introduction of BEAT, we non-renewed (as of January 1, 2018) certain of our active underwriting affiliate reinsurance transactions between our operating entities that are subject to U.S. taxation and our non-U.S. affiliates that are not. We continue to assess the future impact of BEAT on our transaction structuring.

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The Tax Act also includes modifications of the taxation of non-U.S. companies owned by U.S. shareholders. Certain aspects of the Tax Act require clarification through future regulatory action and accordingly, we are unable to definitively determine the impact to our shareholders. The Tax Act may increase the likelihood that we or our non-U.S. subsidiaries or joint ventures managed by us will be deemed a “controlled foreign corporation” (CFC) within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) for U.S. federal tax purposes. Specifically, the Tax Act expands the definition of “United States shareholder” for CFC purposes to include U.S. persons who own, directly or constructively, 10% or more of the value of a non-U.S. corporation’s shares, rather than looking only to voting power held. The Tax Act also expands certain attribution rules for share ownership in a way that would cause non-U.S. subsidiaries to now be treated as CFCs if owned in a group, such as Enstar, that has a non-U.S. parent company and also includes at least one U.S. subsidiary. In the event a corporation is characterized as a CFC, any “United States shareholder” of the CFC is required to include in taxable income each year the shareholder’s proportionate share of certain insurance and related investment income for the taxable year, even if such income is not distributed.
The Tax Act also contains modifications to certain provisions relating to passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) status that if applicable to us could result in adverse tax consequences to U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares. On July 10, 2019, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and Department of the Treasury released proposed regulations relating to PFICs that may have an impact on foreign insurance companies and their investors, and other participants in transactions involving foreign insurers. The new proposed regulations withdraw a set of proposed regulations that were issued in April 2015.  The proposed regulations provide guidance relating to changes in the PFIC regime made by the Tax Act, address the application and interaction of certain “look-through” rules contained in the Code and introduce new rules relating to the determination of the “active conduct” test. While the proposed regulations make it more difficult to qualify for certain exceptions to PFIC status, we believe that we will not be a PFIC for U.S. federal income purposes for the foreseeable future under the proposed regulations. In particular, we believe that the income of our non-U.S. subsidiaries that are insurance companies is derived in the "active conduct of an insurance business" by corporations that are predominately engaged in such business under the provision of the Tax Act, and that this is also the case for us when the operations of our subsidiaries are considered as a whole, under the look-through rules applicable to foreign holding companies. There are currently no final regulations regarding the application of the PFIC provisions of the Code to an insurance company, so the application of those provisions to insurance companies remains unclear in certain respects. The proposed regulations are expected to become final, possibly as early as the first half of 2020.
The United States and other countries and governing bodies have also enacted reform legislation aimed at increasing transparency on companies’ global tax footprint and profile. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the "OECD") is an intergovernmental economic organization founded to stimulate economic progress and trade. It develops economic policy recommendations to encourage policy reform in member countries. Created by the OECD under the initiative known as the “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project (“BEPS”), “Country-by-Country Reporting” (Action 13) aims to ensure that multi-national businesses provide appropriate and accurate information to each respective member and non-member region based on various metrics. These metrics are directed at counteracting the effects of global preferential tax regimes and increasing tax transparency. Bermuda has adopted OECD compliant Country-by-Country Reporting regulations for Bermuda headquartered companies which requires the Company to file a report containing results of our global operations. It is uncertain how cooperating jurisdictions, including those in which we operate, will utilize the data collected in our Bermuda filing. These initiatives could increase the burden and costs of compliance.
In December 2017, the European Union's Code Group included Bermuda on a list of jurisdictions that it considered to be non-cooperative for tax purposes. In order to be removed from such list, Bermuda passed the Economic Substance Act 2018 (the “ESA”) in December 2018, which came into effect on January 1, 2019 and required compliance by pre-existing entities by July 1, 2019. The legislation requires Bermuda companies engaging in a “relevant activity” (which includes insurance business and holding entity activities) to be locally managed and directed, to carry on core income generating activities in Bermuda, to maintain adequate physical presence in Bermuda, and to have an adequate level of local full time qualified employees and incur adequate operating expenditure in Bermuda. The guidance as to how Bermuda authorities will interpret and enforce the ESA is pending, and we therefore cannot predict their potential impact on our results of operations and financial condition. In the event that we are required to maintain additional staff or operations in Bermuda, we may incur increased operating expenditures that could negatively impact our results of operations.

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U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares might become subject to adverse U.S. tax consequences as a result of "related person insurance income," if any, of our non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries.
For any of our wholly-owned non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries, if (1) U.S. persons are treated as owning 25% or more of our shares, (2) the related person insurance income ("RPII") of that subsidiary were to equal or exceed 20% of its gross insurance income in any taxable year, and (3) direct or indirect insureds of that subsidiary (and persons related to such insureds) own (or are treated as owning) 20% or more of the voting power or value of our shares, then a U.S. person who owns our shares directly, or indirectly through non-U.S. entities, on the last day of the taxable year would be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes that person's pro rata share of the RPII of such a non-U.S. insurance company for the entire taxable year, whether or not any such amounts are actually distributed. In the case of any of our partially-owned non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries, the RPII provisions apply similarly, except that the percentage share ownership thresholds described in the preceding sentence are measured in terms of indirect ownership of the subsidiary’s shares rather than in terms of ownership of our shares.
Moreover, if the RPII rules of the Code were to apply to any of our non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries, any RPII that is includible in the income of a U.S. tax-exempt organization would generally be treated as unrelated business taxable income. Although we and our subsidiaries intend to operate generally in a manner so as to avoid exceeding the foregoing thresholds for application of the RPII rules, there can be no assurance that this will always be the case. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares will not be required to recognize gross income inclusions attributable to RPII.
In addition, the RPII rules provide that if a shareholder who is a U.S. person disposes of shares in a foreign insurance company that has RPII and in which U.S. persons collectively own 25% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or the total value of the stock, any gain from the disposition will generally be treated as dividend income to the extent of the shareholder’s share of the corporation’s undistributed earnings and profits that were accumulated during the period that the shareholder owned the shares (whether or not those earnings and profits are attributable to RPII). Such a shareholder would also be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, regardless of the amount of shares owned by the shareholder. These rules should not apply to dispositions of our ordinary shares because we will not be directly engaged in the insurance business. The RPII rules have not been interpreted by the courts or the IRS and regulations interpreting the RPII rules exist only in proposed form. Accordingly, there is no assurance that our views as to the inapplicability of these rules to a disposition of our ordinary shares will be accepted by the IRS or a court.
We might incur unexpected U.S., U.K., Australia, or other tax liabilities if companies in our group that are incorporated outside those jurisdictions are determined to be carrying on a trade or business in such jurisdictions.
We and a number of our subsidiaries are companies formed under the laws of Bermuda or other jurisdictions that do not impose income taxes, and it is our contemplation that these companies will not incur substantial income tax liabilities from their operations. Because the operations of these companies generally involve, or relate to, the insurance or reinsurance of risks that arise in higher tax jurisdictions, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, it is possible that the taxing authorities in those jurisdictions may assert that the activities of one or more of these companies creates a sufficient nexus in that jurisdiction to subject the company to income tax there. There are uncertainties in how the relevant rules apply to insurance businesses, and in our eligibility for favorable treatment under applicable tax treaties. Accordingly, it is possible that we could incur substantial unexpected tax liabilities.
Risks Relating to Ownership of our Shares
The market price for our ordinary shares and the depositary shares representing our preferred shares may experience volatility, thereby causing a potential loss of value to our investors.
The market price for our ordinary shares may fluctuate substantially and could cause investment losses due to, among other things, the following factors:
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announcements with respect to an acquisition or investment;
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changes in the value of our assets;
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our financial condition, performance and prospects, including our quarterly and annual operating results;
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sales, or the possibility or perception of future sales, by our existing shareholders;
•
changes in general conditions in the economy and the insurance industry;

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•
economic, financial, geopolitical, regulatory or judicial events that affect us or the financial markets generally; and
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adverse press or news announcements.
The market price for our depositary shares representing our preferred shares may fluctuate substantially and could cause investments losses due to, among other things and in addition to the factors listed above, the following:
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whether dividends have been declared and are likely to be declared on the preferred shares from time to time;
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whether the ratings on the depositary shares representing our preferred shares provided by any ratings agency have changed;
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changes in our credit ratings or the ratings of our insurance subsidiaries’ financial strength and claims paying ability published by major credit ratings agencies;
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the amount of total indebtedness we have outstanding;
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the level, direction and volatility of market interest rates generally; and
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the market for similar securities.
A few significant shareholders may influence or control the direction of our business. If the ownership of our ordinary shares continues to be highly concentrated, it may limit the ability of other shareholders to influence significant corporate decisions.
We have a number of shareholders with large interests, including several that may be affiliated with members of our Board of Directors. The interests of certain significant shareholders, including those affiliated with members of our Board of Directors, may not be fully aligned with those of other shareholders, and this may lead to a strategy that is not in such other shareholders’ best interests. As of December 31, 2019, CPPIB, funds managed by Hillhouse Capital Advisors Ltd. and its affiliates, funds managed by Stone Point and its affiliates, Beck Mack & Oliver, and two of Enstar's executive officer co-founders (collectively) beneficially owned approximately12.5%, 9.7%,9.1%, 3.9% and 4.1%, respectively, of our outstanding voting ordinary shares. CPPIB owns additional non-voting ordinary shares that, together with its voting shares, represented an economic interest of approximately 17.8% as of December 31, 2019. Hillhouse owns additional non-voting shares and warrants that, together with its voting shares, represented an economic interest of approximately 17.0% as of December 31, 2019.
Although they do not act as a group, the shareholders identified above may exercise significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, and their concentrated holdings may delay or deter possible changes in control of Enstar, which may reduce the market price of our ordinary shares.
Some aspects of our corporate structure may discourage third-party takeovers and other transactions or prevent the removal of our board of directors and management.
Some provisions of our bye-laws have the effect of making more difficult or discouraging unsolicited takeover bids from third parties or preventing the removal of our current board of directors and management. In particular, our bye-laws provide for a classified board, whose members may be removed by our shareholders only for cause by a majority vote, and contain restrictions on the ability of shareholders to nominate persons to serve as directors, submit resolutions to a shareholder vote and request special general meetings. In addition, our board of directors may limit a shareholder’s exercise of voting rights where it deems it necessary to do so to avoid adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences. We also have the authority under our bye-laws to reasonably request information from any shareholder for the purpose of determining whether a shareholder’s voting rights are to be limited pursuant to the bye-laws. If a shareholder fails to respond to our request for information or submits incomplete or inaccurate information in response to a request by us, we may, in our reasonable discretion, eliminate the shareholder’s voting rights. These provisions may encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate with our directors, which we believe would generally best serve the interests of our shareholders. In addition, these bye-law provisions may prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management. To the extent these provisions discourage takeover attempts, they may deprive shareholders of opportunities to realize takeover premiums for their shares or may depress the market price of the shares.

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There are regulatory limitations on the ownership and transfer of our ordinary shares.
Insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries operate require prior notices or regulatory approval of changes in control of an insurer or its holding company. Different jurisdictions define changes in control differently, and generally any purchaser of 10% or more of the vote or value of our ordinary shares could become subject to regulation and be required to file certain notices and reports with the applicable insurance authorities. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us, including transactions that some shareholders might consider to be desirable.
Our board of directors may decline to register a transfer of our ordinary shares under certain circumstances.
Our board of directors may decline to register a transfer of ordinary shares under certain circumstances, including if it has reason to believe that any non-de minimis adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequences to us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our shareholders may occur as a result of such transfer. Further, our bye-laws provide us with the option to repurchase, or to assign to a third party the right to purchase, the minimum number of shares necessary to eliminate any such non-de minimis adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequence. In addition, our board of directors may decline to approve or register a transfer of shares unless all applicable consents, authorizations, permissions or approvals of any governmental body or agency in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom and other applicable jurisdictions required to be obtained prior to such transfer shall have been obtained. The proposed transferor of any shares will be deemed to own those shares for dividend, voting and reporting purposes until a transfer of such shares has been registered on our shareholder register. It is our understanding that while the precise form of the restrictions on transfer contained in our bye-laws is untested, as a matter of general principle, restrictions on transfers are enforceable under Bermuda law and are not uncommon. These restrictions on transfer may also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control.
The market value of our ordinary shares may decline if large numbers of shares are sold.
Pursuant to our contractual obligations, on October 10, 2017, we filed a resale registration statement covering approximately 9.8 million ordinary shares (including voting ordinary shares issuable upon conversion of outstanding non-voting ordinary shares) primarily held by CPPIB, Hillhouse and Trident. Upon effectiveness of the resale registration statement on December 13, 2018, a large number of ordinary shares became freely tradable without restrictions under the Securities Act. Our ordinary shares have in the past been, and may from time to time continue to be, thinly traded, and significant sales could adversely affect the market price for our ordinary shares and impair our ability to raise capital through offerings of our equity securities.
Because we are incorporated in Bermuda, it may be difficult for shareholders to serve process or enforce judgments against us or our directors and officers.
We are a Bermuda company. In addition, certain of our officers and directors reside in countries outside the United States. All or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these officers and directors are or may be located outside the United States. Investors may have difficulty effecting service of process within the United States on our directors and officers who reside outside the United States or recovering against us or these directors and officers on judgments of U.S. courts based on civil liabilities provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws even though we have appointed an agent in the United States to receive service of process. Further, no claim may be brought in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers for violation of U.S. federal securities laws, as such laws do not have force of law in Bermuda. A Bermuda court may, however, impose civil liability, including the possibility of monetary damages, on us or our directors and officers if the facts alleged in a complaint constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Bermuda law.
We believe that there is doubt as to whether the courts of Bermuda would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our directors and officers, as well as our independent auditors, predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or original actions brought in Bermuda against us or these persons predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws. Further, there is no treaty in effect between the United States and Bermuda providing for the enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, and there are grounds upon which Bermuda courts may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Some remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be allowed in Bermuda courts as contrary to that jurisdiction’s public policy. Because judgments of U.S. courts are not automatically enforceable in Bermuda, it may be difficult for you to recover against us based upon such judgments.

41

Shareholders who own our shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests than shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
The Bermuda Companies Act (the "Companies Act"), which applies to us, differs in certain material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. As a result of these differences, shareholders who own our shares may have more difficulty protecting their interests than shareholders who own shares of a U.S. corporation. For example, class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under Bermuda law. Under Bermuda law, only shareholders holding collectively 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares or groups of shareholders numbering 100 or more are entitled to propose a resolution at our general meeting.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our ordinary shares.
We do not intend to pay a cash dividend on our ordinary shares. Rather, we intend to use any retained earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. From time to time, our board of directors will review our alternatives with respect to our earnings and seek to maximize value for our ordinary shareholders. In the future, we may decide to commence a dividend program for the benefit of our ordinary shareholders. Any future determination to pay dividends on our ordinary shares will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be limited by our position as a holding company that lacks direct operations, the results of operations of our subsidiaries, our financial condition, cash requirements and prospects and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. In addition, there are significant regulatory and other constraints that could prevent us from paying dividends in any event. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, on our ordinary shares may be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.
Dividends on our preferred shares are non-cumulative.
Dividends on our preferred shares are non-cumulative and payable only out of available funds under Bermuda law. If our board of directors (or a duly authorized committee of the board) does not authorize and declare a dividend for any dividend period, holders of our preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares representing preferred shares, would not be entitled to receive any such dividend, and such unpaid dividend will not accrue and will not be payable. We will have no obligation to pay dividends for a dividend period on or after the dividend payment date for such period if our board of directors (or a duly authorized committee of the board) has not declared such dividend before the related dividend payment date, whether or not dividends are declared for any subsequent dividend period with respect to any outstanding preferred shares and/or our ordinary shares.
Certain regulatory and other constraints may limit our ability to pay dividends on our securities.
We are subject to Bermuda regulatory constraints that affect our ability to pay dividends and make other distributions on our ordinary and preferred shares. Under the Companies Act, we may declare or pay a dividend or distribution out of contributed surplus only if we have reasonable grounds to believe that we are, and would after the payment be, able to meet our liabilities as they become due or is the realizable value of our assets would thereby not be less than our liabilities.
Our ordinary and preferred shares are subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness.
Our preferred shares are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, the preferred shares, in addition to our ordinary shares, will rank junior to all of our indebtedness and other non-equity claims with respect to assets available to satisfy our claims, including in our liquidation. The preferred shares are also contractually subordinated in right of payment to all obligations of our subsidiaries including all existing and future policyholder obligations of our subsidiaries. Additionally, neither our ordinary shares nor our preferred shares represent an interest in any of our subsidiaries, and accordingly, are structurally subordinated to all obligations of our subsidiaries.
There is no limitation on our issuance of securities that rank equally with or senior to the preferred shares.
We may issue, without limitation, (1) additional depositary shares representing additional preferred shares that would form part of one of the series of depositary shares representing our outstanding preferred shares, and (2) additional series of securities that rank equally with or senior to the outstanding preferred shares. The issuance of additional preferred shares on par with or senior to the outstanding preferred shares would dilute the interests of the holders of our preferred shares, and any issuance of preferred shares senior to our outstanding preferred shares or of additional indebtedness could affect our ability to pay dividends on, redeem or pay the liquidation preference on our preferred shares, or to make payments to holders of our ordinary shares from remaining assets of the Company, in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Enstar.

42

Our ordinary shares rank junior to our outstanding preferred shares in the event of a liquidation, winding up or dissolution of the Company.
In the event of a liquidation, winding up or dissolution of the Company, our ordinary shares rank junior to our outstanding preferred shares. In such an event, there may not be sufficient assets remaining after payments to holders of our outstanding preferred shares to ensure payments to holders of ordinary shares.
Under certain limited circumstances, the terms of the preferred shares may change without the holders’ consent or approval.
Under the terms of our outstanding preferred shares, at any time following specified tax or capital disqualification events, we may, without the consent of any holders of the preferred shares, vary the terms of the preferred shares such that they remain securities, or exchange the preferred shares for new securities, which (i) in the case of a tax event, would eliminate the substantial probability that we or any successor company would be required to pay any additional amounts with respect to such preferred shares as a result of a change in tax law or (ii) in the case of a capital disqualification event, for purposes of determining the solvency margin, capital adequacy ratios or any other comparable ratios, regulatory capital resource or level of Enstar Group or any member thereof, where subdivided into tiers, qualify as Tier 2 capital securities under then-applicable capital adequacy regulations imposed upon us by the BMA (or any successor agency or then-applicable regulatory authority) which would include, without limitation, the ECR. However, our exercise of this right is subject to certain conditions, including that the terms considered in the aggregate cannot be less favorable to the holders of the applicable preferred shares than the terms of such securities prior to being varied or exchanged.
The voting rights of holders of our preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares representing the preferred shares are limited.
Holders of our outstanding preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares representing the preferred shares have no voting rights with respect to matters that generally require the approval of voting shareholders. In addition, if dividends on any of our outstanding preferred shares have not been declared or paid for the equivalent of six dividend payments, whether or not for consecutive dividend periods, holders of the outstanding preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares, will, subject to the terms and conditions contained in the certificates of designation governing the preferred shares, be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to our board of directors. The holders shall be divested of the foregoing voting rights if and when dividends for at least four dividend periods, whether or not consecutive, following a nonpayment event have been paid in full (or declared and a sum sufficient for such payment shall have been set aside). In addition, holders of the depositary shares must act through the depositary to exercise any voting rights in respect of the preferred shares. Although each depositary share is entitled to 1/1,000th of a vote, the depositary can vote only whole preferred shares. While the depositary will vote the maximum number of whole preferred shares in accordance with the instructions it receives, any remaining votes of holders of the depositary shares will not be voted.
Our preferred shares ratings may be downgraded.
Our preferred shares are rated. However, if any ratings assigned to our preferred shares are subsequently lowered or withdrawn, or if it we issue other rated securities and they are rated lower than market expectations, it could adversely affect the market for or the market value of the outstanding depositary shares representing our preferred shares. A rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell or hold any particular security, including our preferred shares and, in turn, the depositary shares. Ratings do not reflect market prices or suitability of a security for a particular investor and any rating of our preferred shares may not reflect all risks related to us and our business, or the structure or market value of the preferred shares or the depositary shares. Ratings only reflect the views of the rating agency or agencies issuing the ratings and such ratings could be revised downward or withdrawn entirely at the discretion of the issuing rating agency if in its judgment circumstances so warrant. Any such downward revision or withdrawal of a rating could have an adverse effect on the market price of the depositary shares.

43

Market interest rates may adversely affect the value of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares.
One of the factors that will influence the price of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares will be the current dividend yield on the relevant series of preferred shares (as a percentage of the price of the depositary shares representing such preferred shares, as applicable) relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates, which are currently at low levels relative to historical rates, may lead prospective purchasers of our depositary shares representing the preferred shares to seek a higher dividend yield, which could cause the market price of our depositary shares representing the preferred shares to decrease. Higher interest rates would also likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available to pay dividends on the preferred shares, which may also cause the market price of our depositary shares representing the preferred shares to decrease.
In addition, during the floating rate period of our outstanding series D preferred shares, the interest rate on such preferred shares is determined with reference to three-month LIBOR. To the extent that the three-month LIBOR rate is discontinued or is no longer quoted, the applicable base rate used to calculate the dividend rate on such preferred shares beginning on September 1, 2028 (when the floating rate period begins) will be determined using the alternative methods described in the certificate of designations relating to such preferred shares. Any of these alternative methods may result in dividend rates that are lower than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the dividend rates that would have been applicable if the three-month LIBOR rate was available in its current form. Such alternative methods may include determinations and adjustments made by the calculation agent in consultation with us. Our interests and the interests of any calculation agent appointed by us and making the foregoing determinations or adjustments may be adverse to your interests as a holder of depositary shares representing preferred shares, and any of the foregoing determinations, adjustments or actions by such calculation agent could result in adverse consequences to the applicable dividend rate on such preferred shares, which could have adverse effects on the returns on, value of and market for such preferred shares and the depositary shares representing such preferred shares. If the calculation agent determines that LIBOR has been discontinued, in certain circumstances, such preferred shares would bear a fixed dividend rate and could decline in value because the premium, if any, over market dividend rates will decline.
We have no obligation to maintain any listing of the depositary shares representing our outstanding preferred shares.
Although the depositary shares representing our outstanding preferred shares are listed on NASDAQ, such listings may not provide significant liquidity, and transaction costs in any secondary market could be high. The difference between bid and ask prices in any secondary market could be substantial. As a result, holders of depositary shares representing our preferred shares (which do not have a maturity date) may be required to bear the financial risks of an investment in the depositary shares representing preferred shares for an indefinite period of time. We do not expect that there will be any separate public trading market for the preferred shares except as represented by the depositary shares. In addition, we undertake no obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to maintain the listing of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares on NASDAQ or any other stock exchange. If we elect to discontinue the listing at any time or the depositary shares representing the preferred shares otherwise are not listed on an applicable stock exchange, the dividends paid after the delisting would not constitute qualified dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This is because dividends paid by a Bermuda corporation are qualified dividend income only if the stock with respect to which the dividends are paid is readily tradeable on an established securities market in the United States.
A classification of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners may impact U.S. insurance companies that purchase our preferred shares.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”) may from time to time, in its discretion, classify securities in U.S. insurers’ portfolios as debt, preferred equity or common equity instruments. The NAIC’s written guidelines for classifying securities as debt, preferred equity or common equity include subjective factors that require the relevant NAIC examiner to exercise substantial judgment in making a classification. There is therefore a risk that the depositary shares representing our preferred shares may be classified by the NAIC as common equity instead of preferred equity. The NAIC classification determines the amount of risk-based capital (“RBC”) charges incurred by insurance companies in connection with an investment in a security. Securities classified as common equity by the NAIC carry RBC charges that can be significantly higher than the RBC requirement for debt or preferred equity. Therefore, any classification of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares as common equity may adversely affect U.S. insurance companies that hold depositary shares representing our preferred shares. In addition, a determination by the NAIC to classify the depositary shares representing our preferred shares as common equity may adversely impact the trading of the depositary shares representing our preferred shares in the secondary market.

44

Our preferred shares are subject to our rights of redemption.
Our preferred shares are redeemable pursuant to the terms set forth in the certificate of designations governing such series. Whenever we redeem preferred shares held by the depositary, the depositary will, as of the same redemption date, redeem the number of depositary shares representing preferred shares so redeemed. We have no obligation to redeem or repurchase the preferred shares under any circumstances. If the preferred shares are redeemed by us, you may not be able to reinvest the redemption proceeds in a comparable security at a similar return on your investment.

ITEM 1B.   UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2.   PROPERTIES
We renew and enter into new leases in the ordinary course of our business. We lease office space in Hamilton, Bermuda, where our principal executive office is located. We also lease office space in a number of U.S. states, the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, Switzerland, Canada and several Continental European countries. We believe that this office space is sufficient for us to conduct our current operations for the foreseeable future, although in connection with future acquisitions from time to time, we may expand to different locations or increase space to support any such growth.
In connection with the acquisition of DCo, LLC ("DCo") in December 2016, we acquired properties in the United States. The acquired properties have no present value and are not used to run our operations.
ITEM 3.   LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a discussion of legal proceedings, see Note 23 - "Commitments and Contingencies" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 4.   MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

45

PART II
ITEM 5.     MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information and Number of Holders
Our ordinary voting shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "ESGR." There is no established trading market for our non-voting ordinary shares. On February 24, 2020, there were 1,492 shareholders of record of our voting ordinary shares and four shareholders of record of our non-voting ordinary shares. This is not the number of beneficial owners of our voting ordinary shares as some shares are held in “street name” by brokers and others on behalf of individual owners.
Dividend Information
We have not historically declared a dividend on our ordinary shares. Our strategy is to retain earnings and invest distributions from our subsidiaries back into the company. We do not currently expect to pay any dividends on our ordinary shares. Any payment of dividends must be approved by our Board of Directors. Our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions, as described in Note 22 - "Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about ordinary shares acquired by the Company during the three months ended December 31, 2019, which are related to shares withheld from employees in order to facilitate the payment of withholding taxes on restricted shares. The Company does not have a share repurchase program.
Period
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)
 
Average Price Paid per Share
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program
October 1, 2019 - October 31, 2019
 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—

November 1, 2019 - November 30, 2019
 
635

 
$
202.55

 
—

 
$
—

December 1, 2019 - December 31, 2019
 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—

 
 
635

 
 
 
—

 
$
—

(1) 
Includes shares withheld from employees in order to facilitate the payment of withholding taxes on restricted shares granted pursuant to our equity incentive plan. The shares are calculated at their fair market value, as determined by reference to the closing price of our ordinary shares on the vesting date. 

46

Performance Graph
The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return on our ordinary shares with the cumulative total return on the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Insurance Index for the period that commenced December 31, 2014 and ended on December 31, 2019. The performance graph shows the value as of December 31 of each calendar year of $100 invested on December 31, 2014 in our ordinary shares, the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the NASDAQ Insurance Index assuming the reinvestment of dividends. Returns have been weighted to reflect relative market capitalization. This information is not necessarily indicative of future returns.
https://cdn.kscope.io/b373d359cd33981dc29939b471dd3c2a-chart5a2019q4.jpg
 
Indexed Returns* for Years Ended December 31,
 
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Enstar Group Limited
100.00

98.14

129.31

131.30

109.60

135.30

NASDAQ Composite Index
100.00

106.96

116.45

150.96

146.67

200.49

NASDAQ Insurance Index
100.00

103.70

131.49

142.17

124.49

159.49

*$100 invested on December 31, 2014 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

47

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected historical financial information for each of the past five fiscal years has been derived from our audited historical financial statements. This information is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for historical accounting periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for future accounting periods.
Since our inception, we have made numerous acquisitions of companies and portfolios of business, and discontinued and sold certain life and annuities business, that significantly impacts the comparability between periods of the information reflected below. Our recent acquisitions, significant new business and discontinued operations are described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions", Note 4 - "Significant New Business", and Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinued Operations" of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
Statements of Earnings Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
1,154,861

 
$
895,575

 
$
613,121

 
$
823,514

 
$
753,744

Fees and commission income
28,453

 
35,088

 
66,103

 
39,364

 
39,347

Net investment income
321,276

 
270,671

 
208,789

 
185,463

 
122,564

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
1,031,351

 
(412,884
)
 
190,334

 
77,818

 
(41,523
)
Net incurred losses and LAE
(872,575
)
 
(454,025
)
 
(193,551
)
 
(174,099
)
 
(104,333
)
Acquisition costs
(305,951
)
 
(192,790
)
 
(96,906
)
 
(186,569
)
 
(163,716
)
Total other expenses, net
(480,669
)
 
(402,178
)
 
(479,383
)
 
(432,767
)
 
(381,061
)
Earnings (loss) before income taxes
876,746

 
(260,543
)
 
308,507

 
332,724

 
225,022

Income tax (expense) benefit
(4,437
)
 
6,124

 
6,395

 
(34,874
)
 
(12,650
)
Earnings (losses) from equity method investments
55,910

 
42,147

 
5,904

 
(5,400
)
 
—

Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations
928,219

 
(212,272
)
 
320,806

 
292,450

 
212,372

Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations
—

 
—

 
10,993

 
11,963

 
(2,031
)
Net earnings (loss)
928,219

 
(212,272
)
 
331,799

 
304,413

 
210,341

Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
9,870

 
62,051

 
(20,341
)
 
(39,606
)
 
9,950

Net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited
938,089

 
(150,221
)
 
311,458

 
264,807

 
220,291

Dividends on preferred shares
(35,914
)
 
(12,133
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited Ordinary Shareholders
$
902,175

 
$
(162,354
)
 
$
311,458

 
$
264,807

 
$
220,291

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Per Ordinary Share Data:(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations
$
42.00

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.50

 
$
13.10

 
$
11.55

Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations
—

 
—

 
0.56

 
0.62

 
(0.11
)
Net earnings (loss) per ordinary share
$
42.00

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
16.06

 
$
13.72

 
$
11.44

Diluted:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations
$
41.43

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.39

 
$
13.00

 
$
11.46

Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations
—

 
—

 
0.56

 
0.62

 
(0.11
)
Net earnings (loss) per ordinary share
$
41.43

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.95

 
$
13.62

 
$
11.35

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
21,482,617

 
20,698,310

 
19,388,621

 
19,299,426

 
19,252,072

Diluted
21,775,066

 
20,904,176

 
19,527,591

 
19,447,241

 
19,407,756

(1) Earnings per share is a measure based on net earnings divided by weighted average ordinary shares outstanding. Basic earnings per share is defined as net earnings available to ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the period, giving no effect to dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share is defined as net earnings available to ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average number of shares and share equivalents outstanding calculated using the treasury stock method for all potentially dilutive securities. When the effect of dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive, these securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

48

 
December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
Balance Sheet Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total investments
$
13,207,513

 
$
11,242,061

 
$
8,755,130

 
$
7,332,425

 
$
6,340,781

Total cash and cash equivalents (inclusive of restricted)
1,055,777

 
982,584

 
1,212,836

 
1,318,645

 
1,295,169

Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
2,379,890

 
2,029,663

 
2,021,030

 
1,460,743

 
1,451,921

Total assets
19,363,315

 
16,556,270

 
13,606,422

 
12,865,744

 
11,772,534

Losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities
10,429,238

 
9,409,504

 
7,398,088

 
5,987,867

 
5,720,149

Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
847,685

 
203,320

 
219,164

 
234,020

 
—

Debt obligations
1,191,207

 
861,539

 
646,689

 
673,603

 
599,750

Total Liabilities
14,068,173

 
12,183,738

 
9,980,868

 
9,600,390

 
8,834,088

Total Enstar Group Limited shareholders’ equity
4,842,183

 
3,901,933

 
3,136,684

 
2,802,312

 
2,516,872

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Book Value per Share:(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
201.39

 
$
158.06

 
$
161.63

 
$
144.66

 
$
130.65

Diluted
$
197.93

 
$
155.94

 
$
159.19

 
$
143.68

 
$
129.65

Shares Outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
21,511,505

 
21,459,997

 
19,406,722

 
19,372,178

 
19,263,742

Diluted
21,989,971

 
21,881,063

 
19,830,767

 
19,645,309

 
19,714,810

(1) Basic book value per share is calculated as total Enstar Group Limited shareholders’ equity available to ordinary shareholders divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of the end of the period, giving no effect to dilutive securities. Diluted book value per share is calculated as total Enstar Group Limited shareholders’ equity available to ordinary shareholders plus the assumed proceeds from the exercise of outstanding warrants divided by the sum of the number of ordinary shares and ordinary share equivalents and warrants outstanding at the end of the period.

49

ITEM 7.     MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or included elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements", "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this annual report.
For a comparison of our results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2019.
Table of Contents
Business Overview
We are a multi-faceted insurance group that offers innovative capital release solutions and specialty underwriting capabilities through our network of group companies in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, and other international locations. Our core focus is acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off. Since the formation of our Bermuda-based holding company in 2001, we have completed or announced over 100 acquisitions or portfolio transfers. The substantial majority of our acquisitions have been in the non-life run-off business, which generally includes property and casualty, workers’ compensation, asbestos and environmental, construction defect, marine, aviation and transit, and other closed business.
While our core focus remains acquiring and managing non-life run-off business, we expanded our business to include active underwriting through our acquisitions of Atrium and StarStone in 2013 and 2014, respectively. We partnered with Trident in the Atrium and StarStone acquisitions, with Enstar owning a 59.0% interest, Trident owning a 39.3% interest, and Dowling owning a 1.7% interest. We also expanded our portfolio of run-off businesses in 2013 to include closed life and annuities, primarily through our acquisition of Pavonia, which we sold in 2017 and which had made up the majority of our life and annuities business.
We also manage our investment portfolio with the goal of achieving superior risk-adjusted returns, while growing profitability and generating long-term growth in shareholder value.
Our businesses strategies are discussed in "Item 1. Business - Company Overview", "- Business Strategy", "-Strategic Growth" and "- Recent Acquisitions and Significant New Business."

50

Key Performance Indicator
Our primary corporate objective is growing our book value per share, and we believe that long-term growth in fully diluted book value per share is the most appropriate measure of our financial performance. We create growth in our book value through the execution of the strategies discussed in "Item 1. Business - Business Strategy."
During 2019, our book value per share on a fully diluted basis increased by 26.9% to $197.93 per share. The growth of our fully diluted book value per share since becoming a public company is shown in the table below.
https://cdn.kscope.io/b373d359cd33981dc29939b471dd3c2a-chart76a2019q4.jpg
The table below summarizes the calculation of our fully diluted book value per ordinary share as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
Numerator:
 
 
 
 
 
Total Enstar Group Limited Shareholder's Equity
$
4,842,183

 
$
3,901,933

 
$
940,250

Less: Series D and E Preferred Shares
510,000

 
510,000

 
—

Total Enstar Group Limited Ordinary Shareholders' Equity (A)
4,332,183

 
3,391,933

 
940,250

Proceeds from assumed conversion of warrants (1)
20,229

 
20,229

 
—

Numerator for fully diluted book value per ordinary share calculations (B)
$
4,352,412

 
$
3,412,162

 
$
940,250

 
 
 
 
 
 
Denominator:
 
 
 
 
 
Ordinary shares outstanding (C)
21,511,505

 
21,459,997

 
51,508

Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation plans
302,565

 
245,165

 
57,400

Warrants(1)
175,901

 
175,901

 
—

Fully diluted ordinary shares outstanding (D)
21,989,971

 
21,881,063

 
108,908

 
 
 
 
 
 
Book value per ordinary share
 
 
 
 
 
Basic book value per ordinary share = (A) / (C)
$
201.39

 
$
158.06

 
$
43.33

Fully diluted book value per ordinary share = (B) / (D)
$
197.93

 
$
155.94

 
$
41.99

(1) There are warrants outstanding to acquire 175,901 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares for an exercise price of $115.00 per share, subject to certain adjustments (the "Warrants"). The Warrants were issued in April 2011 and expire in April 2021. The Warrant holder may, at its election, satisfy the exercise price of the Warrants on a cashless basis by surrender of shares otherwise issuable upon exercise of the Warrants in accordance with a formula set forth in the Warrants.

51

Non-GAAP Financial Measure
In addition to presenting net earnings (losses) attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders and diluted earnings (losses) per ordinary share determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe that presenting non-GAAP operating income (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders and non-GAAP diluted operating income (loss) per ordinary share provides investors with valuable measures of our performance.
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders is calculated by the addition or subtraction of certain items from within our consolidated statements of earnings to or from net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, as illustrated in the table below, for the years ending December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders
$
902,175

 
$
(162,354
)
Adjustments:
 
 
 
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturity investments and funds held - directly managed (1)
(534,730
)
 
243,093

Change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option
117,181

 
6,664

Tax effects of adjustments (2)
51,102

 
(16,588
)
Adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interest (3)
17,689

 
(9,166
)
Non-GAAP operating income attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders (4)
$
553,417

 
$
61,649

 
 
 
 
Diluted net earnings (loss) per ordinary share (5)
$
41.43

 
$
(7.84
)
Adjustments:
 
 
 
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturity investments and funds held - directly managed (1)
(24.55
)
 
11.70

Change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option
5.38

 
0.32

Tax effects of adjustments (2)
2.35

 
(0.79
)
Adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interest (3)
0.81

 
(0.44
)
Diluted non-GAAP operating income per ordinary share (4)
$
25.42

 
$
2.95

 
 
 
 
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding - diluted
21,775,066

 
20,904,176

(1) Represents the net realized and unrealized gains and losses related to fixed maturity securities. Our fixed maturity securities are held directly on our balance sheet and also within the "Funds held - directly managed" balance. Refer to Note 6 - "Investments" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on our net realized and unrealized gains and losses.
(2) Represents an aggregation of the tax expense or benefit associated with the specific country to which the pre-tax adjustment relates, calculated at the applicable jurisdictional tax rate.
(3) Represents the impact of the adjustments on the net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest associated with the specific subsidiaries to which the adjustments relate.
(4) Non-GAAP financial measure.
(5) During a period of loss, the basic weighted average ordinary shares outstanding is used in the denominator of the diluted loss per ordinary share computation as the effect of including potentially dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive.

52

Basis of Non-GAAP Operating Income (Loss) financial measure
Our non-GAAP measure shown above, as defined in Item 10(e) of Regulation S-K, enables readers of the consolidated financial statements to more easily analyze our results in a manner more aligned with the manner in which our management analyzes our underlying performance. We believe that presenting this non-GAAP financial measure, which may be defined and calculated differently by other companies, improves the understanding of our consolidated results of operations. This measure should not be viewed as a substitute for those calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) excludes: (i) net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturity investments and funds held - directly managed, (ii) change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option, (iii) gain (loss) on sale of subsidiaries, if any, (vi) net earnings (loss) from discontinued operations, if any, (v) tax effect of these adjustments where applicable, and (vi) attribution of share of adjustments to noncontrolling interest where applicable. We eliminate the impact of net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on fixed maturity investments and funds held - directly managed and change in fair value of insurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option because these items are subject to significant fluctuations in fair value from period to period, driven primarily by market conditions and general economic conditions, and therefore their impact on our earnings is not reflective of the performance of our core operations. When applicable, we eliminate the impact of gain (loss) on sale of subsidiaries and net earnings (loss) on discontinued operations because these are not reflective of the performance of our core operations.
Underwriting Ratios
In presenting our results for the Atrium and StarStone segments, we discuss the loss ratio, acquisition cost ratio, operating expense ratio, and the combined ratio of our active underwriting operations within these segments. Management believes that these ratios provide the most meaningful measure for understanding our underwriting profitability. These measures are not defined in GAAP, but are calculated using GAAP amounts presented on the statements of earnings for both Atrium and StarStone.
The loss ratio is calculated by dividing net incurred losses and LAE by net premiums earned. The acquisition cost ratio is calculated by dividing acquisition costs by net premiums earned. The operating expense ratio is calculated by dividing operating expenses by net premiums earned. The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, the acquisition cost ratio and the operating expense ratio.
The Atrium segment also includes corporate expenses that are not directly attributable to the underwriting results in the segment. The corporate expenses include general and administrative expenses related to amortization of the definite-lived intangible assets in the holding company, and expenses relating to Atrium Underwriters Limited ("AUL") employee salaries, benefits, bonuses and current year share grant costs. The AUL general and administrative expenses are incurred in managing the syndicate. These are principally funded by the profit commission fees earned from Syndicate 609, which is a revenue item not included in the insurance ratios.
The StarStone segment also includes corporate expenses that are not directly attributable to the underwriting results in the segment and are not included in the insurance ratios. The corporate expenses include non-recurring expenses, reorganization expenses and holding company expenses.



53

Current Outlook
Our business strategy includes generating growth through acquisitions and reinsurance transactions, particularly in our Non-life Run-off segment. During 2019, we completed seven significant reinsurance transactions with Zurich Insurance Group, Maiden Reinsurance Ltd., Amerisure Mutual Insurance Company, and four AmTrust's Lloyd's Syndicates. We also completed the acquisition of Morse TEC, a company that holds personal injury asbestos and environmental liabilities. During 2019, we acquired $2.8 billion of assets and liabilities in aggregate in these transactions. In 2019, we also completed a Part VII transfer in the U.K., delivering legal finality to RSA for its employers' liability portfolio, and in Oklahoma, we are pursuing an insurance business transfer under the newly enacted Insurance Business Transfer Act with respect to an intra-group transaction. As this legislation becomes more widely used in the U.S., we expect it will offer us additional opportunities and flexibility in how we structure U.S. transactions. We have signed two transactions with AXA XL and Munich Re, representing approximately $0.4 billion of assets and liabilities, that are expected to close in the first half of 2020. Our strong operating platforms in all of the major insurance markets are well positioned to take on additional business opportunities. We recently completed our 100th acquisition, demonstrating our ability to successfully execute upon transactions. We are market-leading in acquiring companies in run-off, entering into reinsurance transactions through loss portfolio transfers, adverse development covers, reinsurance-to-close, or insurance business transfers.
Our business operates in the insurance, reinsurance and investments markets. As with others in our industry, we are subject to economic factors such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, underwriting events, regulation, tax policy changes, political risks and other market risks that can impact our strategy and operations. Economic conditions have recently been characterized by historically low interest rates, international trade tensions, signs of slowing global growth, significant catastrophe events, coronavirus, and other political and economic uncertainties. However, our business continued to perform well in 2019.
We experienced favorable investment conditions during 2019, and we expect that investment results will continue to be a key driver of our consolidated results going forward. However, we cannot be assured that the recent positive market conditions will continue into the future. We also anticipate that our consolidated earnings will be impacted by volatility in the investment markets. Our fixed income portfolio is prudently invested to earn us a reasonable return, whilst ensuring that funds will be available to pay our obligations when they become due. While it is possible that fixed income yields will improve over time, we anticipate that interest rates will remain low in the near-term which may adversely impact reinvestment yields. Our other investments, including equities, hedge funds and other non-fixed income investments carry higher expected returns, have a longer investment time horizon, and diversify against our fixed income portfolio. Our enterprise risk management framework enables us to hold sufficient capital for possible risk events and ensures our business strategies can be deployed through market cycles to deliver attractive returns for our capital providers.
While Non-life Run-off is our predominant business activity, we also allocate our capital to our active underwriting businesses and to strategic investments as described below.
•
Atrium has been a consistent top-quartile performing Lloyd's business and is currently seeing market opportunities that are resulting in an increase to premiums written.
•
StarStone, with the strong support from its shareholders, has undertaken a significant re-positioning of its underwriting portfolio, resulting in lower premiums written in 2019. StarStone's focus is to achieve consistent underwriting profitability from its core lines of business. We believe StarStone is better positioned for the future and we expect that StarStone will seek to write more premiums through selective growth opportunities.
•
Our significant strategic investments include Enhanzed Re, Monument Re, AmTrust, amongst others, more fully described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

54

Consolidated Results of Operations - For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. For a discussion of the critical accounting policies that affect the results of operations, see "Critical Accounting Policies" below.  
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
INCOME
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
1,154,861

 
$
895,575

 
$
259,286

Fees and commission income
28,453

 
35,088

 
(6,635
)
Net investment income
321,276

 
270,671

 
50,605

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
1,031,351

 
(412,884
)
 
1,444,235

Other income
37,170

 
35,085

 
2,085

 
2,573,111

 
823,535

 
1,749,576

EXPENSES
 
 
 
 
 
Net incurred losses and LAE
872,575

 
454,025

 
418,550

Life and annuity policy benefits
91

 
1,003

 
(912
)
Acquisition costs
305,951

 
192,790

 
113,161

General and administrative expenses
473,086

 
407,375

 
65,711

Interest expense
52,541

 
26,217

 
26,324

Net foreign exchange (gains) losses
(7,879
)
 
2,668

 
(10,547
)
 
1,696,365

 
1,084,078

 
612,287

EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
876,746

 
(260,543
)
 
1,137,289

Income tax benefit (expense)
(4,437
)
 
6,124

 
(10,561
)
Earnings from equity method investments
55,910

 
42,147

 
13,763

NET EARNINGS (LOSS)
928,219

 
(212,272
)
 
1,140,491

Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest
9,870

 
62,051

 
(52,181
)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
938,089

 
(150,221
)
 
1,088,310

Dividends on preferred shares
(35,914
)
 
(12,133
)
 
(23,781
)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
902,175

 
$
(162,354
)
 
$
1,064,529

Highlights
Consolidated Results of Operations for 2019:
•
Consolidated net earnings of $902.2 million and basic and diluted earnings per share of $42.00 and $41.43, respectively;
•
Non-GAAP operating income of $553.4 million and diluted non-GAAP operating income per ordinary share of $25.42. For a reconciliation of non-GAAP operating income to net earnings (loss) calculated in accordance with GAAP and diluted non-GAAP operating income per ordinary share to diluted net earnings (loss) per ordinary share calculated in accordance with GAAP, see "Non-GAAP Financial Measure" above;
•
Net earnings from Non-life Run-off segment of $1,059.8 million;
•
Combined ratio of 90.6% for our Atrium segment, with net premiums earned of $164.1 million.
•
Combined ratio of 103.4% for StarStone's core business lines, and 111.9% for StarStone Group after intragroup reinsurance cessions.
•
Net investment income of $321.3 million and net realized and unrealized gains of $1,031.4 million.

55

Consolidated Financial Condition as of December 31, 2019:
•
Total cash and investments of $14,263.0 million;
•
Total reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses of $2,379.9 million;
•
Total assets of $19,363.3 million;
•
Total gross and net reserves for losses and LAE of $10,429.2 million and $8,047.1 million, respectively. In our Non-life Run-off operations during 2019, gross and net reserves acquired and assumed were $2,109.1 million and $1,587.0 million, respectively;
•
Total capital under management of $6,486.3 million, including common equity of $4,332.2 million, preferred equity of $510.0 million, noncontrolling interests of $453.0 million, and debt of $1,191.2 million; and
•
Diluted book value per ordinary share of $197.93, an annual increase of 26.9%.
Consolidated Overview
2019 versus 2018: We reported consolidated net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders of $902.2 million in 2019, a change of $1,064.5 million from net losses of $162.4 million in 2018. The comparability of our results across different periods was impacted by the acquisitions and loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transactions we completed during 2019 with Morse TEC, Zurich, Maiden Re, Amerisure and AmTrust and in 2018 with Maiden Re, Maiden Re North America, KaylaRe, Neon, Novae, Zurich, Coca-Cola and Allianz. The most significant drivers of the change in our financial performance during 2019 as compared to 2018 included:
•
Non-life Run-off Segment - Our Non-life Run-off segment is the predominant driver of our results, contributing $1,059.8 million of net income to our consolidated results in 2019, an increase of $1,034.6 million compared to 2018, primarily due to net realized and unrealized gains on both our fixed income portfolio and our other investments;
•
Higher Net Investment Income - Total net investment income increased by $50.6 million in 2019, compared to 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in average invested assets and an increase in the book yield we obtained on our assets. The increase in average invested assets was primarily due to the new business we acquired by completing the Morse TEC, Zurich, Maiden Re Bermuda, Amerisure and AmTrust RITC transactions in 2019. The increase in the book yield was primarily due to the contractual yield received on the 2019 transactions and our asset allocation strategies;
•
Atrium - Net earnings attributable to the Atrium segment were $12.1 million in 2019, compared to $9.0 million in 2018. The combined ratio in 2019 was 90.6%, compared to 94.5% in 2018, and the improvement was primarily driven by a lower operating expense ratio;
•
StarStone - The StarStone segment results improved by $57.8 million, with net losses of $100.7 million in 2019, compared to net losses of $158.6 million in 2018. The decrease in net losses was primarily due to net realized and unrealized gains on investments in 2019, compared to net realized and unrealized losses on investments in 2018. Included in the segment results, the combined ratio for the StarStone Group was 111.9% in 2019 compared to 125.3% in 2018. StarStone has been repositioning the underwriting portfolio, resulting in significant improvement in the profitability of the core lines to achieve a combined ratio of 103.4%. The segment's underwriting result was impacted by large current year loss activity predominantly related to exited lines, and prior year adverse loss development;
•
Other Activities - Net losses attributable to our other activities were $69.0 million in 2019, compared to $38.0 million in 2018. The increase in net losses was primarily driven by the dividends on our preferred shares and largely related to increased performance-based compensation due to higher net earnings.
•
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) - In 2019, net realized and unrealized gains were $1,031.4 million, compared to net losses of $412.9 million in 2018. The net realized and unrealized gains in 2019 were primarily attributable to an increase in the valuation of our fixed maturity investments due to declining interest rates and tighter credit spreads and gains on our other investments primarily due to strong performance in the global equity markets. Many insurance companies predominantly use available-for-sale accounting where unrealized amounts are recorded directly to shareholders’ equity and therefore do not impact earnings. Unrealized amounts would only become realizable in the event of a sale of the specific securities prior to maturity or a credit default. We have historically utilized trading accounting which is reflected

56

in earnings, however from October 1, 2019 we have been electing to use available-for-sale accounting for all new acquisitions and, where permissible, as trading fixed maturity securities mature, we are reinvesting the proceeds into available-for-sale securities for the Non-Life Run-off and StarStone segments;
•
Noncontrolling Interest - Net (earnings) losses attributable to noncontrolling interest is the share of results from those subsidiary companies in which there are either noncontrolling interests or redeemable noncontrolling interests. In 2019, the net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest was $9.9 million, compared to net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest of $62.1 million in 2018. The reduction in losses attributable to noncontrolling interest was primarily due to an improvement in StarStone, as discussed above;
•
Income Taxes - We recorded an income tax expense of $4.4 million in 2019, compared to an income tax benefit of $6.1 million in 2018, a change of $10.6 million. Our effective tax rate was 0.5% in 2019 compared with 2.8% in 2018, primarily relating to the geographic distribution of our pre-tax net earnings (losses) between our taxable and non-taxable jurisdictions in 2018; and
•
Our non-GAAP operating income, which excludes the impact of unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities and other items, was $553.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $491.8 million from non-GAAP operating income of $61.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to our other investments results. For a reconciliation of non-GAAP operating income to net earnings (loss) calculated in accordance with GAAP, see "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" above.
Results of Operations by Segment - For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
We have three reportable segments of business that are each managed, operated and reported on separately: (i) Non-life Run-off; (ii) Atrium; and (iii) StarStone. In addition, our other activities include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange and other miscellaneous items. For a description of our segments, see "Item 1. Business - Operating Segments." The following is a discussion of our results of operations by segment.
The below table provides a split by operating segment of the net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Segment split of net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited:
 
 
 
 
 
Non-life Run-off
$
1,059,804

 
$
25,222

 
$
1,034,582

Atrium
12,125

 
8,997

 
3,128

StarStone
(100,733
)
 
(158,580
)
 
57,847

Other
(69,021
)
 
(37,993
)
 
(31,028
)
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders
$
902,175

 
$
(162,354
)
 
$
1,064,529

The following is a discussion of our results of operations by segment.

57

Non-life Run-off Segment
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for our Non-life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, which are summarized below:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Gross premiums written
$
(25,069
)
 
$
(8,910
)
 
$
(16,159
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums written
$
(25,338
)
 
$
(9,217
)
 
$
(16,121
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
168,496

 
$
9,427

 
$
159,069

Net incurred losses and LAE
(51,625
)
 
306,067

 
(357,692
)
Acquisition costs
(73,642
)
 
(4,006
)
 
(69,636
)
Operating expenses
(199,756
)
 
(158,731
)
 
(41,025
)
Underwriting income (loss)
(156,527
)
 
152,757

 
(309,284
)
Net investment income
275,236

 
226,287

 
48,949

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
968,350

 
(381,712
)
 
1,350,062

Fees and commission income
18,293

 
16,466

 
1,827

Other income
34,809

 
35,978

 
(1,169
)
Corporate expenses
(70,689
)
 
(39,093
)
 
(31,596
)
Interest expense
(62,055
)
 
(30,616
)
 
(31,439
)
Net foreign exchange gains
9,918

 
2,534

 
7,384

EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
1,017,335

 
(17,399
)
 
1,034,734

Income tax benefit (expense)
(7,250
)
 
3,581

 
(10,831
)
Earnings from equity method investments
56,128

 
42,147

 
13,981

NET EARNINGS
1,066,213

 
28,329

 
1,037,884

Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest
(6,409
)
 
(3,107
)
 
(3,302
)
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
1,059,804

 
$
25,222

 
$
1,034,582

Overall Results
Net earnings were $1,059.8 million in 2019, compared to $25.2 million in 2018, an increase of $1,034.6 million. This increase was primarily attributable to net realized and unrealized gains on both our fixed income portfolio and our other investments during 2019, compared to net unrealized losses during 2018. Net investment income increased due to higher assets under management from our completed transactions in 2019, as well as our asset allocation strategies. Our underwriting result included a favorable reduction in estimates of prior period net ultimate losses of $220.0 million in 2019, compared to $286.4 million in 2018. Our underwriting result also includes the amortization of deferred charge assets, amortization of fair value adjustments and the change in fair value for those liabilities where we elected the fair value option, representing an aggregate expense of $205.9 million in 2019 compared to an aggregate expense of $33.3 million in 2018. These amortization and fair value amounts relating to our underwriting were generally offset by our investment results.
Investment results are separately discussed in the "Investments Results - Consolidated" section.

58

Net Premiums Earned:
The following table shows the gross and net premiums written and earned for the Non-life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Gross premiums written
$
(25,069
)
 
$
(8,910
)
 
$
(16,159
)
Ceded reinsurance premiums written
(269
)
 
(307
)
 
38

Net premiums written
(25,338
)
 
(9,217
)
 
(16,121
)
Gross premiums earned
197,009

 
25,230

 
171,779

Ceded reinsurance premiums earned
(28,513
)
 
(15,803
)
 
(12,710
)
Net premiums earned
$
168,496

 
$
9,427

 
$
159,069

As business in this segment is in run-off, our general expectation is for premiums associated with legacy business to decline in future periods. However, the actual amount in any particular year will be impacted by new transactions during the year and the run-off of premiums from transactions completed in recent years. Premiums earned in this segment are generally offset by net incurred losses and LAE related to the premiums. Premiums earned may be higher than premiums written as we may assume unearned premium without writing the premium ourselves.
Net premiums written in 2019 of $(25.3) million were primarily related to reductions in net written premium on legacy business for which corresponding unearned premium was also released. Net premiums earned in 2019 of $168.5 million were primarily related to the run-off business assumed as a result of the AmTrust RITC transactions and the acquisition of Maiden Reinsurance North America, Inc. ("Maiden Re North America"). Premiums written and earned in 2018 were primarily related to the run-off business assumed as a result of the RITC transaction with Novae.
Net Incurred Losses and LAE:
The following table shows the components of net incurred losses and LAE for the Non-life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Prior
Periods
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Periods
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Net losses paid
$
1,182,804

 
$
64,820

 
$
1,247,624

 
$
838,812

 
$
5

 
$
838,817

Net change in case and LAE reserves (1)
(553,996
)
 
23,105

 
(530,891
)
 
(552,124
)
 
4,704

 
(547,420
)
Net change in IBNR reserves (2)
(848,776
)
 
35,194

 
(813,582
)
 
(573,127
)
 
7,742

 
(565,385
)
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
(219,968
)
 
123,119

 
(96,849
)
 
(286,439
)
 
12,451

 
(273,988
)
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE
(57,844
)
 
440

 
(57,404
)
 
(65,401
)
 
—

 
(65,401
)
Amortization of deferred charge assets
38,627

 
—

 
38,627

 
13,781

 
—

 
13,781

Amortization of fair value adjustments
50,070

 
—

 
50,070

 
12,877

 
—

 
12,877

Changes in fair value - fair value option
117,181

 
—

 
117,181

 
6,664

 
—

 
6,664

Net incurred losses and LAE
$
(71,934
)
 
$
123,559

 
$
51,625

 
$
(318,518
)
 
$
12,451

 
$
(306,067
)
(1) 
Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the year in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims.
(2) 
Net change in IBNR represents the gross change in our actuarial estimates of IBNR, less amounts recoverable.

59

2019: Net incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2019 of $51.6 million included net incurred losses and LAE of $123.6 million related to current period net earned premium. Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $123.6 million, the reduction in net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods was $71.9 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $220.0 million and a reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE of $57.8 million relating to 2019 run-off activity, partially offset by an increase in the fair value of liabilities of $117.2 million related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option, amortization of fair value adjustments of $50.1 million and the amortization of deferred charge assets of $38.6 million. The reduction in estimates of prior period net ultimate losses of $220.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 included a net reduction in case and IBNR reserves of $1,402.8 million, partially offset by net losses paid of $1,182.8 million.
Drivers of the change in estimates of net ultimate losses:
The significant drivers of the 2019 results are explained below.
Workers' Compensation
A $136.4 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our workers' compensation line of business arose across multiple portfolios, where reported loss development was generally significantly less than expected development. The lower than expected actual development was driven by significant proactive settlement activity on individual claimants where we were able to settle claims lower than the case reserve estimates. For example, in two of our portfolios we observed favorable reported loss development, where we paid $39.3 million in loss payments to release a corresponding $53.6 million of associated case reserves for $14.3 million in favorable reported loss development. These settlement activities and the favorable actual loss development versus expected loss development, led to a change in the actuarial assumptions in the annual reserve study that reflect this favorable loss development. For workers' compensation, we paid $209.0 million, offset by a reduction in case reserves of $156.4 million and a reduction in IBNR reserves of $188.9 million.
We also continue to actively seek to commute policies in our workers' compensation line of business when possible, and where the commutation of the policy is settled at a level below the carried value of the loss reserves, we record a reduction in our estimates of net ultimate losses. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed 6 commutations across several workers' compensation portfolios that contributed to a $6.1 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses.
Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers
A $38.6 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our professional indemnity/directors’ & officers’ line of business arose based on the annual actuarial analysis which reflected the better than expected loss development during 2019. As part of the reserve analysis, an in-depth review of recently acquired portfolios’ ceded reinsurance programs led to an increase in the ceded reinsurance asset of $13.5 million, which is a reduction in net ultimate losses.
Asbestos
A $6.8 million increase in estimates of net ultimate losses in our asbestos line of business arose primarily due to changes in our actuarial assumptions related to dismissal rates. During 2019, the number of new defendants and filed claims was less than expected, but this was offset by a lowering of the dismissal rate. In asbestos, the dismissal rates are extremely high as many of the claims do not have merit against the insured. However, we have seen a trend in both US and UK exposure of the dismissal rate decreasing in the range of 2 to 3 percentage points.
Similar to workers’ compensation business, during the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed 6 commutations across several portfolios that contributed to a $9.8 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses.
Other
All other line of business changes in estimates of net ultimate losses were primarily due to the application of our reserving methodologies, favorable actual versus expected loss development and proactive claim management.
Other Components of Net incurred Losses and LAE
The reduction of $57.8 million in provisions for unallocated LAE was due to a reduction in our estimate of the total future costs to administer the claims.

60

The increase in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option of $117.2 million was primarily due to changes in the discount rate and the application of the discount rate to the updated expected cash flow patterns.
The amortization of fair value adjustments of $50.1 million was related to the fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies. On acquisition, we are required to fair value the net assets acquired, including the reinsurance balances recoverable and the liability for losses and LAE. The resulting fair value adjustments are then amortized over the expected life of the reinsurance balances recoverable and the liability for losses and LAE.
The amortization of deferred charge assets of $38.6 million was associated with retroactive reinsurance contracts where, at the inception of the contract, the estimated ultimate losses payable was in excess of premium received. Deferred charge assets are amortized over the estimated claim payment period of the related contract and are adjusted periodically to reflect new estimates of the amount and timing of the remaining loss payments.
2018: The reduction in net incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2018 of $306.1 million included net incurred losses and LAE of $12.5 million related to current period net earned premium from previously acquired businesses that renewed certain policies while being run-off. Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $12.5 million, the reduction in net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods was $318.5 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $286.4 million, and a reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE of $65.4 million, relating to 2018 run-off activity, partially offset by an increase in the fair value of liabilities of $6.7 million related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option, the amortization of the deferred charge assets of $13.8 million and the amortization of fair value adjustments relating to companies acquired amounting to $12.9 million.
The reduction in estimates of prior period net ultimate losses of $286.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 included a net reduction in case and IBNR reserves of $1,125.3 million, partially offset by net losses paid of $838.8 million.
Drivers of the change in estimates of net ultimate losses:
The significant drivers of the 2018 results are explained below.
Workers' Compensation
The $154.6 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our workers' compensation line of business in 2018 arose across multiple portfolios, where reported incurred loss development was generally significantly less than expected. When actual development is less than expected for a sustained period of time across a significant volume of exposures, an updated actuarial analysis tends to indicate reductions in IBNR reserves. Updates to actuarial analysis, factoring in the less-than-expected reported incurred loss development for the year, is the primary driver of the $154.6 million reduction to Workers' Compensation net ultimate loss estimates.
For certain of our portfolios, the lower than expected actual development was driven by significant proactive settlement activity on individual claimants where we were able to close open claims earlier than was indicated by the original payout pattern, and in other portfolios, based on the review of recent loss development activity we revised our actuarial development "tail factor" assumption, which led to a reduction in net ultimate losses. For example, in one portfolio we observed favorable incurred loss development, primarily relating to accident years 1995 through 2005 where we paid $22.7 million in loss payments to release a corresponding $37.0 million of associated case reserves for $14.3 million in favorable incurred loss development.
For recently acquired portfolios of workers' compensation business, we have utilized our subsidiary, Services Paladin, to assist us in reviewing claims. Paladin generally produces savings related to medical expense liabilities over and above savings achieved by prior vendors of such services, and the savings lead to actual development that is less than expected, thereby driving reductions to the estimates of net ultimate losses. In one particular program, our claims personnel pursued a proactive strategy of settling with numerous workers' compensation claimants whose injuries arose in recent accident years. For this portfolio, the claims team reduced the open inventory of claims by 78% during 2018. This reduction in exposure, when incorporated into an updated actuarial analysis, led to a reduction in our estimate of ultimate net losses of $30.2 million, primarily relating to accident years 2010 through 2014.
We also continue to actively seek to commute policies when possible, and where the commutation of the policy is settled at a level below the carried value of the loss reserves, we record a reduction in our estimates of net ultimate losses. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we completed 7 commutations across several portfolios that contributed to an $11.2 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses.

61

Asbestos
The $64.9 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our asbestos line of business arose primarily due to one asbestos portfolio where lower than expected volume of claims reported and a lower than expected severity on claims settled in the period, when projected to net ultimate losses through actuarial methodologies, resulted in a significant reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses. The volume of claims reported was 3% less than expected and the average cost per claim was 5% less than expected. Across our other asbestos portfolios, we completed 8 commutations and 2 policy buy-backs contributing to a $9.5 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses. Furthermore, detailed actuarial studies and lower than expected incurred loss development also resulted in reductions to estimates of net ultimate losses.
All Other
All other line of business changes in estimates of net ultimate losses were primarily due to the application of our reserving methodologies, favorable actual versus expected loss development and proactive claim management.
Other Components of Net incurred Losses and LAE
The reduction of $65.4 million in provisions for unallocated LAE was due to a reduction in our estimate of the total future costs to administer the claims.
The amortization of deferred charge assets of $13.8 million was associated with retroactive reinsurance contracts where, at the inception of the contract, the estimated ultimate losses payable was in excess of premium received.
The amortization of fair value adjustments of $12.9 million was related to the fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies.
The increase in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option of $6.7 million was primarily due to decreases in the estimated duration of the net liabilities, partially offset by changes in the corporate bond yield.

Acquisition Costs:
Acquisition costs for the Non-life Run-off segment were $73.6 million in 2019, compared to $4.0 million in 2018, an increase of $69.6 million. The increase in acquisition costs for 2019 primarily related to the run-off business assumed through the AmTrust RITC Transactions and the acquisition of Maiden Re North America.
Fees and Commission Income:
Our management companies in the Non-life Run-off segment earned fees and commission income of $18.3 million in 2019, broadly consistent with income of $16.5 million in 2018. While our consulting subsidiaries continue to provide management and consultancy services, claims inspection services and reinsurance collection services to third-party clients in limited circumstances, the core focus of these subsidiaries is providing in-house services to companies within the Enstar group. These internal fees are eliminated upon consolidation of our results of operations.
Other Income:
Other income was $34.8 million in 2019, broadly consistent with other income of $36.0 million in 2018.
General and Administrative Expenses:
General and administrative expenses consist of operating expenses and corporate expenses.
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Operating expenses
$
199,756

 
$
158,731

 
$
41,025

Corporate expenses
70,689

 
39,093

 
31,596

General and administrative expenses
$
270,445

 
$
197,824

 
$
72,621

General and administrative expenses for the Non-life Run-off segment increased by $72.6 million, from $197.8 million in 2018 to $270.4 million in 2019. The increase in expenses in 2019 was primarily attributable to an increase in performance-based salary and benefit expenses due to significantly higher net earnings of the Non-life Run-off segment in 2019 compared to lower earnings in 2018.
Interest Expense:
Interest expense was $62.1 million in 2019, compared to interest expense of $30.6 million in 2018, an increase of $31.4 million. The increase of $31.4 million was primarily driven by interest on the 2018 EGL Term Loan Facility which was entered into on December 27, 2018 and partially used to fund the acquisition of Maiden Re North America, and interest on the 2029 Senior Notes.
Net Foreign Exchange Gains (Losses):
Net foreign exchange gains for the Non-life Run-off segment were $9.9 million in 2019 compared to $2.5 million in 2018. The increase of $7.4 million in net foreign exchange gains arose primarily as a result of increased volatility in exchange rates in 2019 and the resulting impact on our foreign currency denominated investments and subsidiaries, which was partially offset by the change in currency translation adjustment in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
Income Tax Benefit (Expense):
We recorded an income tax expense of $7.3 million for our Non-life Run-off segment in 2019, compared to an income tax benefit of $3.6 million in 2018, a change of $10.8 million. The effective tax rate was 0.7% in 2019 compared with (14.5)% in 2018. Our tax rate was impacted by having proportionately higher net income in our tax paying subsidiaries in 2019 than in 2018. Income tax expense is primarily generated through our foreign operations outside of Bermuda, principally in the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Australia. The effective tax rate, which is calculated as income tax expense or benefit divided by income before tax, is driven primarily by the geographic distribution of pre-tax net income between jurisdictions with comparatively higher tax rates and those with comparatively lower income tax rates and as a result may fluctuate significantly from period to period.

62

Earnings from Equity Method Investments:
We recorded earnings from equity method investments of $56.1 million for our Non-life Run-off segment in 2019, compared to earnings of $42.1 million in 2018, an increase of $14.0 million. The increase in 2019 was primarily due to increased earnings from our investments in Monument and Enhanzed Re.
Noncontrolling Interest:
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest in our Non-life Run-off segment were $6.4 million in 2019, compared to $3.1 million in 2018, a change of $3.3 million. The change of $3.3 million in 2019 was due primarily to the increase in earnings for those companies where there is a noncontrolling interest. The number of subsidiaries in this segment with a noncontrolling interest remained unchanged at two as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

63

Atrium Segment
The Atrium segment includes Atrium 5 Ltd. ("Atrium 5"), Atrium Underwriters Limited ("AUL") and Northshore Holdings Limited. Atrium 5 results represent its proportionate share of the results of Syndicate 609 for which it provides 25% of the underwriting capacity and capital. AUL results largely represent fees charged to Syndicate 609 and a 20% profit commission on the results of the syndicate less salaries and general and administrative expenses incurred in managing the syndicate. AUL also includes other Atrium Group non-syndicate fee income and associated expenses. Northshore Holdings Limited results include the amortization of intangible assets that were fair valued upon acquisition.
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for our Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, which are summarized below.
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Gross premiums written
$
192,373

 
$
171,494

 
$
20,879

 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums written
$
172,356

 
$
153,488

 
$
18,868

 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
164,059

 
$
146,315

 
$
17,744

Net incurred losses and LAE
(77,276
)
 
(69,810
)
 
(7,466
)
Acquisition costs
(56,956
)
 
(50,646
)
 
(6,310
)
Operating expenses
(14,452
)
 
(17,777
)
 
3,325

Underwriting income
15,375

 
8,082

 
7,293

Net investment income
7,049

 
5,686

 
1,363

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
6,195

 
(3,251
)
 
9,446

Fees and commission income
10,160

 
18,622

 
(8,462
)
Other income
140

 
162

 
(22
)
Corporate expenses
(13,825
)
 
(6,921
)
 
(6,904
)
Net foreign exchange losses
(504
)
 
(3,394
)
 
2,890

EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES
24,590

 
18,986

 
5,604

Income tax expense
(4,033
)
 
(3,732
)
 
(301
)
NET EARNINGS
20,557

 
15,254

 
5,303

Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest
(8,432
)
 
(6,257
)
 
(2,175
)
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
12,125

 
$
8,997

 
$
3,128

 
 
 
 
 
 
Underwriting ratios:
 
 
 
 
 
Loss ratio (1)
47.1
%
 
47.7
%
 
(0.6
)%
Acquisition cost ratio (1)
34.7
%
 
34.6
%
 
0.1
 %
Operating expense ratio (1)
8.8
%
 
12.2
%
 
(3.4
)%
Combined ratio (1)
90.6
%
 
94.5
%
 
(3.9
)%
(1)Refer to "Underwriting Ratios" for a description of how these ratios are calculated.
Overall Results
An analysis of the components of the segment's net earnings is shown below, after the attribution of net earnings to noncontrolling interest.
The combined ratio in 2019 was 90.6%, compared to 94.5% in 2018, and the decrease was primarily driven by a lower operating expense ratio.
Investment results are separately discussed in the "Investments Results - Consolidated" section.

64

Gross Premiums Written:
The following table provides gross premiums written by line of business for the Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Marine, Aviation and Transit
$
49,275

 
$
40,227

 
$
9,048

Binding Authorities
78,825

 
76,389

 
2,436

Reinsurance
17,778

 
17,763

 
15

Accident and Health
21,585

 
18,836

 
2,749

Non-Marine Direct and Facultative
24,910

 
18,279

 
6,631

Total
$
192,373

 
$
171,494

 
$
20,879

Gross premiums written for the Atrium segment were $192.4 million in 2019, compared to $171.5 million in 2018, an increase of $20.9 million. The increase was seen predominantly across the Marine, Aviation and Transit and Non-Marine Direct and Facultative lines of business. Both lines of business have benefited from an increase in rates. The Non-Marine Direct and Facultative class are continuing to see new opportunities to write new business.
Net Premiums Earned:
The following table provides net premiums earned by line of business for the Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Marine, Aviation and Transit
$
36,312

 
$
31,738

 
$
4,574

Binding Authorities
75,142

 
67,423

 
7,719

Reinsurance
14,433

 
14,029

 
404

Accident and Health
18,922

 
17,689

 
1,233

Non-Marine Direct and Facultative
19,250

 
15,436

 
3,814

Total
$
164,059

 
$
146,315

 
$
17,744

Net premiums earned for the Atrium segment were $164.1 million in 2019, compared to $146.3 million in 2018, an increase of $17.7 million. The increase was seen across all lines of business in 2019 and was primarily due to an increase in the Binding Authorities line of business following continued growth of products placed on AU Gold, Atrium’s proprietary online underwriting platform, and increases in the Marine, Aviation and Transit line of business.

65

Net Incurred Losses and LAE:
The following table shows the components of net incurred losses and LAE for the Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Prior
Periods
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Periods
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Net losses paid
$
43,572

 
$
34,617

 
$
78,189

 
$
28,969

 
$
35,537

 
$
64,506

Net change in case and LAE reserves (1)
(13,278
)
 
16,812

 
3,534

 
(10,161
)
 
16,492

 
6,331

Net change in IBNR reserves (2)
(38,380
)
 
33,598

 
(4,782
)
 
(27,507
)
 
31,598

 
4,091

Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
(8,086
)
 
85,027

 
76,941

 
(8,699
)
 
83,627

 
74,928

Amortization of fair value adjustments
335

 
—

 
335

 
(5,118
)
 
—

 
(5,118
)
Net incurred losses and LAE
$
(7,751
)
 
$
85,027

 
$
77,276

 
$
(13,817
)
 
$
83,627

 
$
69,810

(1) Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the period in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims.
(2) Net change in IBNR reserves represents the gross change in our actuarial estimates of IBNR reserves, less amounts recoverable.
Net incurred losses and LAE were $77.3 million in 2019, compared to $69.8 million in 2018, an increase of $7.5 million. Net favorable prior period loss development in 2019 and 2018 was $7.8 million and $13.8 million, respectively, and was experienced across most lines of business. Excluding prior year loss development, net incurred losses and LAE in 2019 and 2018 were $85.0 million and $83.6 million, respectively. The net earned premium increased in 2019 and claims performance was better than 2018 due to lower levels of catastrophe losses. The losses in 2019 include $2.8 million in respect of Hurricane Dorian. 2018 catastrophe losses amounted to $6.7 million and were related to California Wildfires and Hurricane Matthew.

Acquisition Costs:
Acquisition costs were $57.0 million in 2019, compared to $50.6 million in 2018, an increase of $6.3 million. The Atrium acquisition cost ratio for 2019 was 34.7%, relatively consistent with 34.6% in 2018.
Operating Expenses:
Operating expenses for the Atrium segment were $14.5 million in 2019, compared to $17.8 million in 2018. The operating expense ratio was 8.8% in 2019 compared to 12.2% in 2018, a decrease of 3.4%, primarily due to increased net premiums earned and a reduction in operating expense due to lower performance-based compensation and bonus expense within Atrium 5. The large catastrophe losses, primarily hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, in the third quarter of 2017 continued to impact the earning of performance-based compensation expenses and agency profit commission in Atrium 5.
Fees and Commission Income:
Fees and commission income was $10.2 million in 2019, compared to $18.6 million in 2018, a decrease of $8.5 million. The fees represent management and profit commission fees earned by us in relation to AUL’s management of Syndicate 609 and other underwriting consortiums. The decrease of $8.5 million in 2019 was primarily due to profit commission on lower syndicate profits arising on the prior year underwriting profits in 2019 as compared with 2018, principally due to the large catastrophe losses, primarily hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, in the third quarter of 2017, which continued to impact the profit commission in 2019.
Corporate Expenses:
Corporate expenses for the Atrium segment were $13.8 million in 2019, compared to $6.9 million in 2018, an increase of $6.9 million. This increase in corporate expenses was due to higher variable compensation costs in 2019 due to improved performance in the Atrium segment in 2019.

66

Income Tax Expense:
We recorded income tax expense of $4.0 million in 2019, compared to $3.7 million in 2018, an increase of $0.3 million, primarily due to higher earnings in the Atrium segment. Income tax expense is associated with the operations of Atrium 5 and AUL in the United Kingdom. The effective tax rates for the Atrium segment in 2019 and 2018 were 16.4% and 19.7%, respectively.
Noncontrolling Interest:
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest in our Atrium segment were $8.4 million in 2019, compared to $6.3 million in 2018, a change of $2.2 million, which was primarily due to higher earnings in the Atrium segment. As of December 31, 2019, Trident and Dowling had a combined 41.0% noncontrolling interest in the Atrium segment.

67

StarStone Segment
The results of our StarStone segment include the results of StarStone and StarStone Specialty Holdings Limited ("StarStone Group") and intragroup reinsurance cessions.
StarStone made significant progress in repositioning the underwriting portfolio during 2019 to focus on core lines of business, which have a track record of performing, and exiting under-performing lines of business in order to achieve improved underwriting profitability for StarStone Group. As part of the new strategy for the StarStone segment, we have exited or disposed of various operations and investments that are no longer considered to be key to the new strategy. The StarStone leadership has separated the book into "core lines" and "exited lines" to manage the performance during the repositioning phase. The exited lines represent segments or lines of business where new business has ceased and includes some aerospace, casualty and property lines.
Our StarStone segment also includes the results of intragroup reinsurance cessions. In partnership with StarStone's other shareholders, we completed the following transactions to provide strategic and capital support to StarStone in the form of:
(i) a contribution to its contributed surplus account and a loss portfolio transfer and adverse development cover, effective October 1, 2018. To fund the transaction, the shareholders of StarStone contributed an aggregate amount of $135.0 million to StarStone in December 2018 in proportion to their ownership interests;
(ii) a loss portfolio transfer, effective April 1, 2019, for which the StarStone shareholders agreed to contribute an aggregate amount of $48.0 million;
(iii) a loss portfolio transfer and adverse development cover with StarStone effective October 1, 2019, whereby StarStone transferred $189.4 million in loss reserves and unearned premium to a wholly-owned Enstar subsidiary in exchange for premium of $189.4 million. Enstar also provided an additional $59.0 million adverse development cover in excess of the $189.4 million.
(iii) our wholly-owned subsidiary, KaylaRe, provided quota share reinsurance to StarStone's U.S., E.U. and U.K. affiliates. These were non-renewed as of January 1, 2018 for U.S. business, and January 1, 2019, for E.U. and U.K. business. However, losses in the earlier calendar years will continue to fall due under the previous quota share agreements. Effective May 14, 2018, Enstar completed the acquisition of the portion of KaylaRe it did not already own.
These reinsurance transactions between StarStone Group and other group entities, including KaylaRe, are reflected within StarStone Intra-Group Cessions below (the "StarStone Intra-Group Cessions") and are eliminated upon consolidation.

68

The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for the StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, which are summarized below:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Gross premiums written
$
917,555

 
$
1,121,135

 
$
(203,580
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums written
$
735,429

 
$
805,562

 
$
(70,133
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
801,926

 
$
714,959

 
$
86,967

Net incurred losses and LAE
(727,636
)
 
(673,383
)
 
(54,253
)
Acquisition costs
(174,711
)
 
(135,452
)
 
(39,259
)
Operating expenses
(120,629
)
 
(156,726
)
 
36,097

Underwriting loss
(221,050
)
 
(250,602
)
 
29,552

Net investment income
47,401

 
35,973

 
11,428

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
50,957

 
(17,672
)
 
68,629

Other income (losses)
338

 
(541
)
 
879

Corporate expenses
(7,790
)
 
—

 
(7,790
)
Interest expense
(475
)
 
(624
)
 
149

Net foreign exchange losses
(1,538
)
 
(2,856
)
 
1,318

LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES
(132,157
)
 
(236,322
)
 
104,165

Income tax benefit
6,931

 
6,327

 
604

Losses from equity method investments
(218
)
 
—

 
(218
)
NET LOSS
(125,444
)
 
(229,995
)
 
104,551

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
24,711

 
71,415

 
(46,704
)
NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
(100,733
)
 
$
(158,580
)
 
$
57,847

 
 
 
 
 
 
Underwriting ratios:
 
 
 
 
 
Loss ratio (1)
90.7
%
 
94.2
%
 
(3.5
)%
Acquisition cost ratio (1)
21.8
%
 
18.9
%
 
2.9
 %
Operating expense ratio (1)
15.1
%
 
22.0
%
 
(6.9
)%
Combined ratio (1)
127.6
%
 
135.1
%
 
(7.5
)%
(1) 
Refer to "Underwriting Ratios" for a description of how these ratios are calculated.

69

The following table summarizes the impact of the StarStone Intra-Group Cessions, which are included in our StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The discussion below also describes the results of the StarStone Group, which does not reflect the impact of the StarStone Intra-Group Cessions, as well as the StarStone segment which does include the impact of the StarStone Intra-Group Cessions.
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
 
StarStone Group
 
StarStone Intra-Group Cessions
 
StarStone Segment
 
StarStone Group
 
StarStone Intra-Group Cessions
 
StarStone Segment
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
 
$
708,188

 
$
93,738

 
$
801,926

 
$
560,670

 
$
154,289

 
$
714,959

Net incurred losses and LAE
 
(533,671
)
 
(193,965
)
 
(727,636
)
 
(472,564
)
 
(200,819
)
 
(673,383
)
Acquisition costs
 
(138,970
)
 
(35,741
)
 
(174,711
)
 
(75,952
)
 
(59,500
)
 
(135,452
)
Operating expenses
 
(120,044
)
 
(585
)
 
(120,629
)
 
(153,733
)
 
(2,993
)
 
(156,726
)
Underwriting loss
 
(84,497
)
 
(136,553
)
 
(221,050
)

(141,579
)

(109,023
)

(250,602
)
Net investment income
 
47,307

 
94

 
47,401

 
35,973

 
—

 
35,973

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
 
43,834

 
7,123

 
50,957

 
(17,672
)
 
—

 
(17,672
)
Other income (losses)
 
338

 
—

 
338

 
(541
)
 
—

 
(541
)
Corporate expenses
 
(7,790
)
 
—

 
(7,790
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Interest income (expenses)
 
(16,612
)
 
16,137

 
(475
)
 
(2,500
)
 
1,876

 
(624
)
Net foreign exchange gain
 
(677
)
 
(861
)
 
(1,538
)
 
(1,208
)
 
(1,648
)
 
(2,856
)
LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES
 
(18,097
)
 
(114,060
)
 
(132,157
)
 
(127,527
)
 
(108,795
)
 
(236,322
)
Income tax benefit
 
6,931

 
—

 
6,931

 
6,327

 
—

 
6,327

Losses from equity method investments
 
(218
)
 
—

 
(218
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

NET LOSS
 
(11,384
)
 
(114,060
)
 
(125,444
)
 
(121,200
)
 
(108,795
)
 
(229,995
)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
 
4,663

 
20,048

 
24,711

 
49,877

 
21,538

 
71,415

NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
 
$
(6,721
)
 
$
(94,012
)
 
$
(100,733
)
 
$
(71,323
)
 
$
(87,257
)
 
$
(158,580
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Underwriting ratios:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loss ratio (1)
 
75.4
%
 
206.9
%
 
90.7
%
 
84.3
%
 
130.2
%
 
94.2
%
Acquisition cost ratio (1)
 
19.6
%
 
38.1
%
 
21.8
%
 
13.5
%
 
38.6
%
 
18.9
%
Operating expense ratio (1)
 
16.9
%
 
0.7
%
 
15.1
%
 
27.5
%
 
1.9
%
 
22.0
%
Combined ratio (1)
 
111.9
%
 
245.7
%
 
127.6
%
 
125.3
%
 
170.7
%
 
135.1
%
(1) 
Refer to "Underwriting Ratios" for a description of how these ratios are calculated.
In addition, the below table presents StarStone Group's underwriting income split by the lines of business that we consider core and exited:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Core Lines
 
Exited Lines
 
StarStone Group
 
Core Lines
 
Exited Lines
 
StarStone Group
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned
$
616,176

 
$
92,012

 
$
708,188

 
$
409,725

 
$
150,945

 
$
560,670

Net incurred losses and LAE
(416,981
)
 
(116,690
)
 
(533,671
)
 
(309,750
)
 
(162,814
)
 
(472,564
)
Acquisition costs
(121,366
)
 
(17,604
)
 
(138,970
)
 
(68,608
)
 
(7,344
)
 
(75,952
)
Operating expenses
(98,983
)
 
(21,061
)
 
(120,044
)
 
(108,405
)
 
(45,328
)
 
(153,733
)
Underwriting income (loss)
$
(21,154
)
 
$
(63,343
)
 
$
(84,497
)
 
$
(77,038
)
 
$
(64,541
)
 
$
(141,579
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Underwriting ratios(1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loss ratio 
67.7
%
 
126.8
%
 
75.4
%
 
75.6
%
 
107.9
%
 
84.3
%
Acquisition cost ratio
19.7
%
 
19.1
%
 
19.6
%
 
16.7
%
 
4.9
%
 
13.5
%
Operating expense ratio
16.0
%
 
22.9
%
 
16.9
%
 
26.5
%
 
30.0
%
 
27.5
%
Combined ratio
103.4
%
 
168.8
%
 
111.9
%
 
118.8
%
 
142.8
%
 
125.3
%

70

Overall Results
Net losses for the StarStone segment decreased to $100.7 million in 2019, compared to net losses of $158.6 million in 2018. The combined ratio decreased to 127.6% in 2019, compared to 135.1% in 2018. Whilst this was an improvement from 2018, the unfavorable results in 2019 were attributable to losses from exited lines of business as well as reserve strengthening in the U.S. casualty line of business, and prior year adverse development on our U.S. healthcare, excess casualty, marine, aviation and construction lines of business in 2019. The decrease in net premiums written was due to our strategy to exit certain lines of business and to focus on core lines. The improvement in the underwriting performance was primarily due to the repositioning actions to improve underwriting profitability in core lines and reduced exposure in exited lines of business. The increase of 2.9 percentage points in the acquisition cost ratio was partially driven by the elimination of the ceding commission earned on the cession to KaylaRe, following our acquisition of KaylaRe in May 2018. The decrease of 6.9 percentage points in the operating expense ratio was a result of net premiums earned increasing and operating expenses decreasing.
Net losses for the StarStone Group reduced to $6.7 million in 2019, compared to net losses of $71.3 million in 2018, a change of $64.6 million. The 2019 result was primarily driven by an underwriting loss of $84.5 million that was primarily due to losses from exited lines of business as well as reserve strengthening in U.S. casualty line of business, offset by $47.3 million of net investment income and $43.8 million of net realized and unrealized gains. The loss ratio for the StarStone Group decreased by 8.9 percentage points, reflecting repositioning actions focused on underwriting profitability. The acquisition cost ratio increased by 6.1 percentage points and the operating expense ratio decreased by 10.6 percentage points due to reduction on expenses and higher net premiums earned from the non-renewal of KaylaRe.

Investment results are separately discussed in the "Investments Results - Consolidated" section.
Gross Premiums Written:
The following table provides gross premiums written by line of business for the StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Casualty
$
364,413

 
$
332,042

 
$
32,371

Marine
245,046

 
272,714

 
(27,668
)
Property
118,574

 
304,939

 
(186,365
)
Aerospace
72,331

 
73,534

 
(1,203
)
Workers' Compensation
117,191

 
137,906

 
(20,715
)
Total
$
917,555

 
$
1,121,135

 
$
(203,580
)
Gross premiums written were $917.6 million and $1,121.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, a decrease of $203.6 million. Lower premiums in 2019 compared to 2018 were largely a result of our strategy to exit certain lines of business and to focus on core lines. The property and marine lines of business decreased by $186.4 million and $27.7 million, respectively. The $32.4 million increase in the casualty line of business was due to improving rates in the U.S. and new business opportunities underwritten through our European platform. The $20.7 million decrease in Workers' Compensation was due to the non-renewal of two programs.

71

Net Premiums Earned:
The following table provides net premiums earned by line of business for the StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: 
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Casualty
$
321,088

 
$
253,065

 
$
68,023

Marine
221,740

 
188,556

 
33,184

Property
138,090

 
156,695

 
(18,605
)
Aerospace
44,755

 
57,776

 
(13,021
)
Workers' Compensation
76,253

 
58,867

 
17,386

Total
$
801,926

 
$
714,959

 
$
86,967

Net premiums earned for the StarStone segment were $801.9 million and $715.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, an increase of $87.0 million. The increase in net premiums earned in the StarStone Group was due to the impact of lower ceded premium earned related to KaylaRe after its acquisition.
Net premiums earned for the StarStone Group for 2019 were $708.2 million, an increase of $147.5 million compared to 2018. The increase was primarily driven by lower ceded premiums due to the non-renewal of the quota share arrangement with KaylaRe.
Net Incurred Losses and LAE:
The following table shows the components of net incurred losses and LAE for the StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Prior
Periods
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Periods
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Net losses paid
$
435,372

 
$
96,261

 
$
531,633

 
$
326,352

 
$
150,778

 
$
477,130

Net change in case and LAE reserves (1)
(85,983
)
 
111,950

 
25,967

 
(81,491
)
 
157,378

 
75,887

Net change in IBNR reserves (2)
(214,787
)
 
381,214

 
166,427

 
(144,212
)
 
258,091

 
113,879

Increase in estimates of net ultimate losses
134,602

 
589,425

 
724,027

 
100,649

 
566,247

 
666,896

Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE
(5,602
)
 
9,043

 
3,441

 
(5,892
)
 
12,645

 
6,753

Amortization of fair value adjustments
168

 
—

 
168

 
(266
)
 
—

 
(266
)
Net incurred losses and LAE
$
129,168

 
$
598,468

 
$
727,636

 
$
94,491

 
$
578,892

 
$
673,383

(1) Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the period in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims.
(2) Net change in IBNR reserves represents the gross change in our actuarial estimates of IBNR reserves, less amounts recoverable.
Net incurred losses and LAE for 2019 and 2018 were $727.6 million and $673.4 million, respectively. The increase in net incurred losses was due to lower reinsurance recoveries due to the non-renewal of the KaylaRe quota share arrangement and net unfavorable prior year loss development. Net unfavorable prior year loss development for 2019 was $129.2 million, compared to $94.5 million for 2018, primarily related to reserve strengthening for the U.S. casualty line of business, reflecting an increase in the frequency and severity of losses and social inflation, and lines of business which we have exited. Excluding prior year loss development, net incurred losses and LAE for 2019 and 2018 were $598.5 million and $578.9 million, respectively.


72

Acquisition Costs:
Acquisition costs for the StarStone segment were $174.7 million and $135.5 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively, an increase of $39.3 million. The acquisition cost ratios for 2019 and 2018 were 21.8% and 18.9%, respectively, an increase of 2.9 percentage points. The increase in the acquisition cost ratio was primarily attributable to the non-renewal of the quota share arrangement with KaylaRe, and as a result, the StarStone Group benefited less from the quota share ceding commission for 2019 than it did in 2018.
Acquisition costs for the StarStone Group were $139.0 million and $76.0 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively, an increase of $63.0 million. The acquisition cost ratios for December 31, 2019 and 2018 were 19.6% and 13.5%, respectively, an increase of 6.1 percentage points.
Operating Expenses:
Operating expenses for the StarStone segment were $120.6 million in 2019, compared to $156.7 million in 2018, a decrease of $36.1 million. The operating expense ratios for 2019 and 2018 were 15.1% and 22.0%, respectively, a decrease of 6.9 percentage points. The decrease was due to lower staff compensation, costs of exiting lines of business and a decrease in IT costs of $5.0 million.
Operating expense ratios for the StarStone Group for 2019 and 2018 were 16.9% and 27.5%, respectively, a decrease of 10.6 percentage points. The decrease in the operating expense ratio is attributable to the withdrawal from certain lines of business and higher net premiums earned due to the non-renewal of KaylaRe.
Corporate expenses:
Corporate expenses for StarStone segment were $7.8 million in 2019. These expenses primarily related to non-recurring expenses related to reorganization and remediation initiatives, which were not a cost of underwriting, as well as certain holding company expenses.
Noncontrolling Interest:
Net losses attributable to noncontrolling interest were $24.7 million in 2019, compared to $71.4 million in 2018, a change of $46.7 million, primarily due to the net losses in both the StarStone Group and the StarStone Intra-Group Cessions, as discussed above.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, Trident and Dowling had a combined 41.0% noncontrolling interest in the StarStone Group.


73

Other
Our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, preferred share dividends, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange and other miscellaneous items. On May 31, 2019, we completed the transfer of our remaining life assurance policies written by our wholly-owned subsidiary Alpha Insurance SA to a subsidiary of Monument.
The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for our other activities for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, which are summarized below:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums earned
$
20,380

 
$
24,874

 
$
(4,494
)
Net incurred losses and LAE
(16,038
)
 
(16,899
)
 
861

Life and annuity policy benefits
(91
)
 
(1,003
)
 
912

Acquisition costs
(642
)
 
(2,686
)
 
2,044

Underwriting income
3,609

 
4,286

 
(677
)
Net investment (losses) income
(8,410
)
 
2,725

 
(11,135
)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
5,849

 
(10,249
)
 
16,098

Other income (losses)
1,883

 
(514
)
 
2,397

Corporate expenses
(45,945
)
 
(28,127
)
 
(17,818
)
Interest income
9,989

 
5,023

 
4,966

Net foreign exchange gains
3

 
1,048

 
(1,045
)
LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES
(33,022
)
 
(25,808
)
 
(7,214
)
Income tax expense
(85
)
 
(52
)
 
(33
)
NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
(33,107
)
 
(25,860
)
 
(7,247
)
Dividends on preferred shares
(35,914
)
 
(12,133
)
 
(23,781
)
NET LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
(69,021
)
 
$
(37,993
)
 
$
(31,028
)
Overall Results:
Net losses were $69.0 million for 2019 and $38.0 million for 2018, an increase in net losses of $31.0 million, which primarily resulted from a $23.8 million increase in dividends on preferred shares, a $17.8 million increase in corporate expenses, an $11.1 million decrease in net investment income, and a $1.0 million decrease in foreign exchange gains, partially offset by a $16.1 million increase in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) and a $5.0 million increase in interest income. The primary changes are discussed below.
•
Underwriting income was $3.6 million in 2019, compared to $4.3 million in 2018, a decrease of $0.7 million.

•
Investment results are separately discussed in the "Investments Results - Consolidated" section.

•
Corporate expenses were $45.9 million in 2019, compared to $28.1 million in 2018, an increase of $17.8 million, primarily due to an increase in performance-related compensation as a result of higher consolidated net earnings in 2019 compared to 2018.

•
Interest income was $10.0 million in 2019, compared to $5.0 million in 2018, an increase of $5.0 million. This represents the elimination of interest expense between our reportable segments.

•
In 2019, we paid $35.9 million of dividends on our Series D and Series E Preferred Shares compared to $12.1 million in 2018. On June 28, 2018, we issued 16,000 Series D Preferred Shares with an aggregate liquidation value of $400.0 million. On November 21, 2018, we issued 4,400 Series E Preferred Shares with an aggregate liquidation value of $110.0 million.
 


74

Investable Assets
We define investable assets as the sum of total investments, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and funds held. Investments consist primarily of investment grade, liquid, fixed maturity securities of short-to-medium duration, equities and other investments. Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents is comprised mainly of cash, high-grade fixed deposits, and other highly liquid instruments such as commercial paper with maturities of less than three months at the time of acquisition and money market funds. Funds held primarily consists of investment grade, liquid, fixed maturity securities of short-to-medium duration.
Investable assets were $14.7 billion as of December 31, 2019 as compared to $12.5 billion as of December 31, 2018, an increase of 16.9%. The increase was primarily due to the investments and funds held balance acquired in relation to the Morse TEC, Zurich, Maiden Re Bermuda, Amerisure and the AmTrust RITC transactions.
Schedules of maturities for our fixed maturity securities are included in Note 6 - "Investments" of our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Investment Strategies
Our key investment objectives are as follows:
•
To follow an investment strategy designed to emphasize the security and growth of our invested assets that also meet our credit quality and diversification objectives.
•
To provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims and contract liabilities.
•
To seek superior risk-adjusted returns, by allocating a portion of our portfolio to non-investment grade securities in accordance with our investment guidelines.
•
To consider the duration characteristics of our liabilities in determining the extent to which we correlate with assets of comparable duration depending on our other investment strategies and to the extent practicable.
In the Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone segments, we generally seek to maintain investment portfolios that are shorter or of equivalent duration to the liabilities in order to provide liquidity for the settlement of losses and, where possible, to avoid having to liquidate longer-dated investments. In the Non-life Run-off segment, the commutations of liabilities also have the potential to accelerate the natural payout of losses, which requires liquidity.
Our fixed maturity securities include U.S. government and agency investments, highly rated sovereign and supranational investments, high-grade corporate investments, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments. We allocate a portion of our investment portfolio to other investments, including private equity funds, fixed income funds, hedge funds, equity funds, CLO equities, CLO equity funds, real estate debt fund and private credit funds.
We utilize and pay fees to various companies to provide investment advisory and/or management services. These fees, which are predominantly based upon the amount of assets under management, are included in net investment income.
Our investment performance is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, foreign exchange risk, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. An increase in interest rates could result in significant losses, realized or unrealized, in the value of our investment portfolio. A portion of our non-investment grade securities consists of alternative investments that subject us to restrictions on redemption, which may limit our ability to withdraw funds for some period of time after the initial investment. The values of, and returns on, such investments may also be more volatile. For more information on these risks, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Investments" and "Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."
In 2018 and 2019, we increased our allocation to other investments and equity method investments, which collectively constituted 19.4% of our investable assets as of December 31, 2019 (2018: 17.2%), and 58.7% of our total shareholders' equity as of December 31, 2019 (2018: 55.2%). We believe our other investments and equity method investments portfolio provides diversification against our fixed income investments and an opportunity for improved risk-adjusted return, however, the returns of these investments may be more volatile and we may experience significant unrealized gains or losses in a particular quarter or year.


75

Composition of Investable Assets By Segment
Across all of our segments, we strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs and in order to meet our obligation to pay losses. Our remaining life business did not qualify as a reportable segment and is reflected as Other below. We consider the duration characteristics of our liabilities in determining the extent to which we correlate with assets of comparable duration depending on our other investment strategies and to the extent practicable. If our liquidity needs or general liability profile change unexpectedly, we may adjust the structure of our investment portfolio to meet our revised expectations. The following tables summarize the composition of total investable assets by segment as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value
 
$
50,268

 
$
1,222

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
51,490

Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value
 
121,780

 
—

 
6,555

 
—

 
128,335

Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value
 
5,378,533

 
155,510

 
812,286

 
—

 
6,346,329

Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value
 
1,446,912

 
15,310

 
451,167

 
—

 
1,913,389

Funds held - directly managed
 
1,187,552

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,187,552

Equities, at fair value
 
576,893

 
22,079

 
130,749

 
—

 
729,721

Other investments, at fair value
 
2,386,776

 
7,417

 
130,227

 
—

 
2,524,420

Other investments, at cost
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Equity method investments
 
326,277

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
326,277

Total investments
 
11,474,991

 
201,538

 
1,530,984

 
—

 
13,207,513

Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash)
 
666,705

 
58,369

 
326,136

 
4,567

 
1,055,777

Funds held by reinsured companies
 
336,470

 
27,451

 
36,194

 
8,620

 
408,735

Total investable assets
 
$
12,478,166

 
$
287,358

 
$
1,893,314

 
$
13,187

 
$
14,672,025

Duration (in years) (1)
 
5.24

 
1.86

 
2.53

 
0.00

 
4.76

Average credit rating (2)
 
A+

 
AA-

 
A+

 
AAA

 
A+

 
 
2018
 
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value
 
$
106,375

 
$
541

 
$
7,200

 
$
—

 
$
114,116

Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value
 
5,790,219

 
139,121

 
1,319,453

 
—

 
7,248,793

Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value
 
—

 
29,975

 
—

 
121,634

 
151,609

Funds held - directly managed
 
1,198,154

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,198,154

Equities, at fair value
 
335,632

 
3,193

 
28,300

 
—

 
367,125

Other investments, at fair value
 
1,825,307

 
7,166

 
113,024

 
12,260

 
1,957,757

Equity method investments
 
204,507

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
204,507

Total investments
 
9,460,194

 
179,996

 
1,467,977

 
133,894

 
11,242,061

Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash)
 
585,956

 
54,679

 
318,811

 
23,138

 
982,584

Funds held by reinsured companies
 
263,713

 
26,489

 
20,823

 
10,242

 
321,267

Total investable assets
 
$
10,309,863

 
$
261,164

 
$
1,807,611

 
$
167,274

 
$
12,545,912

Duration (in years) (1)
 
5.41

 
1.70

 
2.66

 
5.70

 
4.86

Average credit rating (2)
 
A+

 
AA-

 
A+

 
AA-

 
A+

(1) The duration calculation includes cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, fixed maturities and the fixed maturities within our funds held - directly managed portfolios at December 31, 2019 and 2018.
(2) The average credit ratings calculation includes cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, fixed maturities and the fixed maturities within our funds held - directly managed portfolios at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

76

As of both December 31, 2019 and 2018, our investment portfolio, including funds held - directly managed had an average credit quality rating of A+. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, our fixed maturity investments (classified as trading and available-for-sale and our fixed maturity investments included within funds held - directly managed) that were non-investment grade (i.e. rated lower than BBB- and non-rated securities) comprised 4.3% and 3.8% of our total fixed maturity investment portfolio, respectively. A detailed schedule of average credit ratings by asset class as of December 31, 2019 is included in Note 6 - "Investments" of our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Composition of Investment Portfolio by Asset Class
The following table summarizes the composition of our investment portfolio by asset class as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
 
AAA Rated
 
AA Rated
 
A Rated
 
BBB Rated
 
Non-investment Grade
 
Not Rated
 
Total
 
%
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages)
Fixed maturity and short-term investments, trading and available-for-sale and funds held - directly managed
 
 
 
 
U.S. government & agency
 
$
736,043

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
736,043

 
5.6
%
U.K. government
 
—

 
161,772

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
161,772

 
1.2
%
Other government
 
316,151

 
154,072

 
63,270

 
144,557

 
24,807

 
—

 
702,857

 
5.3
%
Corporate
 
149,108

 
619,707

 
2,911,867

 
1,703,328

 
311,167

 
1,890

 
5,697,067

 
43.1
%
Municipal
 
16,381

 
77,291

 
50,938

 
23,272

 
—

 
—

 
167,882

 
1.3
%
Residential mortgage-backed
 
381,502

 
47,489

 
2,295

 
1,882

 
34,055

 
4,613

 
471,836

 
3.6
%
Commercial mortgage-backed
 
632,461

 
89,347

 
95,508

 
66,573

 
6,224

 
9,916

 
900,029

 
6.8
%
Asset-backed
 
378,116

 
89,418

 
174,118

 
117,275

 
15,694

 
781

 
775,402

 
5.9
%
Total
 
2,609,762

 
1,239,096

 
3,297,996

 
2,056,887

 
391,947

 
17,200

 
9,612,888

 
72.8
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other assets included within funds held - directly managed
 
 
 
 
 
14,207

 
0.1
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Publicly traded equities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
327,875

 
2.5
%
Exchange-traded funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
133,047

 
1.0
%
Privately held equities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
268,799

 
2.0
%
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
729,721

 
5.5
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hedge funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,121,904

 
8.5
%
Equity funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
410,149

 
3.1
%
Fixed income funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
481,039

 
3.6
%
Private equity funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
329,885

 
2.5
%
CLO equities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
87,555

 
0.7
%
CLO equity funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
87,509

 
0.7
%
Private credit funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
—
%
Other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6,379

 
—
%
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,524,420

 
19.1
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity method investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
326,277

 
2.5
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total investments
 
$
2,609,762

 
$
1,239,096

 
$
3,297,996

 
$
2,056,887

 
$
391,947

 
$
17,200

 
$
13,207,513

 
100.0
%

77


 
 
2018
 
 
AAA Rated
 
AA Rated
 
A Rated
 
BBB Rated
 
Non-investment Grade
 
Not Rated
 
Total
 
%
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages)
Fixed maturity and short-term investments, trading and available-for-sale and funds held - directly managed
U.S. government & agency
 
$
502,819

 
$
7,426

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
510,245

 
4.5
%
U.K. government
 
2,144

 
298,487

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
300,631

 
2.7
%
Other government
 
322,606

 
213,639

 
69,601

 
154,800

 
32,592

 
572

 
793,810

 
7.1
%
Corporate
 
129,059

 
470,571

 
2,306,532

 
1,731,398

 
197,822

 
4,458

 
4,839,840

 
43.1
%
Municipal
 
7,934

 
69,270

 
41,666

 
11,395

 
—

 
—

 
130,265

 
1.2
%
Residential mortgage-backed
 
644,418

 
51,729

 
8,658

 
10,495

 
54,727

 
3,530

 
773,557

 
6.9
%
Commercial mortgage-backed
 
487,054

 
70,620

 
77,538

 
60,879

 
7,297

 
9,675

 
713,063

 
6.3
%
Asset-backed
 
358,574

 
68,174

 
125,644

 
66,136

 
17,573

 
380

 
636,481

 
5.7
%
Total
 
2,454,608

 
1,249,916

 
2,629,639

 
2,035,103

 
310,011

 
18,615

 
8,697,892

 
77.5
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other assets included within funds held - directly managed
 
 
 
 
 
14,780

 
0.1
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Publicly traded equities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
138,415

 
1.2
%
Privately held equities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
228,710

 
2.0
%
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
367,125

 
3.2
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hedge funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
852,584

 
7.6
%
Equity funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
333,681

 
3.0
%
Fixed income funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
403,858

 
3.6
%
Private equity funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
248,628

 
2.2
%
CLO equities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
39,052

 
0.3
%
CLO equity funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
37,260

 
0.3
%
Private credit funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
33,381

 
0.3
%
Other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9,313

 
0.1
%
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,957,757

 
17.4
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity method investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
204,507

 
1.8
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total investments
 
$
2,454,608

 
$
1,249,916

 
$
2,629,639

 
$
2,035,103

 
$
310,011

 
$
18,615

 
$
11,242,061

 
100.0
%
A description of our investment valuation processes is included in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies - Investments" and Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements" of our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

78

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and the fair value of our short-term investments and fixed maturity investments, classified as trading and available-for-sale, and the fixed maturity investments included within our funds held - directly managed as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Non-OTTI
 
Fair
Value
U.S. government and agency
 
$
730,396

 
$
6,869

 
$
(1,222
)
 
$
736,043

U.K. government
 
155,261

 
6,628

 
(117
)
 
161,772

Other government
 
684,117

 
24,994

 
(6,254
)
 
702,857

Corporate
 
5,479,839

 
236,521

 
(19,293
)
 
5,697,067

Municipal
 
157,868

 
10,161

 
(147
)
 
167,882

Residential mortgage-backed
 
466,932

 
6,442

 
(1,538
)
 
471,836

Commercial mortgage-backed
 
882,603

 
21,318

 
(3,892
)
 
900,029

Asset-backed
 
779,279

 
2,035

 
(5,912
)
 
775,402

 
 
$
9,336,295

 
$
314,968

 
$
(38,375
)
 
$
9,612,888

 
 
2018
 
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Non-OTTI
 
Fair
Value
U.S. government and agency
 
$
512,360

 
$
1,904

 
$
(4,019
)
 
$
510,245

U.K. government
 
301,749

 
6,526

 
(7,644
)
 
300,631

Other government
 
814,614

 
5,261

 
(26,065
)
 
793,810

Corporate
 
5,019,018

 
12,195

 
(191,373
)
 
4,839,840

Municipal
 
132,928

 
494

 
(3,157
)
 
130,265

Residential mortgage-backed
 
772,457

 
5,846

 
(4,746
)
 
773,557

Commercial mortgage-backed
 
729,232

 
2,613

 
(18,782
)
 
713,063

Asset-backed
 
642,618

 
1,032

 
(7,169
)
 
636,481

 
 
$
8,924,976

 
$
35,871

 
$
(262,955
)
 
$
8,697,892

We have generally accounted for our fixed maturity securities as "trading." However, from October 1, 2019, we elected to use available-for-sale accounting for all new acquisitions and, where permissible, as trading fixed maturity securities mature, we are reinvesting the proceeds into available-for-sale securities for our Non-Life and StarStone segments. The difference is that unrealized changes on investments classified as trading are recorded through earnings, whereas unrealized changes on investments classified as available-for-sale are recorded directly to shareholders' equity. We may experience unrealized losses on our fixed maturity investments, depending on investment conditions and general economic conditions. Unrealized amounts would only become realized in the event of a sale of the specific securities prior to maturity or a credit default. For further information on the sensitivity of our portfolio to changes in interest rates, refer to the Interest Rate Risk section within "Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk", included within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For further discussion of our investments, see "Investable Assets" below.

79

The following table summarizes the composition of our top ten corporate issuers included within our short-term investments and fixed maturity investments, classified as trading and available-for-sale and the fixed maturity investments included within our funds held - directly managed balance as of December 31, 2019:
 
Fair Value
 
Average Credit Rating
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
 
 
Citigroup Inc
$
115,392

 
BBB+
Bank of America Corp
111,165

 
A
JPMorgan Chase & Co
109,528

 
A
Morgan Stanley
106,453

 
A-
Apple Inc
101,538

 
AA+
Wells Fargo & Co
86,221

 
A
Comcast Corp
80,342

 
A-
HSBC Holdings PLC
68,469

 
A
Walmart Inc
59,773

 
AA
Goldman Sachs Group Inc
56,038

 
A-
 
$
894,919

 
 
Investment Results - Consolidated
Comparability between periods is impacted by our acquisitions and significant new business as described in "Item 1. Business - Recent Acquisitions and Significant New Business" and Note 3 - "Acquisitions" and Note 4 - "Significant New Business" of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following table summarizes our consolidated investment results for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Net investment income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents
 
$
258,277

 
$
6,292

 
$
42,518

 
$
984

 
$
308,071

Equity securities
 
14,660

 
72

 
1,939

 
—

 
16,671

Other
 
14,916

 
975

 
5,425

 
(9,524
)
 
11,792

Gross investment income
 
287,853

 
7,339

 
49,882

 
(8,540
)
 
336,534

Investment expenses
 
(12,617
)
 
(290
)
 
(2,481
)
 
130

 
(15,258
)
Net investment income (expense)
 
$
275,236

 
$
7,049

 
$
47,401

 
$
(8,410
)
 
$
321,276

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net realized and unrealized gains and losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities
 
480,579

 
4,396

 
45,604

 
4,151

 
534,730

Equity securities
 
55,336

 
817

 
(1,168
)
 
—

 
54,985

Other investments
 
432,435

 
982

 
6,521

 
1,698

 
441,636

Net realized and unrealized gains and losses
 
$
968,350

 
$
6,195

 
$
50,957

 
$
5,849

 
$
1,031,351

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annualized income from cash and fixed maturities
 
$
258,277

 
$
6,292

 
$
42,518

 
$
984

 
$
308,071

Average aggregate fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents, at cost (1)
 
9,031,708

 
256,109

 
1,638,695

 
72,045

 
10,998,557

Annualized Investment Book Yield
 
2.86
%
 
2.46
%
 
2.59
%
 
1.37
 %
 
2.80
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total financial statement return (2)
 
$
1,243,586

 
$
13,244

 
$
98,358

 
$
(2,561
)
 
$
1,352,627

Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value (1)
 
11,799,264

 
270,590

 
1,837,229

 
79,478

 
13,986,561

Financial Statement Portfolio Return
 
10.54
%
 
4.89
%
 
5.35
%
 
(3.22
)%
 
9.67
%

80

 
 
2018
 
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Net investment income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents
 
$
207,390

 
$
5,221

 
$
34,619

 
$
1,551

 
$
248,781

Equity securities
 
3,831

 
55

 
1,511

 
—

 
5,397

Other investments and other
 
21,638

 
684

 
2,522

 
1,370

 
26,214

Gross investment income
 
232,859

 
5,960

 
38,652

 
2,921

 
280,392

Investment expenses
 
(6,572
)
 
(274
)
 
(2,679
)
 
(196
)
 
(9,721
)
Net investment income
 
$
226,287

 
$
5,686

 
$
35,973

 
$
2,725

 
$
270,671

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net realized and unrealized gains and losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities
 
$
(222,442
)
 
$
(2,514
)
 
$
(18,143
)
 
$
6

 
$
(243,093
)
Equity securities
 
(8,383
)
 
(154
)
 
2,722

 
—

 
(5,815
)
Other investments
 
(150,887
)
 
(583
)
 
(2,251
)
 
(10,255
)
 
(163,976
)
Net realized and unrealized losses
 
$
(381,712
)
 
$
(3,251
)
 
$
(17,672
)
 
$
(10,249
)
 
$
(412,884
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annualized income from cash and fixed maturities
 
$
207,390

 
$
5,221

 
$
34,619

 
$
1,551

 
$
248,781

Average aggregate fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents, at cost (1)
 
7,537,621

 
265,238

 
1,535,360

 
160,359

 
9,498,578

Annualized Investment Book Yield
 
2.75
 %
 
1.97
%
 
2.25
%
 
0.97
 %
 
2.62
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total financial statement return (2)
 
$
(155,425
)
 
$
2,435

 
$
18,301

 
$
(7,524
)
 
$
(142,213
)
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value (1)
 
9,041,377

 
272,386

 
1,670,240

 
222,822

 
11,206,825

Financial Statement Portfolio Return
 
(1.72
)%
 
0.89
%
 
1.10
%
 
(3.38
)%
 
(1.27
)%
(1) These amounts are an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
(2) This is the sum of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) from our U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
2019 versus 2018: Net investment income increased by $50.6 million during 2019, primarily due to a $59.3 million increase in net investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents, principally driven by an increase of $1.5 billion in our average balance of fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents. The increase in average balance of fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents was primarily due to the Morse TEC, Zurich, Maiden Re Bermuda, Amerisure and the AmTrust RITC transactions in 2019. The book yield increased by 18 basis points primarily due to the contractual yield received on the 2019 transactions.
Net realized and unrealized gains were $1,031.4 million in 2019, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $412.9 million in 2018, a change of $1,444.2 million. Included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) are the following items:
•
net realized and unrealized gains on fixed income securities, including fixed income securities within our funds held portfolios, of $534.7 million in 2019, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $243.1 million in 2018, an increase of $777.8 million, primarily driven by higher valuations due to declining interest rates and tighter credit spreads in the current period, compared to lower valuations in the comparative period due to higher interest rates and wider credit spreads;
•
net realized and unrealized gains on equity securities of $55.0 million in 2019, compared to net unrealized losses of $5.8 million in 2018, an increase of $60.8 million, primarily driven by a more favorable movement in global equity markets in 2019 compared to the comparative period; and
•
net realized and unrealized gains on other investments of $441.6 million in 2019, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $164.0 million in 2018, representing a change of $605.6 million. The unrealized gains in 2019 primarily comprised unrealized gains in our hedge funds, equity funds, fixed income funds and private equity funds, principally driven by declining interest rates, tighter credit spreads, and a more favorable movement in global equity markets in 2019. The unrealized losses in 2018 primarily comprised unrealized losses in our equity funds, call options on equity, hedge funds, fixed income funds and CLO equities, partially offset by unrealized gains on our private debt and private equities.

81

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
We aim to generate cash flows from our insurance operations and investments, preserve sufficient capital for future acquisitions, and develop relationships with lenders who provide borrowing capacity at competitive rates.
Our capital resources as at December 31, 2019 included ordinary shareholders' equity of $4.3 billion, preferred equity of $510.0 million, redeemable noncontrolling interest of $438.8 million classified as temporary equity, and debt obligations of $1,191.2 million. The redeemable noncontrolling interest may be settled in the future in cash or our ordinary shares, at our option. Based on our current loss reserves position, our portfolios of in-force insurance and reinsurance business, and our investment positions, we believe we are well capitalized.
The following table details our capital position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Ordinary shareholders' equity
 
$
4,332,183

 
$
3,391,933

 
$
940,250

Series D and E Preferred Shares
 
510,000

 
510,000

 
—

Total Enstar Group Limited Shareholders' Equity (A)
 
4,842,183

 
3,901,933

 
940,250

Noncontrolling interest
 
14,168

 
12,056

 
2,112

Total Shareholders' Equity (B)
 
4,856,351

 
3,913,989

 
942,362

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior Notes
 
842,216

 
348,054

 
494,162

Revolving credit facility
 
—

 
15,000

 
(15,000
)
Term loan facility
 
348,991

 
498,485

 
(149,494
)
Total debt (C)
 
1,191,207

 
861,539

 
329,668

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Redeemable noncontrolling interest (D)
 
438,791

 
458,543

 
(19,752
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total capitalization = (B) + (C) + (D)
 
$
6,486,349

 
$
5,234,071

 
$
1,252,278

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total capitalization attributable to Enstar = (A) + (C)
 
$
6,033,390

 
$
4,763,472

 
$
1,269,918

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt to total capitalization
 
18.4
%
 
16.5
%
 
1.9
 %
Debt and Series D and E Preferred Shares to total capitalization
 
26.2
%
 
26.2
%
 
—
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt to total capitalization attributable to Enstar
 
19.7
%
 
18.1
%
 
1.6
 %
Debt and Series D and E Preferred Shares to total capitalization attributable to Enstar
 
28.2
%
 
28.8
%
 
(0.6
)%
As of December 31, 2019, we had $703.1 million of cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash that supports insurance operations, and included in this amount was $485.1 million held by our foreign subsidiaries outside of Bermuda. Based on our group's current corporate structure with a Bermuda domiciled parent company and the jurisdictions in which we operate, if the cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries were to be distributed to us, as dividends or otherwise, such amount would not be subject to incremental income taxes, however in certain circumstances withholding taxes may be imposed by some jurisdictions, including by the United States. Based on existing tax laws, regulations and our current intentions, there were no accruals as of December 31, 2019 for any material withholding taxes on dividends or other distributions, as described in Note 20 - "Income Taxation" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

82

Dividends
Enstar has not historically declared a dividend on our ordinary shares. Our strategy is to retain earnings and invest distributions from our subsidiaries back into the company. We do not currently expect to pay any dividends on our ordinary shares.
On June 28, 2018, we issued 16,000 Series D Preferred Shares with an aggregate liquidation value of $400.0 million. On November 21, 2018, we issued 4,400 Series E Preferred Shares with an aggregate liquidation value of $110.0 million. The dividends on the Series D and E Preferred Shares are non-cumulative and may be paid quarterly in arrears on the first day of March, June, September and December of each year, only when, as and if declared.
The following table details the dividends that have been declared and paid on our Series D and E Preferred Shares from January 1, 2019 to February 27, 2020:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividend per:
 
 
Preferred Share Series
 
Date Declared
 
Record Date
 
Date Paid or Payable
 
Preferred Share
 
Depositary Share
 
Total dividends paid and declared in the year ended December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(in U.S. dollars)
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Series D
 
February 21,
2019
 
February 15,
2019
 
March 1,
2019
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
$
7,000

Series E
 
February 21,
2019
 
February 15,
2019
 
March 1,
2019
 
$
486.11

 
$
0.48611

 
2,139

Series D
 
May 3,
2019
 
May 15,
2019
 
June 1,
2019
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
7,000

Series E
 
May 3,
2019
 
May 15,
2019
 
June 1,
2019
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
1,925

Series D
 
August 5,
2019
 
August 15,
2019
 
September 3,
2019
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
7,000

Series E
 
August 5,
2019
 
August 15,
2019
 
September 3,
2019
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
1,925

Series D
 
November 5,
2019
 
November 15,
2019
 
December 2,
2019
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
7,000

Series E
 
November 5,
2019
 
November 15,
2019
 
December 2,
2019
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
1,925

Series D
 
February 4,
2020
 
February 15,
2020
 
March 2,
2020
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
—

Series E
 
February 4,
2020
 
February 15,
2020
 
March 2,
2020
 
$
437.50

 
$
0.43750

 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
35,914


Any payment of common or preferred dividends must be approved by our Board of Directors. Our ability to pay common and preferred dividends is subject to certain restrictions, as described in Note 22 - "Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

83

Sources and Uses of Cash
Holding Company Liquidity
The potential sources of cash flows to Enstar as a holding company consist of cash flows from our subsidiaries including dividends, advances and loans, and interest income on loans to our subsidiaries. We also borrow from our credit and loan facilities, and we have also issued senior notes and preferred shares.
We use cash to fund new acquisitions of companies and significant new business. We also utilize cash for our operating expenses associated with being a public company and to pay interest and principal on loans from subsidiaries and debt obligations, including loans under our credit facilities, our 4.50% senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Senior Notes”) and our 4.95% senior notes due 2029 (the "2029 Senior Notes” and, together with the 2022 Senior Notes, the "Senior Notes").
Our holding company cash flows are summarized in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant - Statements of Cash Flows - Parent Company Only for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017" and the notes thereto.
We may, from time to time, raise capital from the issuance of equity, debt or other securities as we continuously evaluate our strategic opportunities. We filed an automatic shelf registration statement on October 10, 2017 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") to allow us to conduct future offerings of certain securities, if desired, including debt, equity and other securities.
On March 26, 2019, we entered into a second supplemental indenture relating to our 2022 Senior Notes, which limits our right to redeem the 2022 Senior Notes at our option, except in the circumstances set forth in the second supplemental indenture. This change enabled the 2022 Senior Notes to qualify as Tier 3 capital under the eligible capital rules of the Bermuda Monetary Authority. Because this amendment did not materially and adversely affect the holders of or the coupons on the 2022 Senior Notes, entry into the second supplemental indenture did not require the consent of the holders of the 2022 Senior Notes. The 2029 Senior Notes qualify as Tier 3 capital under the eligible capital rules of the Bermuda Monetary Authority.
As we are a holding company and have no substantial operations of our own, our assets consist primarily of investments in subsidiaries and our loans and advances to subsidiaries. Dividends from our insurance subsidiaries are restricted by insurance regulation, as described below.
Operating Company Liquidity
The ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to pay dividends and make other distributions is limited by the applicable laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries operate, including Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Continental Europe, which subject these subsidiaries to significant regulatory restrictions. These laws and regulations require, among other things, certain of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum capital resources requirements and limit the amount of dividends and other payments that these subsidiaries can pay to us, which in turn may limit our ability to pay dividends and make other payments. For more information on these laws and regulations, see "Item 1. Business - Regulation." As of December 31, 2019, all of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ capital resources levels were in excess of the minimum levels required. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions, as described in Note 22 - "Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and make other forms of distributions may also be limited by our repayment obligations under certain of our outstanding loan facility agreements. Variability in ultimate loss payments may also result in increased liquidity requirements for our subsidiaries. During 2019 and 2018, our regulated subsidiaries paid aggregate capital distributions and dividends of $530.6 million and $243.0 million, respectively.
In the Non-life Run-off segment, sources of funds primarily consist of cash and investment portfolios acquired on the completion of acquisitions and loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreements. Cash balances acquired upon our purchase of insurance or reinsurance companies are classified as cash provided by investing activities. Cash acquired from loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreements is classified as cash provided by operating activities. We expect to use funds acquired from cash and investment portfolios, collected premiums, collections from reinsurance debtors, fees and commission income, investment income and proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments to meet expected claims payments and operational expenses with the remainder used for acquisitions and additional investments. In the Non-life Run-off segment, we generally expect negative operating cash flows to be met by positive investing cash flows. In 2019, cash provided by operating activities was positive as the proceeds from sales and

84

maturities of trading securities exceeded cash used in the purchase of trading securities, with the net proceeds being used in the purchase of available-for-sale securities included within investing cash flows.
In the Atrium and StarStone segments we expect a net provision of cash from operations as investment income earned and collected premiums should generally be in excess of total net claim payments, losses incurred on earned premiums and operating expenses.
Overall, we expect our cash flows, together with our existing capital base and cash and investments acquired on the acquisition of insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, to be sufficient to meet cash requirements and to operate our business.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows, including those related to restricted cash, from operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
Cash provided by (used in):
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Operating activities
 
$
1,763,516

 
$
(160,072
)
 
$
1,923,588

Investing activities
 
(1,983,537
)
 
(825,754
)
 
(1,157,783
)
Financing activities
 
293,538

 
752,986

 
(459,448
)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash
 
(324
)
 
2,588

 
(2,912
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 
73,193

 
(230,252
)
 
303,445

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
 
982,584

 
1,212,836

 
(230,252
)
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
 
$
1,055,777

 
$
982,584

 
$
73,193

Details of our consolidated cash flows are included in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017."
2019 versus 2018: Cash and cash equivalents increased by $73.2 million in 2019 compared with a decrease of $230.3 million during 2018.
Cash provided by operating activities was $1,763.5 million in 2019 compared cash used of $160.1 million in 2018. The positive operating cash flow in 2019 was predominantly driven by: (i) net proceeds from sales and maturities of trading securities of $1,237.8 million in 2019 as we used the proceeds from maturing trading securities to purchase available-for-sale securities compared to net cash used in the purchase of trading securities of $790.1 million in 2018; and (ii) cash and restricted cash acquired in Non-life Run-off reinsurance transactions for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 of $1,201.3 million and $652.0 million, respectively; partially offset by net paid losses in our Non-Life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 of $1,247.6 million and $838.8 million, respectively.
Cash used in investing activities for 2019 primarily related to: (i) net purchases of available-for-sale securities of $1,867.9 million; and (ii) net purchases of other investments of $214.3 million; partially offset by net cash acquired as a result of acquisitions of $172.5 million. In 2018, cash used in investing activities of $825.8 million was primarily due to net purchases of other investments of $464.7 million and cash used in acquisitions of $245.2 million.
Cash provided by financing activities for 2019 of $293.5 million primarily related to the net inflows of $327.9 million from loan obligations, notably the $500.0 million of Senior Notes issued, which were principally used to fund new business and acquisitions, partially offset by dividends paid on preferred shares of $35.9 million. Cash provided by financing activities for 2018 of $753.0 million primarily related to net proceeds of $495.4 million from the issuance of the Series D and E Preferred Shares, net inflows of $218.2 million from our credit facilities, which were principally used to fund new business and acquisitions, $55.4 million of inflows in respect of contributions by noncontrolling interests, partially offset by dividends paid on preferred shares of $12.1 million and $3.9 million in dividends paid to noncontrolling interests.

85

Investable Assets
We define investable assets as the sum of total investments, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and funds held. Investable assets were $14.7 billion as of December 31, 2019 as compared to $12.5 billion as of December 31, 2018, an increase of 16.9%. The increase was primarily due to the investments and funds held balance acquired in relation to the Morse TEC, Zurich, Maiden Re Bermuda, Amerisure and the AmTrust RITC transactions.
For information regarding our investment strategy, portfolio and results, refer to "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investments".
Included within our investable assets we had funds held - directly managed as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, of $1,187.6 million and $1,198.2 million, respectively. Our funds held - directly managed is carried on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. For further information regarding our funds held - directly managed, refer to Note 6 - "Investments" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In addition, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had funds held by ceding companies of $408.7 million and $321.3 million, respectively, which are carried at cost with a fixed crediting rate.
For information regarding credit risk, refer to "Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Credit Risk - Funds Held" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses of $2,379.9 million and $2,029.7 million, respectively. The increase is primarily related to the AmTrust RITC transactions.
Our insurance and reinsurance run-off subsidiaries and portfolios, prior to acquisition, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance assumed. On an annual basis, both Atrium and StarStone purchase a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage their risk profiles. The majority of Atrium’s and StarStone's third-party reinsurance cover is with highly rated reinsurers or is collateralized by letters of credit.
We remain liable to the extent that retrocessionaires do not meet their obligations under these agreements, and therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible.
For further information regarding our reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, refer to Note 8 - "Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Debt Obligations
We utilize debt financing and loan facilities primarily for acquisitions and significant new business, and, from time to time, for general corporate purposes. For information regarding our debt arrangements, including our loan covenants, refer to Note 15 - "Debt Obligations and Credit Facilities" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our debt obligations as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $1,191.2 million and $861.5 million, respectively, as detailed in the below table:
Facility
 
Origination Date
 
Term
 
2019
 
2018
4.50% Senior Notes due 2022
 
March 10, 2017
 
5 years
 
$
348,616

 
$
348,054

4.95% Senior Notes due 2029
 
May 28, 2019
 
10 years
 
493,600

 
—

Total Senior Notes
 
 
 
 
 
842,216

 
348,054

EGL Revolving Credit Facility
 
August 16, 2018
 
5 years
 
—

 
15,000

2018 EGL Term Loan Facility
 
December 27, 2018
 
3 years
 
348,991

 
498,485

Total debt obligations
 
 
 
$
1,191,207

 
$
861,539




86

On March 10, 2017, we issued the 2022 Senior Notes for an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million. The 2022 Senior Notes pay 4.5% interest semi-annually and mature on March 10, 2022. The 2022 Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations that rank equal to any of our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations, senior to any future obligations that are expressly subordinated to the 2022 Senior Notes, effectively subordinated to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all liabilities of our subsidiaries.
On May 28, 2019, we issued the 2029 Senior Notes for an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million. The 2029 Senior Notes pay 4.95% interest semi-annually and mature on June 1, 2029. The 2029 Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations that rank equal to any of our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations, senior to any future obligations that are expressly subordinated to the 2029 Senior Notes, effectively subordinate to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and contractually subordinate to all liabilities of our subsidiaries.
On August 16, 2018, we and certain of our subsidiaries, as borrowers and guarantors, entered into a new five-year unsecured $600.0 million revolving credit agreement. The credit agreement expires in August 2023 and we have the option to increase the commitments under the facility by up to an aggregate of $400.0 million, subject to the terms of the agreement. Borrowings under the facility will bear interest at a rate based on the Company's long term senior unsecured debt ratings. In connection with our entry into the credit agreement described above, we terminated and fully repaid our previous revolving credit agreement. As of December 31, 2019, we were permitted to borrow up to an aggregate of $600.0 million under the facility. As of December 31, 2019, there was $600.0 million of available unutilized capacity under this facility. We are in compliance with the covenants of the facility. Subsequent to December 31, 2019, we utilized $5.0 million and repaid $nil, bringing the unutilized capacity under this facility to $595.0 million.
On December 27, 2018, we entered into and fully utilized a three-year $500.0 million unsecured term loan (the "2018 EGL Term Loan Facility"). Interest is payable at least every three months at the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or the alternate base rate ("ABR") plus a margin set forth in the agreement. In the event of default, the interest rate may increase and the agent may, and at the request of the required lenders shall, cancel lender commitments and demand early repayment. The proceeds were partially used to fund the acquisition of Maiden Reinsurance North America, Inc. We repaid $50.0 million outstanding under the 2018 EGL Term Loan Facility using some of the proceeds from the issuance of our 2029 Senior Notes in May 2019 and repaid an additional $100.0 million in September 2019 using available funds on hand. There is $349.0 million outstanding on this loan, which includes unamortized issuance costs of $1.0 million as of December 31, 2019.
Financial and business covenants imposed on us, in relation to our revolving credit facility and our term loan credit facility include certain limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to dispositions of stock and assets, and limitations on liens. Generally, the financial covenants require us to maintain a gearing ratio of consolidated indebtedness to total capitalization of not greater than 0.35 to 1.0 and to maintain a consolidated net worth of not less than the aggregate of (i) $2.3 billion, (ii) 50% of net income available for distribution to the Company's ordinary shareholders at any time after August 16, 2018, and (iii) 50% of the proceeds of any common stock issuance made after August 16, 2018. In addition, we must maintain eligible capital in excess of the enhanced capital requirement imposed on us by the Bermuda Monetary Authority pursuant to the Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011 of Bermuda. We are in compliance with these covenants.
Unsecured Letters of Credit
We utilize unsecured letters of credit to support our insurance and reinsurance performance obligations.
Funds at Lloyd's
We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement for Funds at Lloyd's ("FAL Facility") to issue up to $375.0 million of letters of credit, with provision to increase the facility by an additional $25.0 million up to an aggregate amount of $400.0 million, subject to lenders approval. On November 6, 2019, we amended and restated the FAL Facility to extend its term by one year. The FAL Facility is available to satisfy our Funds at Lloyd's requirements and expires in 2022. As of December 31, 2019, our combined Funds at Lloyd's were comprised of cash and investments of $639.3 million and unsecured letters of credit of $252.0 million.

87

$120.0 million Letter of Credit Facility
We use this facility to support certain reinsurance collateral obligations of our subsidiaries. On December 6, 2019, we reduced the facility size from $170.0 million to $120.0 million. Pursuant to the facility agreement, we have the option to increase commitments under the facility by an additional $60.0 million. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had issued an aggregate amount of letters of credit under this facility of $115.3 million and $78.4 million, respectively.
$760.0 million Letter of Credit Facility
During 2019, we entered into an unsecured $760.0 million letter of credit facility agreement, most recently amended on December 9, 2019. We may increase the commitments by an aggregate amount of $40.0 million. The facility is used to post letters of credit to collateralize reinsurance performance obligations to various parties, including $445.0 million relating to the reinsurance transaction with Maiden Re Bermuda, as described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business". As of December 31, 2019, we had issued an aggregate amount of letters of credit under this facility of $608.0 million.


88

Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2019, our future payments under contractual obligations and estimated payments for losses and LAE and policy benefits by expected payment date. The table excludes short-term liabilities and includes only obligations that are expected to be settled in cash.  
  
Total
 
Less than
1 Year
 
1 - 3
years
 
3 - 5
years
 
6 - 10
years
 
More than
10 Years
 
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Operating Activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Estimated gross reserves for losses and LAE (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asbestos
$
1,916.4

 
$
166.5

 
$
287.4

 
$
237.0

 
$
377.6

 
$
847.9

Environmental
343.3

 
38.5

 
66.2

 
53.0

 
75.5

 
110.1

General Casualty
991.0

 
215.7

 
263.1

 
199.6

 
195.3

 
117.3

Workers' compensation/personal accident
2,248.3

 
189.7

 
305.5

 
356.6

 
502.7

 
893.8

Marine, aviation and transit
411.6

 
125.7

 
130.0

 
60.1

 
51.6

 
44.2

Construction defect
128.1

 
35.3

 
46.5

 
22.8

 
13.9

 
9.6

Professional indemnity/ Directors & Officers
959.3

 
236.2

 
300.5

 
156.2

 
145.0

 
121.4

Motor
714.5

 
197.5

 
190.8

 
88.3

 
88.5

 
149.4

Property
204.2

 
83.9

 
68.7

 
25.3

 
16.0

 
10.3

Other
435.8

 
114.1

 
93.1

 
57.4

 
71.0

 
100.2

Total Non-Life Run-off
8,352.5

 
1,403.1

 
1,751.8

 
1,256.3

 
1,537.1

 
2,404.2

Atrium
225.7

 
88.7

 
82.0

 
33.1

 
18.3

 
3.6

StarStone
1,851.1

 
644.4

 
664.2

 
273.9

 
191.7

 
76.9

Other
23.1

 
3.4

 
9.3

 
4.2

 
4.2

 
2.0

ULAE
362.3

 
64.1

 
81.3

 
51.9

 
62.4

 
102.6

Estimated gross reserves for losses and LAE (1)
10,814.7

 
2,203.7

 
2,588.6

 
1,619.4

 
1,813.7

 
2,589.3

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating lease obligations
105.6

 
29.3

 
47.9

 
13.6

 
12.7

 
2.1

Investing Activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment commitments to private equity funds, CLO equity funds and real estate debt fund
482.3

 
185.8

 
155.0

 
141.5

 
—

 
—

Investment commitments to equity method investments
93.1

 
93.1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Financing Activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan repayments (including estimated interest payments)
1,505.8

 
54.8

 
789.2

 
50.5

 
611.3

 
—

Total
$
13,001.5

 
$
2,566.7

 
$
3,580.7

 
$
1,825.0

 
$
2,437.7

 
$
2,591.4

(1) 
The reserves for losses and LAE represent management’s estimate of the ultimate cost of settling losses. The estimation of losses is based on various complex and subjective judgments. Actual losses paid may differ, perhaps significantly, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements. Similarly, the timing of payment of our estimated losses is not fixed and there may be significant changes in actual payment activity. The assumptions used in estimating the likely payments due by period are based on our historical claims payment experience and industry payment patterns, but due to the inherent uncertainty in the process of estimating the timing of such payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any such period can be significantly different from the amounts disclosed above. The amounts in the above table represent our estimates of known liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and do not take into account corresponding reinsurance recoverable amounts that would be due to us. Furthermore, certain of the reserves included in the audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2019 were acquired by us and initially recorded at fair value with subsequent amortization, whereas the expected payments by period in the table above are the estimated payments at a future time and do not reflect the fair value adjustment in the amount payable.

89

In addition to the contractual obligations in the table above, we also have the right to purchase the redeemable noncontrolling interests ("RNCI") from the RNCI holders at certain times in the future (each such right, a "call right") and the RNCI holders have the right to sell their RNCI interests to us at certain times in the future (each such right, a "put right"). The RNCI rights are described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
For information relating to our commitments and contingencies, see Note 23 - "Commitments and Contingencies" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For information relating to our defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities, see Note 11 - "Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 2019, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by Item 303(a) (4) of Regulation S-K.

90

Critical Accounting Policies
We believe the following accounting policies impact the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Non-Life Run-off
The following tables provide a breakdown of gross and net losses and LAE reserves, consisting of Outstanding Loss Reserve ("OLR") and IBNR by line of business and adjustments for fair value resulting from business combinations, adjustments for where we elected the fair value option, deferred charge assets and ULAE, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Asbestos
$
542,681

 
$
1,373,678

 
$
1,916,359

 
$
490,117

 
$
1,271,982

 
$
1,762,099

Environmental
187,165

 
156,121

 
343,286

 
173,878

 
142,351

 
316,229

General casualty
501,863

 
489,129

 
990,992

 
399,396

 
421,426

 
820,822

Workers' compensation/personal accident
1,270,530

 
977,808

 
2,248,338

 
963,578

 
751,074

 
1,714,652

Marine, aviation and transit
290,067

 
121,577

 
411,644

 
244,611

 
100,135

 
344,746

Construction defect
29,772

 
98,312

 
128,084

 
29,245

 
94,888

 
124,133

Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers
693,760

 
265,490

 
959,250

 
485,478

 
170,926

 
656,404

Motor
480,668

 
233,806

 
714,474

 
317,829

 
165,543

 
483,372

Property
140,620

 
63,604

 
204,224

 
122,010

 
56,450

 
178,460

Other
269,956

 
165,882

 
435,838

 
208,647

 
97,573

 
306,220

 
$
4,407,082

 
$
3,945,407

 
$
8,352,489

 
$
3,434,789

 
$
3,272,348

 
$
6,707,137

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
(170,689
)
 
 
 
 
 
(157,036
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
 
 
 
 
(217,933
)
 
 
 
 
 
(129,848
)
Deferred charge assets on retroactive reinsurance
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
(272,462
)
ULAE
 
 
 
 
331,494

 
 
 
 
 
331,494

Total
 
 
 
 
$
8,295,361

 
 
 
 
 
$
6,479,285

 
2018
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Asbestos
$
341,544

 
$
1,275,476

 
$
1,617,020

 
$
321,356

 
$
1,171,754

 
$
1,493,110

Environmental
96,665

 
126,035

 
222,700

 
93,095

 
117,384

 
210,479

General casualty
500,033

 
379,484

 
879,517

 
416,097

 
298,612

 
714,709

Workers' compensation/personal accident
1,454,178

 
832,615

 
2,286,793

 
1,115,116

 
537,782

 
1,652,898

Marine, aviation and transit
301,783

 
72,888

 
374,671

 
227,994

 
78,023

 
306,017

Construction defect
20,712

 
99,288

 
120,000

 
19,310

 
94,736

 
114,046

Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers
603,665

 
216,839

 
820,504

 
426,020

 
166,898

 
592,918

Motor
564,307

 
321,992

 
886,299

 
414,847

 
304,874

 
719,721

Property
168,267

 
37,631

 
205,898

 
160,873

 
36,817

 
197,690

Other
220,615

 
165,519

 
386,134

 
175,289

 
111,453

 
286,742

 
$
4,271,769

 
$
3,527,767

 
$
7,799,536

 
$
3,369,997

 
$
2,918,333

 
$
6,288,330

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
(217,527
)
 
 
 
 
 
(203,183
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
 
 
 
 
(374,752
)
 
 
 
 
 
(244,013
)
Deferred charge assets on retroactive reinsurance
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
(86,585
)
ULAE
 
 
 
 
333,405

 
 
 
 
 
333,405

Total
 
 
 
 
$
7,540,662

 
 
 
 
 
$
6,087,954


91

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the IBNR reserves (net of reinsurance balances receivable) accounted for $3,272.3 million, or 48.8%, and $2,918.3 million, or 46.4%, respectively, of our total Non-life Run-off net losses and LAE, excluding the fair value adjustments, deferred charge assets and ULAE.
Our primary objective in running off the operations of acquired companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off is to increase book value by settling loss reserves below their acquired fair value. The earnings created in each acquired company or portfolio of insurance and reinsurance business, together with the related decrease in loss reserves, lead to a reduction in the capital required for each company, thereby providing the ability to distribute both earnings and excess capital to the parent company.
•
To the extent that the nature of the acquired loss reserves are conducive to commutation, our aim is to settle the majority of the acquired loss reserves within a time frame of approximately five to seven years from the date of acquisition.
•
To the extent that acquired reserves are not conducive to commutation, we will instead adopt a disciplined claims management approach to pay only valid claims on a timely basis and endeavor to reduce the level of acquired LAE provisions by streamlining claims handling procedures.
By adopting either of the above run-off strategies, we would expect that over the targeted life of the run-off, acquired ultimate loss reserves would settle below their acquired value, resulting in reductions in ultimate losses and LAE liabilities. There can be no assurance, however, that we will successfully implement our strategy.
Commutations of blocks of policies, along with disciplined claims management, have the potential to produce favorable claims development compared to established reserves. For each newly-acquired company, we determine a commutation strategy that broadly identifies commutation targets using the following criteria:
•
previous commutations completed by existing portfolio companies with policyholders of the newly-acquired company;
•
nature of liabilities;
•
size of incurred loss reserves;
•
recent loss development history; and
•
targets for claims audits.
Once commutation targets are identified, they are prioritized into target years of completion. At the beginning of each year, the approach to commutation negotiations is determined by the commutation team, including claims and exposure analysis and broker account reconciliations. On completion of this analysis, settlement parameters are set around incurred liabilities. Commutation discussions can take many months or even years to come to fruition. Commutation targets not completed in a particular year are re-prioritized for the following year.
Every commutation, irrespective of value, requires the approval of our senior management. The impact of the commutation activity on the IBNR reserve is reflected as part of our annual actuarial reviews of reserves. However, if a significant commutation is completed during the year, loss reserves will be adjusted in the corresponding quarter to reflect management’s then best estimate of the impact on remaining IBNR reserves.
Commutations provide an opportunity for us to exit exposures to entire policies with insureds and reinsureds for an agreed upon payment, or payments, often at a discount to the previously estimated ultimate liability. As a result of exiting all exposures to such policies, all advised case reserves and IBNR reserves relating to the insured or reinsured are eliminated. A commutation is recognized upon the execution of a commutation release agreement. Following completion of a commutation, all the related balances, including insurance and reinsurance balances payable and/or receivable, funds held by ceding companies, and losses and LAE (including fair value adjustments and estimated IBNR), are written off with corresponding gain or loss recorded in the net reduction of ultimate losses. A commutation may result in a net gain irrespective of whether the settlement exceeds the advised case reserves. Advised case reserves are those reserve estimates for a specific loss or losses reported by either the broker or insured or reinsured.
IBNR reserves are established at a class of business level. A commutation settlement is a negotiated settlement of both the advised case reserves and an estimate of the IBNR reserves that relate to the policies being commuted.

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For latent exposures with a long reporting tail, the estimated level of IBNR reserves may be significantly higher than the advised case reserves. In such an instance, the commutation settlement of a block of such policies may be greater than the advised case reserves but less than the aggregate of the advised case reserves plus the estimated related IBNR reserves, resulting in a total saving on the remaining liability.
On a quarterly basis, we adjust our estimates of ultimate loss and LAE liabilities in the quarter that any significant commutation is concluded. The agreed commutation settlement is recorded in net losses paid.
To the extent that commuted policies are protected by reinsurance, then we will, on completion of a commutation with an insured or reinsured, negotiate with the reinsurers to contribute their share of the commutation settlement. Any amounts received from such reinsurers will be recorded in net losses paid and the impact of any savings or loss on reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses will be included in the actuarial reassessment of net ultimate liabilities.
Annual Losses and Loss Adjustment Reviews
Because a significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance or reinsurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event, the liability for unpaid losses and LAE is based largely upon estimates. On a quarterly basis, our management must use considerable judgment in the process of developing these estimates. Management reviews the actual loss development in the quarter and receives input from the actuarial, claims and legal staff on the drivers of any favorable or unfavorable loss emergence. The liability for unpaid losses and LAE for property and casualty business includes amounts determined from loss reports on individual cases and amounts for IBNR reserves.
Loss advices or reports from ceding companies are generally provided via the placing broker and comprise treaty statements, individual claims files, electronic messages and large loss advices or cash calls.
•
Large loss advices and cash calls are provided to us as soon as practicable after an individual loss or claim is made or settled by the insured.
•
The remaining broker advices are issued monthly, quarterly or annually depending on the provisions of the individual policies or the ceding company’s practice.
•
For certain direct insurance policies where the claims are managed by Third Party Administrators (TPAs) and Managing General Agents (MGAs), loss bordereaux are received either monthly or quarterly depending on the arrangement with the TPA and MGA. Loss advices for direct insurance policies may be received from the broker, agent or directly from the insured.
Where we provide reinsurance or retrocession reinsurance protection, the process of claims advice from the direct insurer to the reinsurers and/or retrocessionaires naturally involves more levels of communication, which inevitably creates delays or lags in the receipt of loss advice by the reinsurers/retrocessionaires relative to the date of first advice to the direct insurer. Certain types of exposure, typically latent health exposures such as asbestos-related claims, have inherently long reporting delays, in some cases many years, from the date a loss occurred to the manifestation and reporting of a claim and ultimately until the final settlement of the claim.
An industry-wide weakness in cedant reporting affects the adequacy and accuracy of reserving for advised claims. We attempt to mitigate this inherent weakness as follows:
•
We closely monitor cedant loss reporting and, for those cedants identified as providing inadequate, untimely or unusual reporting of losses, we conduct, in accordance with the provisions of the insurance and reinsurance contracts, detailed claims audits at the insured’s or reinsured’s premises. Such claims audits have the benefit of validating advised claims, determining whether the cedant’s loss reserving practices and reporting are adequate and identifying potential loss reserving issues of which our actuaries need to be made aware. Any required adjustments to advised claims reserves reported by cedants identified during the claims audits will be recorded as an adjustment to the advised case reserve.
•
Onsite claims audits are often supplemented by further reviews by our internal and external legal advisors to determine the reasonableness of advised case reserves and, if considered necessary, an adjustment to the reported case reserve will be recorded.
•
Our actuaries project expected paid and incurred loss development for each class of business, which is monitored on a quarterly basis. Should actual paid and incurred development differ significantly from the expected paid and incurred development, we will investigate the cause and, in conjunction with our actuaries, consider whether any adjustment to total loss reserves is required.

93

•
Our actuaries consider the quality of ceding company data as part of their ongoing evaluation of the liability for ultimate losses and LAE, and the methodologies they select for estimating ultimate losses inherently compensate for potential weaknesses in this data, including weaknesses in loss reports provided by cedants.
We strive to apply the highest standards of discipline and professionalism to our claims adjusting, processing and settlement, and disputes with cedants are rare. However, we are from time to time involved in various disputes and legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our claims adjusting process. We are often involved in disputes commenced by other co-insurers who act in unison with any litigation or dispute resolution controlled by the lead underwriter. Coverage disputes arise when the insured/reinsured and insurer/reinsurer cannot reach agreement as to the interpretation of the policy and/or application of the policy to a claim. Most insurance and reinsurance policies contain dispute resolution clauses requiring arbitration or mediation. In the absence of a contractual dispute resolution process, civil litigation would be commenced. We aim to reach a commercially acceptable resolution to any dispute, using arbitration or litigation as a last resort. We regularly monitor and provide internal reports on disputes involving arbitration and litigation and engage external legal counsel to provide professional advice and assist with case management.
In establishing reserves, management includes amounts for IBNR reserves using information from the actuarial estimates of ultimate losses. We use generally accepted actuarial methodologies to estimate ultimate losses and LAE and those estimates are reviewed by our management. On an annual basis, independent actuarial firms are retained by management to provide their estimates of ultimate losses and to review the estimates developed by our actuaries.
Nearly all of our unpaid claims liabilities are considered to have a long claims payout tail. Net loss reserves, excluding the fair value adjustments, deferred charge assets and ULAE, for our non-life run-off subsidiaries relate primarily to casualty exposures, including latent claims, of which 31.0% in 2019 (2018: 27.1%) relate to asbestos and environmental ("A&E") exposures.
Within the annual loss reserve studies produced by either our actuaries or independent actuaries, exposures for each subsidiary are separated into homogeneous reserving categories for the purpose of estimating IBNR. Each reserving category contains either direct insurance or assumed reinsurance reserves and groups relatively similar types of risks and exposures (for example, asbestos, environmental, casualty, property) and lines of business written (for example, marine, aviation, non-marine). Based on the exposure characteristics and the nature of available data for each individual reserving category, a number of methodologies are applied. Recorded reserves for each category are selected from the actuarial indications produced by the various methodologies after consideration of exposure characteristics, data limitations and strengths and weaknesses of each method applied. This approach to estimating IBNR has been consistently adopted in the annual loss reserve studies for each period presented.
Our management, through the loss reserving committees, considers the reasonableness of loss reserves recommended by our actuaries, including actual loss development during the year, using the following reports produced internally on a quarterly basis for each of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries:
•
Gross, ceded and net incurred loss report - This report provides, for each reporting period, the total (including commuted policies) gross, ceded and net incurred loss development for each company and a commentary on each company’s loss development. The report highlights the causes of any unusual or significant loss development activity (including commutations).
•
Actual versus expected gross incurred loss development schedule - This schedule provides a summary, and commentary thereon, of each company’s (excluding companies or portfolios of business acquired in the current year) non-commuted incurred gross losses compared to the estimate of the development of non-commuted incurred gross losses provided by our actuaries at the beginning of the year as part of the prior year’s reserving process.
•
Commutations summary schedule - This schedule summarizes all commutations completed during the year for all companies, and identifies the policyholder with which we commuted, the incurred losses settled by the commutation (comprising outstanding unpaid losses and case reserves) and the amount of the commutation settlement.
•
Analysis of paid, incurred and ultimate losses - This analysis for each company, and in the aggregate, provides a summary of the gross, ceded and net paid and incurred losses and the impact of applying our actuaries’ recommended loss reserves. This report, reviewed in conjunction with the previous reports, provides an analytical tool to review each company’s incurred loss or gain and reduction in IBNR reserves to assess whether the ultimate reduction in loss reserves appears reasonable in light of known developments within each company.

94

The above reports provide management with the relevant information to determine whether loss development (including commutations) during the year has, for each company, been sufficiently meaningful so as to warrant an adjustment to the reserves recommended by our actuaries in the most recent actuarial study.
When establishing loss reserves we have an expectation that, in the absence of commutations and significant favorable or unfavorable non-commuted loss development compared to expectations, loss reserves will not exceed the high, or be less than the low, end of the following ranges of gross losses and LAE reserves implied by the various methodologies used by each of our insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2019.
The range of gross loss and LAE reserves implied by the various methodologies used by each of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 is presented in the following table ("Range of Outcomes"):
 
2019
 
2018
 
Low
 
Selected
 
High
 
Low
 
Selected
 
High
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Asbestos
$
1,639,077

 
$
1,916,359

 
$
2,447,051

 
$
1,384,890

 
$
1,617,020

 
$
1,931,409

Environmental
296,253

 
343,286

 
413,991

 
184,749

 
222,700

 
267,159

General casualty
875,288

 
990,992

 
1,116,946

 
803,851

 
879,517

 
976,457

Workers' compensation/personal accident
1,983,940

 
2,248,338

 
2,555,782

 
2,063,005

 
2,286,793

 
2,577,116

Marine, aviation and transit
368,090

 
411,644

 
480,875

 
338,318

 
374,671

 
419,911

Construction defect
112,549

 
128,084

 
145,253

 
107,126

 
120,000

 
139,129

Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers
876,445

 
959,250

 
1,062,111

 
758,021

 
820,504

 
910,718

Motor
633,338

 
714,474

 
800,217

 
806,731

 
886,299

 
951,734

Property
184,028

 
204,224

 
226,688

 
192,869

 
205,898

 
225,013

Other
380,793

 
435,838

 
520,909

 
346,674

 
386,134

 
428,904

 
7,349,801

 
8,352,489

 
9,769,823

 
6,986,234

 
7,799,536

 
8,827,550

Fair value adjustments
(147,158
)
 
(170,689
)
 
(194,310
)
 
(198,969
)
 
(217,527
)
 
(239,227
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
(190,549
)
 
(217,933
)
 
(265,609
)
 
(329,874
)
 
(374,752
)
 
(420,609
)
ULAE
291,696

 
331,494

 
385,762

 
296,704

 
333,405

 
373,360

Total
$
7,303,790

 
$
8,295,361

 
$
9,695,666

 
$
6,754,095

 
$
7,540,662

 
$
8,541,074

Quarterly Reserve Reviews
In addition to an in-depth annual review, we also perform quarterly reserve reviews. This is done by examining quarterly paid and incurred loss development to determine whether it is consistent with reserves established during the preceding annual reserve review and with expected development. Loss development is reviewed separately for each major exposure type (e.g., asbestos, environmental, etc.), for each of our relevant subsidiaries, and for large "wholesale" commutation settlements versus "routine" paid and advised losses. This process is undertaken to determine whether loss development experience during a quarter warrants any change to held reserves.
Loss development is examined separately by exposure type because different exposures develop differently over time. For example, the expected reporting and payout of losses for a given amount of asbestos reserves can be expected to take place over a different time frame and in a different quarterly pattern from the same amount of environmental reserves.
In addition, loss development is examined separately for each of our relevant subsidiaries. Companies can differ in their exposure profile due to the mix of insurance versus reinsurance, the mix of primary versus excess insurance, the underwriting years of participation and other criteria. These differing profiles lead to different expectations for quarterly and annual loss development by company.
Our quarterly paid and incurred loss development is often driven by large, wholesale settlements - such as commutations and policy buy-backs - which settle many individual claims in a single transaction. This allows for monitoring of the potential profitability of large settlements, which, in turn, can provide information about the adequacy of reserves on remaining exposures that have not yet been settled.

95

•
For example, if it were found that large settlements were consistently leading to large negative, or favorable, incurred losses upon settlement, it might be an indication that reserves on remaining exposures are redundant.
•
Conversely, if it were found that large settlements were consistently leading to large positive, or adverse, incurred losses upon settlement, it might be an indication—particularly if the size of the losses were increasing—that certain loss reserves on remaining exposures are deficient.
Moreover, removing the loss development resulting from large settlements allows for a review of loss development related only to those contracts that remain exposed to losses. Were this not done, it is possible that savings on large wholesale settlements could mask significant underlying development on remaining exposures.
Once the data has been analyzed as described above, an in-depth review is performed on classes of exposure with significant loss development. Discussions are held with appropriate personnel, including individual company managers, claims handlers and attorneys, to better understand the causes. If it were determined that development differs significantly from expectations, reserves would be adjusted.
As described above, our management regularly reviews and updates reserve estimates using the most current information available and employing various actuarial methods. Adjustments resulting from changes in our estimates are recorded in the period when such adjustments are determined. The ultimate liability for losses and LAE is likely to differ from the original estimate due to a number of factors, primarily consisting of the overall claims activity occurring during any period, including the completion of commutations of assumed liabilities and ceded reinsurance receivables, policy buy-backs and general incurred claims activity.
Loss Reserving (All Classes, except Latent Claims)
For our "All Other" (non-latent) loss exposure, including workers' compensation, our actuaries apply a range of traditional loss development extrapolation techniques. These methods assume that cohorts, or groups, of losses from similar exposures will increase over time in a predictable manner. Historical paid, incurred, and outstanding loss development experience is examined for earlier years to make inferences about how later years’ losses will develop. The application and consideration of multiple methods is consistent with the Actuarial Standards of Practice.
When determining which loss development extrapolation methods to apply to each company and each class of exposure within each company, we consider the nature of the exposure for each specific subsidiary and reserving segment and the available loss development data, as well as the limitations of that data. In cases where company-specific loss development information is not available or reliable, we select methods that do not rely on historical data (such as incremental or run-off methods) and consider industry loss development information published by industry sources such as the Reinsurance Association of America. In determining which methods to apply, we also consider cause of loss coding information when available.
A brief summary of the methods that are considered most frequently in analyzing non-latent exposures is provided below. This summary discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each method, as well as the data requirements for each method, all of which are considered when selecting which methods to apply for each reserve segment.
1. Cumulative Reported and Paid Loss Development Methods.    The Cumulative Reported (Case Incurred) Loss Development method relies on the assumption that, at any given state of maturity, ultimate losses can be predicted by multiplying cumulative reported losses (paid losses plus case reserves) by a cumulative development factor. The validity of the results of this method depends on the stability of claim reporting and settlement rates, as well as the consistency of case reserve levels. Case reserves do not have to be adequately stated for this method to be effective; they only need to have a fairly consistent level of adequacy at all stages of maturity. Historical "age-to-age" loss development factors ('LDFs') are calculated to measure the relative development of an accident year from one maturity point to the next. Age-to-age LDFs are then selected based on these historical factors. The selected age-to-age LDFs are used to project the ultimate losses. The Cumulative Paid Loss Development Method is mechanically identical to the Cumulative Reported Loss Development Method described above, but the paid method does not rely on case reserves or claim reporting patterns in making projections. The validity of the results from using a cumulative loss development approach can be affected by many conditions, such as internal claim department processing changes, a shift between single and multiple payments per claim, legal changes, or variations in a company’s mix of business from year to year. Typically, the most appropriate circumstances in which to apply a cumulative loss development method are those in which the exposure is mature, full loss development data is available, and the historical observed loss development is relatively stable.

96

2. Incremental Reported and Paid Loss Development Methods.    Incremental incurred and paid analyses are performed in cases where cumulative data is not available. The concept of the incremental loss development methods is similar to the cumulative loss development methods described above, in that the pattern of historical paid or incurred losses is used to project the remaining future development. The difference between the cumulative and incremental methods is that the incremental methods rely on only incremental incurred or paid loss data from a given point in time forward, and do not require full loss history. These incremental loss development methods are therefore helpful when data limitations apply. While this versatility in the incremental methods is a strength, the methods are sensitive to fluctuations in loss development, so care must be taken in applying them.
3. IBNR-to-Case Outstanding Method.    This method requires the estimation of consistent cumulative paid and reported (case) incurred loss development patterns and age-to-ultimate LDFs, either from data that is specific to the segment being analyzed or from applicable benchmark or industry data. These patterns imply a specific expected relationship between IBNR, including both development on known claims (bulk reserve) and losses on true late reported claims, and reported case incurred losses. The IBNR-to-Case Outstanding method can be used in a variety of situations. It is appropriate for loss development experience that is mature and possesses a very high ratio of paid losses to reported case incurred losses. The method also permits an evaluation of the difference in maturity between the business being reviewed and benchmark development patterns. Depending on the relationship of paid to incurred losses, an estimate of the relative maturity of the business being reviewed can be made and a subsequent estimate of ultimate losses driven by the implied IBNR to case outstanding ratio at the appropriate maturity can be made. This method is also useful where loss development data is incomplete and only the case outstanding amounts are determined to be reliable. This method is less reliable in situations where relative case reserve adequacy has been changing over time.
4. Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Reported and Paid Methods.    The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Method based on reported loss data relies on the assumption that remaining unreported losses are a function of the total expected losses rather than a function of currently reported losses. The expected losses used in this analysis are based on initial selected ultimate loss ratios by year. The expected losses are multiplied by the unreported percentage to produce expected unreported losses. The unreported percentage is calculated as one minus the reciprocal of the selected cumulative incurred LDFs. Finally, the expected unreported losses are added to the current reported losses to produce ultimate losses. The calculations underlying the Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Method based on paid loss data are similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson calculations based on reported losses, with the exception that paid losses and unpaid percentages replace reported losses and unreported percentages. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is most useful as an alternative to other models for immature years. For these immature years, the amounts reported or paid may be small and unstable and therefore not predictive of future development. Therefore, future development is assumed to follow an expected pattern that is supported by more stable historical data or by emerging trends. This method is also useful when changing reporting patterns or payment patterns distort historical development of losses. Similar to the loss development methods, the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method may be applied to loss and ALAE on a combined or separate basis. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method may not be appropriate in circumstances where the liabilities being analyzed are very mature, as it is not sensitive to the remaining amount of case reserves outstanding, or the actual development to date.
5. Reserve Run-off Method.    This method first projects the future values of case reserves for all underwriting years to future ages of development. This is done by selecting a run-off pattern of case reserves. The selected case run-off ratios are chosen based on the observed run-off ratios at each age of development. Once the ratios have been selected, they are used to project the future values of case reserves. A paid on reserve factor is selected in a similar way. The ratios of the observed amounts paid during each development period to the respective case reserves at the beginning of the periods are used to estimate how much will be paid on the case reserves during each development period. These paid on reserve factors are then applied to the case reserve amounts that were projected during the first phase of this method. A summation of the resulting paid amounts yields an estimate of the liability. The Reserve Run-off Method works well when the historical run-off patterns are reasonably stable and when case reserves ultimately show a decreasing trend. Another strength of this method is that it only requires case reserves at a given point in time and incremental paid and incurred losses after that point, meaning that it can be applied in cases where full loss history is not available. In cases of volatile data where there is a persistent increasing trend in case reserves, this method will fail to produce a reasonable estimate. In several cases, reliance upon this method was limited due to this weakness.

97

Our actuaries select the appropriate loss development extrapolation methods to apply to each company and each class of exposure, and then apply these methods to calculate an estimate of ultimate losses. Our management, which is responsible for the final estimate of ultimate losses, reviews the calculations of our actuaries, considers whether the appropriate method was applied, and adjusts the estimate of ultimate losses as it deems necessary. Historically, we have not deviated from the recommendations of our actuaries. Paid-to-date losses are then deducted from the estimate of ultimate losses to arrive at an estimated total loss reserve, and reported outstanding case reserves are then deducted from estimated total loss reserves to calculate the estimated IBNR reserve.

Loss Reserving (Latent Claims)
Asbestos Claims
Asbestos continues to be the most significant and difficult mass tort for the insurance industry in terms of claims volume, legal expense and indemnity payments. In the United States, asbestos-related lawsuits emerged in the early 1970s, accelerated through the 1980s and continue today, nearly fifty years after the first significant lawsuit against an asbestos manufacturer. A unique feature of U.S. asbestos litigation is that a plaintiff will identify numerous defendants, often over 50, in a lawsuit, creating additional expense to defend the suit. Asbestos lawsuits have led to many of the traditional defendants filing for bankruptcy. We believe the insurance industry has been adversely affected by judicial interpretations that have had the effect of maximizing insurance recoveries from both a coverage and liability perspective.
A number of our subsidiaries, and counterparties who wrote portfolios we assumed, have exposure to bodily injury claims from alleged exposure to asbestos. The United States asbestos exposure arises mainly from general liability insurance policies underwritten prior to 1986, which our subsidiaries or counterparties either wrote directly, on a primary or excess basis, or as reinsurance. Our United Kingdom asbestos exposures emanates from Employers Liability insurance policies. Asbestos bodily injury claims differ from other bodily injury claims due to the long latency period for asbestos, which often triggers a policyholder’s coverage over multiple policy periods. The long latency period, combined with the lack of clear judicial precedent with respect to coverage interpretations and expanded theories of liability, increase the uncertainty of the asbestos claim reserve estimates.
The following table provides a reconciliation of our gross and net loss and ALAE reserves from asbestos exposures and the movement in gross and net reserves for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Balance as at January 1
$
1,617,020

 
$
1,801,044

Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable
123,910

 
122,222

Net balance as at January 1
1,493,110

 
1,678,822

Total net incurred losses and LAE
6,811

 
(64,949
)
Total net paid losses
(118,557
)
 
(108,248
)
Effect of exchange rate movement
37,249

 
(70,084
)
Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries
—

 
7,569

Assumed business
382,474

 
50,000

Ceded business
(38,988
)
 
—

Net balance as at December 31
1,762,099

 
1,493,110

Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable
154,260

 
123,910

Balance as at December 31
$
1,916,359

 
$
1,617,020

The liability for unpaid losses and ALAE for asbestos reserves reflects our best estimate for future amounts needed to pay losses and related ALAE as of each of the balance sheet dates reflected in the financial statements herein in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the net loss reserves for asbestos-related claims comprised 26.3% and 23.7%, respectively, of total non-life run-off net reserves for losses and LAE liabilities excluding the fair value adjustments, deferred charge assets and ULAE. In addition, we also have defendant asbestos liabilities, as described in Note 11 - "Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Environmental Claims
Environmental pollution claims represent another exposure where we believe the insurance industry has been adversely affected by various legislative changes and judicial interpretations. Unlike asbestos claims which are generated primarily from injured individuals, environmental claims generally result from state or federal government activities initiated against a commercial enterprise. The most well-known legislation, passed in 1980, is the Comprehensive Environmental Restoration, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”, also known as Superfund). CERCLA imposed strict and retroactive liability on potentially responsible parties (“PRP”), which expanded in the court system to be interpreted as joint and several liability.
Our subsidiaries and counterparties who wrote portfolios we assumed have exposure to environmental claims from general liability insurance policies written prior to the mid-1980s, that were not specifically written to cover damage to the environment from gradual releases of pollutants. Similar to asbestos, there is additional uncertainty with respect to environmental reserves as compared to other general liability exposures. This added uncertainty is due to the multiple policy periods and allocation of claims to policy years, number of solvent PRPs at any site, ultimate cost of the remediation, the number of ultimate sites and changes to judicial precedence.
The following table provides a reconciliation of our gross and net loss and ALAE reserves from environmental exposures and the movement in gross and net reserves for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Balance as at January 1
$
222,700

 
$
191,060

Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable
12,221

 
6,666

Net balance as at January 1
210,479

 
184,394

Total net incurred losses and LAE
14,988

 
14,153

Total net paid losses
(16,899
)
 
(21,273
)
Effect of exchange rate movement
(3,615
)
 
(320
)
Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries
—

 
13,525

Assumed business
124,009

 
20,000

Ceded business
(12,733
)
 
—

Net balance as at December 31
316,229

 
210,479

Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable
27,057

 
12,221

Balance as at December 31
$
343,286

 
$
222,700

The liability for unpaid losses and ALAE, for environmental reserves, reflects our best estimate for future amounts needed to pay losses and related ALAE as of each of the balance sheet dates reflected in the financial statements herein in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the net loss reserves for environmental pollution-related claims comprised 4.7% and 3.3%, respectively, of total non-life run-off net reserves for losses and LAE excluding the fair value adjustments, deferred charge assets and ULAE. In addition, we also have direct environmental liabilities, as described in Note 11 - "Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Asbestos and Environmental Reserving
The ultimate losses from asbestos and environmental claims cannot be estimated using traditional actuarial reserving techniques that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development. Claims are spread across multiple policy years based on the still evolving case law in each jurisdiction, making historical development patterns unreliable to forecast the future claim payments. There can be no assurance that the reserves we establish will be adequate or not be adversely affected by the development of other latent exposures.

99

We use a variety of methodologies to estimate the appropriate IBNR reserves required for our asbestos and environmental exposures. We estimate the IBNR reserves separately for each of our subsidiaries in order to apply the appropriate methodologies and assumptions to match the distinct portfolios of exposure. For example, where we have policy and claim data at the defendant or claimant level, we will use a ground-up frequency/severity method (described later in this section). For our subsidiaries that primarily have reinsurance portfolios, we generally use industry benchmarking methodologies to estimate appropriate IBNR reserves. These methods are based on comparisons of our loss experience on A&E exposures relative to industry loss experience on similar exposures. The discussion that follows describes, in greater detail, the primary actuarial methodologies used by us to estimate IBNR for A&E exposures.
In addition to the specific considerations for each method described below, many general factors are considered in the application of the methods and the interpretation of results for each portfolio of exposures. These factors include:
•
the mix of product types (e.g., primary insurance, excess insurance, reinsurance of primary, excess of loss reinsurance, retrocession)
•
the average attachment point and limit of coverages (e.g., first-dollar primary versus umbrella over primary versus high-excess)
•
payment and reporting lags related to the international domicile of our subsidiaries as well as the difference in lags between primary, excess and reinsurance policies
•
payment and reporting pattern acceleration due to large "wholesale" settlements (e.g., policy buy-backs and commutations) pursued by us, and
•
lists of individual risks remaining and general trends within the legal and tort environments.
1. Paid Survival Ratio Method.    In this method, our expected annual average payment amount is multiplied by an expected future number of payment years to develop an indicated reserve. Our historical calendar year payments are examined to determine an expected future annual average payment amount. This amount is multiplied by an expected number of future payment years to estimate a reserve. Trends in calendar year payment activity are considered when selecting an expected future annual average payment amount. Accepted industry benchmarks are used in determining an expected number of future payment years. Each year, annual payments data is updated, trends in payments are re-evaluated and changes to benchmark future payment years are reviewed. Advantages of this method are ease of application and simplicity of assumptions. A potential disadvantage of the method is that results could be misleading for portfolios of high excess exposures where significant payment activity has not yet begun.
2. Paid Market Share Method.    In this method, our estimated market share is applied to the industry estimated unpaid losses or estimate of industry ultimate losses. The ratio of our historical calendar year payments to industry historical calendar year payments is examined to estimate our market share. This ratio is then applied to the estimate of industry unpaid losses or estimate of industry ultimate losses. Each year, calendar year payment data is updated (for both us and industry), estimates of industry unpaid losses are reviewed and the selection of our estimated market share is revisited. This method has the advantage that trends in calendar year market share can be incorporated into the selection of company share of remaining market payments. A potential disadvantage of this method is that it is particularly sensitive to assumptions regarding the time-lag between industry payments and our payments.
3. Reserve-to-Paid Method.    In this method, the ratio of estimated industry reserves to industry paid-to-date losses is multiplied by our paid-to-date losses to estimate our reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the completeness of our paid-to-date loss information, the potential acceleration or deceleration in our payments (relative to the industry) due to our claims handling practices, and the impact of large individual settlements. Each year, paid-to-date loss information is updated (for both us and the industry) and updates to industry estimated reserves are reviewed. This method has the advantage of relying purely on paid loss data and so is not influenced by subjectivity of case reserve loss estimates. A potential disadvantage is that the application to our portfolios that do not have complete inception-to-date paid loss history could produce misleading results. To address this potential disadvantage, a variation of the method is also considered by multiplying the ratio of estimated industry reserves to industry losses paid during a recent period of time (e.g., 3 years) times our paid losses during that period.

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4. IBNR: Case Ratio Method.    In this method, the ratio of estimated industry IBNR reserves to industry case reserves is multiplied by our case reserves to estimate our IBNR reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the presence of policies reserved at policy limits, changes in overall industry case reserve adequacy and recent loss reporting history. Each year, our case reserves are updated, the estimate of industry reserves is updated and the applicability of the industry IBNR: Case Ratio is reviewed. This method has the advantage that it incorporates the most recent estimates of amounts needed to settle open cases included in current case reserves. A potential disadvantage is that results could be misleading where our case reserve adequacy differs significantly from overall industry case reserve adequacy. In these instances, the industry IBNR: Case Ratios were adjusted to reflect our portfolio case reserve adequacy.
5. Ultimate-to-Incurred Method.    In this method, the ratio of estimated industry ultimate losses to industry incurred-to-date losses is applied to our incurred-to-date losses to estimate our IBNR reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the completeness of our incurred-to-date loss information, the potential acceleration or deceleration in our incurred losses (relative to the industry) due to our claims handling practices and the impact of large individual settlements. Each year incurred-to-date loss information is updated (for both us and the industry) and updates to industry estimated ultimate losses are reviewed. This method has the advantage that it incorporates both paid and case reserve information in projecting ultimate losses. A potential disadvantage is that results could be misleading where cumulative paid loss data is incomplete or where our case reserve adequacy differs significantly from overall industry case reserve adequacy. In these instances, the industry IBNR: Case Ratios were adjusted to reflect our portfolio case reserve adequacy.
6. Decay Factor Method.    In this method, a decay factor is directly applied to our payment data to estimate future payments. The decay factors were selected based on a review of our own decays and industry decays. This method is most useful where our data shows a decreasing pattern and is credible enough to be reliable.
7. Asbestos Ground-up Exposure Analysis Using Frequency-Severity Method. This method is used when we have policy and claim data at the defendant or claimant level. In a frequency-severity method there are two components that need to be estimated, namely, (1) the number of claims that will ultimately be settled with payment and (2) the severity of these claims including legal costs. The estimate of future settled claims is based on the historical claim filing rates, claim dismissal rates, current pending claims and epidemiological forecasts of asbestos disease incident for future claim filings. The average severity is based on historical average settlement amounts trended for inflation to the expected year of settlement for claims that close with an indemnity payment. Loss adjustment expenses are loaded on based on historical expense to indemnity ratios. Multiplying the number of expected future claims settled with payments by the average severity results in an estimate of the ground-up losses at the defendant level. At this point, the defendant’s insurance coverage is considered to determine the allocation of the ground-up estimate to policy years and policy within the insurance coverage as well as the amount retained by the defendant.
Atrium and StarStone
The reserve for losses and loss expenses includes reserves for unpaid reported losses and for IBNR reserves. The reserves for unpaid reported losses and loss expenses are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represent the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified by us. The reserve for incurred but not reported losses and loss expenses is established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, ultimate losses and loss expenses may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years.

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The following tables provide a breakdown of the gross and net losses and LAE by line of business and the fair value adjustments resulting from business combinations and ULAE as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 for the Atrium segment:
 
2019
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Marine, Aviation and Transit
$
24,668

 
$
34,156

 
$
58,824

 
$
21,012

 
$
24,829

 
$
45,841

Binding Authorities
31,507

 
54,039

 
85,546

 
29,590

 
51,984

 
81,574

Reinsurance
18,385

 
29,533

 
47,918

 
16,209

 
23,338

 
39,547

Accident and Health
5,460

 
7,880

 
13,340

 
4,735

 
7,469

 
12,204

Non-Marine Direct and Facultative
9,121

 
10,935

 
20,056

 
8,584

 
9,637

 
18,221

Total
$
89,141

 
$
136,543

 
$
225,684

 
$
80,130

 
$
117,257

 
$
197,387

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
3,700

 
 
 
 
 
3,181

ULAE
 
 
 
 
2,288

 
 
 
 
 
2,288

Total
 
 
 
 
$
231,672

 
 
 
 
 
$
202,856

 
2018
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Marine, Aviation and Transit
$
32,999

 
$
36,011

 
$
69,010

 
$
21,460

 
$
24,207

 
$
45,667

Binding Authorities
28,512

 
59,302

 
87,814

 
26,601

 
57,016

 
83,617

Reinsurance
18,547

 
27,653

 
46,200

 
15,180

 
24,823

 
40,003

Accident and Health
4,972

 
6,348

 
11,320

 
4,225

 
5,837

 
10,062

Non-Marine Direct and Facultative
9,855

 
11,207

 
21,062

 
8,529

 
9,389

 
17,918

Total
$
94,885

 
$
140,521

 
$
235,406

 
$
75,995

 
$
121,272

 
$
197,267

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
3,476

 
 
 
 
 
2,847

ULAE
 
 
 
 
2,402

 
 
 
 
 
2,402

Total
 
 
 
 
$
241,284

 
 
 
 
 
$
202,516



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The following tables provide a breakdown of the gross and net losses and LAE reserves by line of business and the fair value adjustments resulting from business combinations and ULAE as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 for the StarStone segment:
 
2019
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Casualty
$
191,317

 
$
481,473

 
$
672,790

 
$
156,086

 
$
422,186

 
$
578,272

Marine
195,068

 
173,319

 
368,387

 
162,073

 
138,586

 
300,659

Property
367,258

 
152,514

 
519,772

 
158,156

 
92,655

 
250,811

Aerospace
79,249

 
33,000

 
112,249

 
47,796

 
22,862

 
70,658

Workers' Compensation
55,902

 
122,047

 
177,949

 
36,673

 
74,661

 
111,334

Total
$
888,794

 
$
962,353

 
$
1,851,147

 
$
560,784

 
$
750,950

 
$
1,311,734

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
(522
)
 
 
 
 
 
1,600

ULAE
 
 
 
 
28,503

 
 
 
 
 
28,503

Total
 
 
 
 
$
1,879,128

 
 
 
 
 
$
1,341,837

 
2018
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Casualty
$
177,432

 
$
331,432

 
$
508,864

 
$
137,828

 
$
282,026

 
$
419,854

Marine
185,084

 
182,453

 
367,537

 
163,889

 
133,426

 
297,315

Property
317,102

 
123,511

 
440,613

 
151,774

 
65,522

 
217,296

Aerospace
67,203

 
40,416

 
107,619

 
45,879

 
36,167

 
82,046

Workers' Compensation
49,373

 
110,082

 
159,455

 
33,759

 
68,969

 
102,728

Total
$
796,194

 
$
787,894

 
$
1,584,088

 
$
533,129

 
$
586,110

 
$
1,119,239

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
(467
)
 
 
 
 
 
1,432

ULAE
 
 
 
 
25,076

 
 
 
 
 
25,076

Total
 
 
 
 
$
1,608,697

 
 
 
 
 
$
1,145,747

Quarterly Reserve Reviews
The reserve for losses and loss expenses is reviewed on a quarterly basis. Each quarter, paid and incurred loss development is reviewed to determine whether it is consistent with expected development. Loss development is examined separately by class of business, and large individual losses or loss events are examined separately from regular attritional development. Discussions are held with appropriate personnel including underwriters, claims adjusters, actuaries, accountants and attorneys to fully understand quarterly loss development and implications for the quarter-end reserve balances. Based on analysis of the loss development data and the associated discussions, management determines whether any adjustment is necessary to quarter-end reserve balances.

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Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities:
 
 
 
Defendant asbestos liabilities
$
1,100,593

 
$
265,975

Defendant environmental liabilities
10,279

 
2,152

Estimated future expenses
51,637

 
19,843

Fair value adjustments
(314,824
)
 
(84,650
)
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
847,685

 
203,320

Other assets:
 
 
 
Insurance recoveries related to defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
549,593

 
183,676

Fair value adjustments
(100,738
)
 
(47,868
)
Insurance balances recoverable
448,855

 
135,808

 
 
 
 
Net liabilities relating to defendant asbestos and environmental exposures
$
398,830

 
$
67,512

We acquired DCo on December 30, 2016, and Morse TEC on October 30, 2019, as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions". DCo and Morse TEC hold liabilities associated with personal injury asbestos claims and environmental claims arising from their legacy manufacturing operations. These companies continue to process asbestos personal injury claims in the normal course of business and are separately managed. Defendant asbestos liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets include amounts for loss payments and defense costs for pending and future asbestos-related claims, determined using standard actuarial techniques for asbestos exposures. Defendant environmental liabilities include estimated clean-up costs associated with the acquired companies' former operations based on engineering reports.
Insurance balances recoverable on our consolidated balance sheets include estimated insurance recoveries relating to these liabilities. The recorded asset represents our assessment of the capacity of the insurance agreements to indemnify our subsidiaries for the anticipated defense and loss payments for pending claims and projected future claims. The recognition of these recoveries is based on an assessment of the right to recover under the respective contracts and on the financial strength of the insurers. The recorded asset does not represent the limits of our insurance coverage, but rather the amount we would expect to recover if the accrued and projected loss and defense costs were paid in full.
Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
$
1,684,372

 
$
1,290,072

Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, fair value
695,518

 
739,591

Total reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
$
2,379,890

 
$
2,029,663

Our acquired insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries in all three of our operating segments use retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance they have assumed. Loss reserves represent total gross losses, and reinsurance balances recoverables represent anticipated recoveries of a portion of those loss reserves, as well as amounts receivable from reinsurers with respect to claims that have already been paid. While reinsurance arrangements are designed to limit losses and to permit recovery of a portion of loss reserves, reinsurance does not relieve us of our liabilities to our insureds or reinsureds. Therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers, including companies that are insolvent, in run-off or facing financial difficulties. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible. In addition to the acquired retrocessional agreements, on an annual basis, our active underwriting subsidiaries purchase tailored outwards

104

reinsurance programs designed to manage their risk profiles. The majority of the total third-party reinsurance cover for our active underwriting subsidiaries is with Lloyd’s Syndicates or other reinsurers rated A- or better and reinsurers, while not rated, provide collateral in the form of letters of credit, trust funds or funds withheld.
Valuation Allowances on Reinsurance Balances Recoverable and Deferred Tax Assets
Valuation Allowances on Reinsurance Balances Recoverable
To estimate the provision for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, the reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses is first allocated to applicable reinsurers. As part of this process, ceded IBNR is allocated by reinsurer. We then use a detailed analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer and bad debt provisions applied to these balances to determine the portion of a reinsurer’s balance deemed to be uncollectible. These provisions require considerable judgment and are determined using the current rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer (in order to determine its ability to settle the reinsurance balances) as well as other key considerations and assumptions, such as claims and coverage issues.
Valuation Allowances on Deferred Tax Assets
Certain of our subsidiaries and branches operate in jurisdictions where they are subject to taxation. Current and deferred tax expense or benefit is allocated to net earnings (loss), or, in certain cases, to discontinued operations or other comprehensive income (loss). Current tax is recognized and measured based upon enacted tax laws and rates applicable in the relevant jurisdiction in the period in which the income tax becomes accruable or realizable. Deferred taxes are provided for temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities used in the financial statements and the tax basis used in the various jurisdictional tax returns. When our assessment indicates that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded against the deferred tax assets to reduce the assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized.
We recognize the benefit relating to tax positions only where the position is more likely than not to be sustained assuming examination by tax authorities. A recognized tax benefit is measured as the largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement. A liability or other adjustment is recognized for any tax benefit (along with any interest and penalty, if applicable) claimed in a tax return in excess of the amount allowed to be recognized in the financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Any changes in amounts recognized are recorded in the period in which they are determined.
Goodwill
Goodwill as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Goodwill
$
114,807

 
$
114,807

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. We perform an initial valuation of our goodwill assets and assess goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. If, as a result of the assessment, we determine the value of our goodwill asset is impaired, goodwill is written down in the period in which the determination is made.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Intangible assets with a definite life
$
14,630

 
$
16,887

Intangible assets with an indefinite life
87,031

 
87,031

Total intangible assets
$
101,661

 
$
103,918

Intangible assets represent the Lloyd’s syndicate capacity, customer relationships, management contract and brand arising from the acquisition of Atrium and the syndicate capacity, U.S. insurance licenses and software, technology

105

arising from the acquisition of StarStone. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We recognize the amortization of all intangible assets in our consolidated statement of earnings. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. The carrying values of indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment on at least an annual basis or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. Impairment is recognized if the carrying values of the intangible assets are not recoverable from their undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value.
Deferred Charge Assets
Deferred charge assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Deferred charge asset
$
272,462

 
$
86,585

Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and LAE with respect to past loss events. At the inception of a contract, a deferred charge asset is recorded for the excess, if any, of the estimated ultimate losses payable over the premiums received. The premium consideration that we charge the ceding companies may be lower than the undiscounted estimated ultimate losses payable due to the "time value of money". After receiving the premium consideration in full from our cedents at the inception of the contract, we invest the premium received over an extended period of time thereby generating investment income. We expect to generate profits from these retroactive reinsurance policies when taking into account the premium received and expected investment income, less contractual obligations and expenses. Deferred charge assets, recorded in other assets, are amortized over the estimated claim payment period of the related contract with the periodic amortization reflected in earnings as a component of losses and LAE. Deferred charge assets amortization is adjusted periodically to reflect new estimates of the amount and timing of remaining loss payments. Changes in the estimated amount and the timing of payments of unpaid losses may have an effect on the unamortized deferred charge assets and the amount of periodic amortization.
Premium Revenue Recognition
Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone
Our premiums written are earned on a pro-rata basis over the coverage period. Our reinsurance premiums are recorded at the inception of the policy, unless policy language stipulates otherwise, and are estimated based upon information in underlying contracts and information provided by clients and/or brokers. A change in reinsurance premium estimates is made when additional information regarding changes in underlying exposures is obtained. Such changes in estimates are expected and may result in significant adjustments in future periods. We record any adjustments as premiums written in the period they are determined.
With respect to retrospectively rated contracts (where additional premium would be due should losses exceed pre-determined contractual thresholds), any additional premiums are based upon contractual terms, and management judgment is involved in estimating the amount of losses that we expect to be ceded. We would recognize additional premiums at the time loss thresholds specified in the contract are exceeded and are earned over the coverage period, or are earned immediately if the period of risk coverage has passed. Changes in estimates of losses recorded on contracts with additional premium features would result in changes in additional premiums recognized.
Investments
Valuation of Investments
Our non-life run-off and active underwriting businesses invest in trading portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments and equities, and an available-for-sale portfolio of fixed maturity and short-term investments. We record both the trading and available-for-sale portfolios at fair value on our balance sheet. For our trading portfolios, the unrealized gain or loss associated with the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of the investments is recorded in net earnings. For our available-for-sale portfolios, the unrealized gain or loss (other than credit losses) is excluded from net earnings and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income.

106

Our other investments comprise investments in various private equity funds, fixed income funds, hedge funds, equity funds, private credit funds and CLO equity funds, as well as direct investments in CLO equities. All of these other investments are recorded at fair value.
We measure fair value in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. The guidance dictates a framework for measuring fair value and a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
•
Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments.
•
Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data
•
Level 3 - Valuations based on unobservable inputs where there is little or no market activity. Unadjusted third party pricing sources or management's assumptions and internal valuation models may be used to determine the fair values.
In addition, certain of our other investments are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified within the fair value hierarchy above. When the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Thus, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Level 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3).
The use of valuation techniques may require a significant amount of judgment. During periods of market disruption, including periods of rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable.
Fixed Maturity Investments
Fixed maturity investments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value
$
51,490

 
$
114,116

Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value
128,335

 
—

Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value
6,346,329

 
7,248,793

Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value
1,913,389

 
151,609

Fixed maturity investments within funds held - directly managed
1,173,345

 
1,183,374

Total fixed maturity investments
$
9,612,888

 
$
8,697,892

Fixed maturity investments are subject to fluctuations in fair value due to changes in interest rates, changes in issuer-specific circumstances such as credit rating and changes in industry-specific circumstances such as movements in credit spreads based on the market’s perception of industry risks. As a result of these potential fluctuations, it is possible to have significant unrealized gains or losses on a security. At maturity, absent any credit loss, fixed maturity investments’ amortized cost will equal their fair value and no realized gain or loss will be recognized in income. If, due to an unforeseen change in loss payment patterns, we need to sell any available-for-sale investments before maturity, we could realize significant gains or losses in any period, which could have a meaningful effect on reported net income for such period.

107

We perform regular reviews of our available-for-sale fixed maturities portfolios and utilize a process that considers numerous indicators in order to identify investments that are showing signs of potential other-than-temporary impairment losses. These indicators include the length of time and extent of the unrealized loss, any specific adverse conditions, historic and implied volatility of the security, failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest payments, significant rating changes and recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date. The consideration of these indicators and the estimation of credit losses involve significant management judgment.
Any other-than-temporary impairment loss, or OTTI, related to a credit loss would be recognized in earnings, and the amount of the OTTI related to other factors (e.g. interest rates, market conditions, etc.) is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. If no credit loss exists but either we have the intent to sell the fixed maturity investment or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed maturity investment before its anticipated recovery, then the entire unrealized loss is recognized in earnings.
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment charges through earnings.
The fair values for all fixed maturity securities in our trading and funds held - directly managed investment portfolios are independently provided by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. We record the unadjusted price provided by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers or investment custodians and validate this price through a process that includes, but is not limited to: (i) comparison of prices against alternative pricing sources; (ii) quantitative analysis (e.g. comparing the quarterly return for each managed portfolio to its target benchmark); (iii) evaluation of methodologies used by external parties to estimate fair value, including a review of the inputs used for pricing; and (iv) comparing the price to our knowledge of the current investment market. Our internal price validation procedures and review of fair value methodology documentation provided by independent pricing services have not historically resulted in adjustment in the prices obtained from the pricing service.
The independent pricing services used by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians obtain actual transaction prices for securities that have quoted prices in active markets. Where we utilize single unadjusted broker-dealer quotes, they are generally provided by market makers or broker-dealers who are recognized as market participants in the markets in which they are providing the quotes. For determining the fair value of securities that are not actively traded, in general, pricing services use "matrix pricing" in which the independent pricing service uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates and such other inputs as are available from market sources to determine a reasonable fair value. In addition, pricing services use valuation models, using observable data, such as an Option Adjusted Spread model, to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The Option Adjusted Spread model is commonly used to estimate fair value for securities such as mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities.
Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, such as in periods of low trading activity or when transactions are not orderly, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. Where significant inputs are unable to be corroborated with market observable information, we classify the securities as Level 3.
Equities
Equity investments, trading as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks
$
327,875

 
$
138,415

Exchange-traded funds
133,047

 
—

Privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks
268,799

 
228,710

Total equity investments
$
729,721

 
$
367,125


108

Our publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks predominantly trade on the major exchanges and are managed by our external advisors. Our publicly traded equity investments are widely diversified and there is no significant concentration in any specific industry. Our exchange-traded funds trade on major exchanges. We use an internationally recognized pricing service to estimate the fair value of our publicly traded equities and exchange-traded funds. We have categorized the majority of our publicly traded equity investments, other than preferred stock and our exchange-traded funds, as Level 1 investments because the fair values of these investments are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The fair value estimates of our investments in publicly traded preferred stock and exchange-traded funds are based on observable market data and, as a result, have been categorized as Level 2.
Our privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks are direct investments in companies that we believe offer attractive risk adjusted returns and/or offer other strategic advantages. Privately held equity investments are another method by which we can invest in the run off or active underwriting markets. Each investment may have its own unique terms and conditions and there may be restrictions on disposals. The market for these investments is illiquid and there is no active market. We have categorized all of our privately held equity investments as Level 3 investments because the market for these investments is illiquid and there is no active market. The Company uses a combination of internal models, reported values from co-investors/managers and observable inputs, such as capital raises and capital transactions between new and existing shareholders, to calculate the fair value of the privately held equity investments.
Other Investments, at fair value
Other investments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Hedge funds
 
$
1,121,904

 
$
852,584

Fixed income funds
 
481,039

 
403,858

Equity funds
 
410,149

 
333,681

Private equity funds
 
329,885

 
248,628

CLO equities
 
87,555

 
39,052

CLO equity funds
 
87,509

 
37,260

Other
 
6,379

 
9,313

Private credit funds
 
—

 
33,381

Total other investments
 
$
2,524,420

 
$
1,957,757

We have ongoing due diligence processes with respect to the other investments carried at fair value in which we invest and their managers. These processes are designed to assist us in assessing the quality of information provided by, or on behalf of, each fund and in determining whether such information continues to be reliable or whether further review is warranted. Certain funds do not provide full transparency of their underlying holdings; however, we obtain the audited financial statements for funds annually, and regularly review and discuss the fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values ("NAV").
The use of NAV as an estimate of the fair value for investments in certain entities that calculate NAV is a permitted practical expedient. Due to the time lag in the NAV reported by certain fund managers we adjust the valuation for capital calls and distributions. Other investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investments for which we do not use NAV as a practical expedient have been valued using prices from independent pricing services, investment managers and broker-dealers.
For our investments in private equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
Our investments in fixed income funds and equity funds are valued based on a combination of prices from independent pricing services, external fund managers or third-party administrators. For the publicly available prices we have classified the investments as Level 2. For the non-publicly available prices we are using NAV as a practical expedient and therefore these have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.

109

For our investments in hedge funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
We measure the fair value of our direct investment in CLO equities based on valuations provided by independent pricing services, our external CLO equity manager, and valuations provided by the broker or lead underwriter of the investment (the "broker"). Our CLO equity investments have been classified as Level 3 due to the use of unobservable inputs in the valuation and the limited number of relevant trades in secondary markets.
In providing valuations, the independent pricing service providers, CLO equity manager and brokers use observable and unobservable inputs. Of the significant unobservable market inputs used, the default and loss severity rates involve the most judgment and create the most sensitivity. A significant increase or decrease in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in lower or higher fair value estimates for direct investments in CLO equities and, in general, a change in default rate assumptions will be accompanied by a directionally similar change in loss severity rate assumptions. Collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates are less subjective inputs because they are based on the historical average of actual spreads and the weighted average life of the current underlying portfolios, respectively. A significant increase or decrease in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in higher or lower fair value estimates for direct investments in CLO equities. In general, these inputs have no significant interrelationship with each other or with default and loss severity rates.
On a quarterly basis, we receive the valuation from the independent pricing providers, external CLO manager and brokers and then review the underlying cash flows and key assumptions used by them. We review and update the significant unobservable inputs based on information obtained from secondary markets. These inputs are our responsibility and we assess the reasonableness of the inputs (and if necessary, update the inputs) through communicating with industry participants, monitoring of the transactions in which we participate (for example, to evaluate default and loss severity rate trends), and reviewing market conditions, historical results, and emerging trends that may impact future cash flows.
If valuations from the independent pricing service providers, external CLO equity manager or brokers are not available, we use an income approach based on certain observable and unobservable inputs to value these investments. An income approach is also used to corroborate the reasonableness of the valuations provided by the pricing providers, external manager and brokers. Where an income approach is followed, the valuation is based on available trade information, such as expected cash flows and market assumptions on default and loss severity rates. Other inputs used in the valuation process include asset spreads, loan prepayment speeds, collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates.
For our investments in CLO equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
For our investments in private credit funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
Certain funds are subject to gates or side-pockets, where redemptions are subject to the sale of underlying investments. A gate is the ability to deny or delay a redemption request, whereas a side-pocket is a designated account for which the investor loses its redemption rights. As of December 31, 2019, we had $51.8 million of fixed income hedge funds subject to gates or side-pockets.
A review of fair value hierarchy classifications is conducted on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification for certain financial assets and liabilities. Reclassifications impacting Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are reported as transfers in/out of the Level 3 category as of the end of the quarter in which the reclassifications occur.
Accounting for Business Combinations - Fair Value Measurement
The most significant liabilities and assets of an acquired company are typically the liability for losses and LAE, and the assets related to cash, investments and any reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses that may be contractually due to the acquired entity. The market for acquisition of run-off companies is not always sufficiently active and transparent to enable us to identify reliable, market exit values for acquired assets and liabilities. Accordingly, consistent with provisions of U.S. GAAP, we have developed internal models that we believe allow us to determine fair values that are reasonable proxies for market exit values. We are familiar with the major participants in the acquisition

110

run-off market and believe that the key assumptions we make in valuing acquired assets and liabilities are consistent with the kinds of assumptions made by such market participants. Furthermore, in our negotiation of purchase prices with sellers, it is frequently clear to us that other bidders in the market are using models and assumptions similar in nature to ours during the competitive bid process. The majority of acquisitions are completed following a public tender process whereby the seller invites market participants to provide bids for the target acquisition.
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that the acquirer record the assets and liabilities acquired at their estimated fair value. The fair values of each of the insurance and reinsurance assets and liabilities acquired are derived from probability-weighted ranges of the associated projected cash flows, based on actuarially prepared information and management’s run-off strategy. Our run-off strategy, as well as that of other run-off market participants, is expected to be different from the seller’s as generally sellers are not specialized in running off insurance and reinsurance liabilities whereas we and other market participants do specialize in such run-offs.
The key assumptions used by us and, we believe, by other run-off market participants in the fair valuation of acquired companies are (i) the projected payout, timing and amounts of claims liabilities; (ii) the related projected timing and amount of reinsurance collections; (iii) an appropriate discount rate, which is applied to determine the present value of the future cash flows; (iv) the estimated ULAE to be incurred over the life of the run-off; (v) the impact that any accelerated run-off strategy may have on the adequacy of acquired bad debt provisions; and (vi) an appropriate risk margin.
The probability-weighted projected cash flows of the acquired company are based on projected claims payouts provided by the seller predominantly in the form of the seller’s most recent independent actuarial reserve report. In the absence of the seller’s actuarial reserve report, our actuaries will determine the estimated claims payout. In certain jurisdictions, the local legislation provides for the possibility of pursuing strategies to achieve complete finality and conclude the run-off of a company, such as solvent schemes of arrangement. If appropriate we may estimate the probability of being able to complete a solvent scheme of arrangement and factor that into the claims payout projections.
On acquisition, we make a provision for ULAE liabilities. This provision considers the adequacy of the provision maintained and recorded by the seller in light of our run-off strategy and estimated ULAE to be incurred over the life of the acquired run-off as projected by the seller’s actuaries or, in their absence, our actuaries. To the extent that our estimate of the total ULAE provision is different from the seller’s, an adjustment will be made. While our objective is to accelerate the run-off by completing commutations of assumed and ceded business (which would have the effect of shortening the life, and therefore the cost, of the run-off), the success of this strategy is far from certain. Therefore, the estimates of ULAE are based on running off the liabilities and assets over the actuarially projected life of the run-off.
We believe that providing for ULAE based on our run-off strategy is appropriate in determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired in an acquisition of a run-off company. We believe that other participants in the run-off acquisition marketplace factor into the price to pay for an acquisition the estimated cost of running off the acquired company based on how that participant expects to manage the assets and liabilities.
The difference between the carrying value of reserves acquired at the date of acquisition and the fair value is the Fair Value Adjustment, ("FVA"). The FVA is amortized over the estimated payout period and adjusted for accelerations on commutation settlements or any other new information or subsequent change in circumstances after the date of acquisition. To the extent the actual payout experience after the acquisition is materially faster or slower than anticipated at the time of the acquisition, there is an adjustment to the estimated ultimate loss reserves, or there are changes in bad debt provisions or in estimates of future run-off costs following accelerated payouts, then the amortization of the FVA is accelerated or decelerated, as the case may be, to reflect such changes.
Fair Value Option - Insurance Contracts
In our Non-life Run-off segment we have elected to apply the fair value option for certain loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transactions. This is an irrevocable election that applies to all balances under the insurance contract, including funds held assets, reinsurance recoverable, and the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses.

111

The fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance recoverable under these contracts is presented separately in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Changes in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses are included in net incurred losses and LAE in our consolidated statement of operations. The carrying value of our reinsurance recoverable and liability for losses and LAE for which we elected the fair value option as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Gross Losses and loss adjustment expenses, fair value
$
2,621,122

 
$
2,874,055

 
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, fair value
$
695,518

 
$
739,591

 
 
 
 
Net losses and LAE, fair value
$
1,925,604

 
$
2,134,464

We use an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses and reinsurance recoverable asset for certain retroactive reinsurance contracts where we have elected the fair value option in our Non-life Run-off segment.
The fair value was calculated as the aggregate of discounted cash flows plus a risk margin:
•
The discounted cash flow approach uses (i) estimated nominal cash flows based upon an appropriate payment pattern developed in accordance with standard actuarial techniques and (ii) a discount rate based upon a high quality rated corporate bond plus a credit spread for non-performance risk. The model uses corporate bond rates across the yield curve depending on the estimated timing of the future cash flows and specific to the currency of the risk.
•
The risk margin was calculated using the present value of the cost of capital. The cost of capital approach uses (i) projected capital requirements, (ii) multiplied by the risk cost of capital representing the return required for non-hedgeable risk based upon the weighted average cost of capital less investment income, and (iii) discounted using the weighted average cost of capital.
The observable and unobservable inputs used in the model are described in Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses may increase or decrease due to changes in the corporate bond rate, the credit spread for non-performance risk, the risk cost of capital, the weighted average cost of capital and the estimated payment pattern:

•
An increase in the corporate bond rate or credit spread for non-performance risk would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Conversely, a decrease in the corporate bond rate or credit spread for non-performance risk would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
•
An increase in the weighted average cost of capital would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Conversely, a decrease in the weighted average cost of capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
•
An increase in the risk cost of capital would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Conversely, a decrease in the risk cost of capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
•
An acceleration of the estimated payment pattern would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Conversely, a deceleration of the estimated payment pattern would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.

112

In addition, the estimate of the capital required to support the liabilities is based upon current industry standards for capital adequacy. If the required capital per unit of risk increases then the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses would increase. Conversely, a decrease in required capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
The redeemable noncontrolling interest as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest
$
438,791

 
$
458,543

In connection with the acquisitions of Arden, Atrium and StarStone, certain subsidiaries have issued shares to noncontrolling interests. These shares provide certain redemption rights to the holder, which may be settled in Enstar’s own shares or cash or a combination of cash and shares, at our option. We classify redeemable noncontrolling interests with redemption features that are not solely within our control within temporary equity in our consolidated balance sheets and carry them at the redemption value, which is fair value. We recognize changes in the fair value that exceed the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interest through retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date.

113

ITEM 7A.   QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The following risk management discussion and the estimated amounts generated from sensitivity analysis presented are forward-looking statements of market risk assuming certain market conditions occur. Future results may differ materially from these estimated results due to, among other things, actual developments in the global financial markets, changes in the composition of our investment portfolio, or changes in our business strategies. The results of analysis we use to assess and mitigate risk are not projections of future events or losses. See "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for additional information regarding our forward-looking statements.
We are principally exposed to four types of market risk: interest rate risk; credit risk; equity price risk and foreign currency risk. Our policies to address these risks in 2019 were not materially different than those used in 2018 other than as described herein, and, based on our current knowledge and expectations, we do not currently anticipate significant changes in our market risk exposures or in how we will manage those exposures in future reporting periods.
Interest Rate and Credit Spread Risk
Interest rate risk is the price sensitivity of a security to changes in interest rates. Credit spread risk is the price sensitivity of a security to changes in credit spreads. Our investment portfolio and funds held - directly managed include fixed maturity and short-term investments, whose fair values will fluctuate with changes in interest rates and credit spreads. We attempt to maintain adequate liquidity in our fixed maturity investments portfolio with a strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims and contract liabilities, as well as for settlement of commutation payments. We also monitor the duration and structure of our investment portfolio.
The following table summarizes the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from an immediate parallel shift in the treasury yield curve, assuming credit spreads remain constant, in our fixed maturity and short-term investments portfolio classified as trading and available-for-sale, our funds held directly managed portfolio, fixed income funds and our fixed income exchange-traded funds:
 
 
Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points
As of December 31, 2019
 
-100
 
-50
 
—
 
+50
 
+100
 
 
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total Market Value
 
$
10,757

 
$
10,490

 
$
10,227

 
$
9,976

 
$
9,736

Market Value Change from Base
 
5.2
%
 
2.6
%
 
—

 
(2.5
)%
 
(4.8
)%
Change in Unrealized Value
 
$
530

 
$
263

 
$
—

 
$
(251
)
 
$
(491
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2018
 
-100
 
-50
 
—
 
+50
 
+100
Total Market Value
 
$
9,555

 
$
9,325

 
$
9,101

 
$
8,885

 
$
8,677

Market Value Change from Base
 
5.0
%
 
2.5
%
 
—

 
(2.4
)%
 
(4.7
)%
Change in Unrealized Value
 
$
454

 
$
224

 
$
—

 
$
(216
)
 
$
(424
)
Actual shifts in interest rates may not change by the same magnitude across the maturity spectrum or on an individual security and, as a result, the impact on the fair value of our fixed maturity securities, short-term investments, funds held - directly managed and fixed income exchange-traded fund may be materially different from the resulting change in value indicated in the tables above.

114

The following table summarizes the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from an immediate parallel shift in credit spreads assuming interest rates remain fixed, in our fixed maturity and short-term investments portfolio classified as trading and available-for-sale, our funds held directly managed portfolio, fixed income funds and our fixed income exchange-traded funds:
 
 
Credit Spread Shift in Basis Points
As of December 31, 2019
 
—
 
+50
 
+100
 
 
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Total Market Value
 
$
10,227

 
$
9,999

 
$
9,777

Market Value Change from Base
 
 
 
(2.2
)%
 
(4.4
)%
Change in Unrealized Value
 
 
 
$
(228
)
 
$
(450
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2018
 
—
 
+50
 
+100
Total Market Value
 
$
9,101

 
$
8,896

 
$
8,699

Market Value Change from Base
 
 
 
(2.3
)%
 
(4.4
)%
Change in Unrealized Value
 
 
 
$
(205
)
 
$
(402
)
Credit Risk
Credit risk relates to the uncertainty of a counterparty’s ability to make timely payments in accordance with contractual terms of the instrument or contract. We are exposed to direct credit risk primarily within our portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments, and through customers, brokers and reinsurers in the form of premiums receivable and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, respectively, as discussed below.
Fixed Maturity and Short-Term Investments
As a holder of $9.6 billion of fixed maturity and short-term investments, we also have exposure to credit risk as a result of investment ratings downgrades or issuer defaults. In an effort to mitigate this risk, our investment portfolio consists primarily of investment grade-rated, liquid, fixed maturity investments of short-to-medium duration and mutual funds. A table of credit ratings for our fixed maturity and short-term investments is in Note 6 - "Investments" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. At December 31, 2019, 40.0% of our fixed maturity and short-term investment portfolio was rated AA or higher by a major rating agency (December 31, 2018: 42.6%) with 4.1% rated lower than BBB- (December 31, 2018: 3.6%). The portfolio as a whole, including cash, restricted cash, fixed maturity and short term investments and funds held - directly managed, had an average credit quality rating of A+ as of December 31, 2019 (December 31, 2018: A+). In addition, we manage our portfolio pursuant to guidelines that follow what we believe are prudent standards of diversification. The guidelines limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuers and, as a result, we do not believe we have significant concentrations of credit risk.
A summary of our fixed maturity and short-term investments by credit rating as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 is as follows:
Credit rating
2019
 
2018
 
Change
AAA
27.1
%
 
28.2
%
 
(1.1
)%
AA
12.9
%
 
14.4
%
 
(1.5
)%
A
34.3
%
 
30.2
%
 
4.1
 %
BBB
21.4
%
 
23.4
%
 
(2.0
)%
Non-investment grade
4.1
%
 
3.6
%
 
0.5
 %
Not rated
0.2
%
 
0.2
%
 
—
 %
Total
100.0
%
 
100.0
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Average credit rating
A+

 
A+

 
 

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Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
We have exposure to credit risk as it relates to our reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Our insurance subsidiaries remain liable to the extent that retrocessionaires do not meet their contractual obligations and, therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers. A discussion of our reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses is in Note 8 - "Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Funds Held
Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. The funds balance is credited with investment income and losses payable are deducted. We are subject to credit risk if the reinsured company is unable to honor the value of the funds held balances, such as in the event of insolvency. However, we generally have the contractual ability to offset any shortfall in the payment of the funds held balances with amounts owed by us to the reinsured for losses payable and other amounts contractually due. Our funds held are shown under two categories on the consolidated balance sheets, where funds held upon which we receive the underlying portfolio economics are shown as "Funds held - directly managed", and funds held where we receive a fixed crediting rate are shown as "Funds held by reinsured companies". Both types of funds held are subject to credit risk. We routinely monitor the creditworthiness of reinsured companies with whom we have funds held arrangements. As of December 31, 2019 we have a significant concentration of $1.0 billion with one reinsured company, which has financial strength credit ratings of A+ from A.M. Best and AA from Standard & Poor's.
Equity Price Risk
Our portfolio of equity investments, excluding our fixed income exchange-traded funds but including the equity funds and call options on equities included in other investments (collectively, "equities at risk"), has exposure to equity price risk, which is the risk of potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in stock prices. Our fixed income exchange-traded funds are excluded from the below analysis and have been included within the interest rate and credit spread risk analysis, as the exchange-traded funds are part of our fixed income investment strategy. Our global equity portfolio is correlated with a blend of the S&P 500 and MSCI World indices, and changes in this blend of indices would approximate the impact on our portfolio. The following table summarizes the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from a 10% decline in the overall market prices of our equities at risk:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks
$
327.9

 
$
138.4

 
$
189.5

Privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks
268.8

 
228.7

 
40.1

Private equity funds
329.9

 
248.6

 
81.3

Equity funds
410.1

 
333.7

 
76.4

Call options on equity
0.1

 
—

 
0.1

Fair value of equities at risk
$
1,336.8

 
$
949.4

 
$
387.4

 
 
 
 
 
 
Impact of 10% decline in fair value
$
133.7

 
$
94.9

 
$
38.8

In addition to the above, as of December 31, 2019, we had investments of $1,121.9 million (December 31, 2018: $852.6 million) in hedge funds, included within our other investments, at fair value, that have exposure, among other items, to equity price risk.

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Foreign Currency Risk
The table below summarizes our net exposures as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 to foreign currencies:
 
 
AUD
 
CAD
 
EUR
 
GBP
 
Other
 
Total
 
 
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total net foreign currency exposure
 
$
20.2

 
$
(10.6
)
 
$
12.9

 
$
(11.9
)
 
$
0.6

 
$
11.2

Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement in USD(1)
 
$
2.0

 
$
(1.1
)
 
$
1.3

 
$
(1.2
)
 
$
0.1

 
$
1.1

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018
 
 
Total net foreign currency exposure
 
$
17.5

 
$
20.2

 
$
17.2

 
$
(35.8
)
 
$
1.7

 
$
20.7

Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement in USD(1)
 
$
1.8

 
$
2.0

 
$
1.7

 
$
(3.6
)
 
$
0.2

 
$
2.1

(1) 
Assumes 10% change in U.S. dollar relative to other currencies.
Through our subsidiaries located in various jurisdictions, we conduct our insurance and reinsurance operations in a variety of non-U.S. currencies. We have the following exposures to foreign currency risk:
•
Transaction Risk: The functional currency for the majority of our subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Within these entities, any fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar has a direct impact on the valuation of our assets and liabilities denominated in other currencies. All changes in foreign exchange rates, with the exception of non-U.S. dollar available-for-sale investments, are recognized in our consolidated statements of earnings. Changes in foreign exchange rates relating to non-U.S. dollar available-for-sale investments are recorded accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. Our subsidiaries with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are also exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relative to their own functional currency.
•
Translation Risk: Our net investments in certain European, British, and Australian subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the Euro, British pound and Australian dollar, respectively. The foreign exchange gain or loss resulting from the translation of their financial statements from functional currency into U.S. dollars is recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment account, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity.
Our foreign currency policy is to broadly manage, where possible, our foreign currency risk by:
•
Seeking to match our liabilities under insurance and reinsurance policies that are payable in foreign currencies with assets that are denominated in such currencies, subject to regulatory constraints.
•
Selectively utilizing foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate foreign currency risk.
•
We may borrow to hedge the foreign currency exposure on our net investment in certain of our subsidiaries whose functional currency is denominated in non-U.S. dollars. This is referred to as a non-derivative hedge.
The instruments we use to manage foreign currency risk are discussed in Note 7 - "Derivatives and Hedging Instruments" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To the extent our foreign currency exposure is not matched or hedged, we may experience foreign exchange losses or gains, which would be reflected in our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
Effects of Inflation
Inflation may have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations by its effect on our assets and our liabilities. Inflation could lead to higher interest rates, resulting in a decrease in the market value of our fixed maturity portfolio. We may choose to hold our fixed maturity investments to maturity, which would result in the unrealized gains or losses accreting back over time. Inflation may also affect the value of certain of our liabilities, primarily our estimate for losses and LAE, such as our cost of claims which includes medical treatments, litigation costs and judicial awards. Although our estimate for losses and LAE is established to reflect the likely payments in the future, we would be subject to the risk that inflation could cause these amounts to be greater than the current estimate for losses and LAE. We seek to take this into account when setting reserves and pricing new business.

117

ITEM 8.   FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page    
 
 
SCHEDULES
 
Schedules other than those listed above are omitted as they are not applicable or the information has been included in the consolidated financial statements, notes thereto, or elsewhere herein.

118

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Enstar Group Limited:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to VI (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 27, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Assessment of the estimate of the loss reserves and asbestos and environmental liabilities
As discussed in Notes 2 (c), 10 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has recorded a liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses (loss reserves) and defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities (asbestos and environmental liabilities) of $7,808 million and $848 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. Included in loss reserves are claims that have been received by the Company but not yet paid, in addition losses that have been incurred, but not yet reported to the Company. Asbestos and environmental liabilities include amounts for indemnity and defense costs for pending and future claims, as well as estimated clean-up costs based on engineering reports. The Company established loss reserves and asbestos and environmental liabilities based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate claims payments, using generally accepted actuarial methods, with the assistance of actuarial specialists.
We identified the assessment of the estimate of loss reserves and asbestos and environmental liabilities as a critical audit matter. The evaluation of the estimate of loss reserves involved a high degree of auditor judgment due to the inherent uncertainty that exists in the losses incurred but not yet reported amounts, the outcome of coverage litigation on certain lines of business, and the significant amount of time that can lapse between the assumption of risk and ultimate payment of the claim. Also, the evaluation of the estimate of asbestos and environmental liabilities involved

119

a high degree of auditor judgment due to the inherent uncertainty that exists in estimating the number and potential value of claims asserted, but unpaid and claims not yet asserted. The key assumptions used in the estimation process for loss reserves included loss development factors, expected loss ratios, and expected trends in claim frequency and severity. The key assumptions used in the estimation process for asbestos and environmental liabilities included expected trends in claim frequency and severity. Specialized skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the actuarial methodologies and certain assumptions used to estimate loss reserves and asbestos and environmental liabilities.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s process to estimate the loss reserves and asbestos and environmental liabilities, including controls over the assumptions listed above and actuarial methodologies used in the estimation of loss reserves and asbestos and environmental liabilities. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•
Comparing the methodologies and assumptions used by the Company in estimating loss reserves and asbestos and environmental liabilities with generally accepted actuarial methodologies;
•
Evaluating loss development factors, expected loss ratios, and expected trends in claim frequency and severity, by comparing them to historical results and industry trends used in the estimation process of loss reserves;
•
Evaluating expected trends in claim frequency and severity, by comparing them to historical results and industry trends used in the estimation process of asbestos and environmental liabilities;
•
Developing an independent actuarial estimate of loss reserves and asbestos and environmental liabilities for selected lines of business;
•
Examining the Company’s internal or independent external actuarial analyses for the remaining lines of business by 1) analyzing claims development in the current year; and 2) evaluating changes in methodologies and assumptions from the prior year;
•
Evaluating the Company’s overall recorded loss reserves by assessing the movement of the recorded loss reserves within the Company’s range of actuarially determined reserves; and
•
Evaluating the Company’s overall recorded asbestos and environmental liabilities by assessing the movement of the recorded asbestos and environmental liabilities within the Company’s range of actuarially determined reserves.
Assessment of the estimate of the nominal loss reserve used to develop the liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses, fair value
As discussed in Notes 2 (c), 2(p), 10 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company used a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses, fair value. The discounted cash flow approach used estimated nominal cash flows based on a payment pattern developed in accordance with standard actuarial techniques. Nominal loss reserves include claims that have been received by the Company but not yet paid, in addition to losses that have been incurred, but not yet reported to the Company. The Company estimated the nominal loss reserve based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate loss and loss adjustment expenses, using generally accepted actuarial methods, with the assistance of actuarial specialists. The Company has recorded a liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses, fair value (loss reserves at fair value) of $2,621 million as of December 31, 2019.
We identified the assessment of the estimate of the nominal loss reserve used to develop the loss reserves at fair value as a critical audit matter. The evaluation of the estimate of the nominal loss reserves involved a high degree of auditor judgment due to the inherent uncertainty that exists in the losses incurred but not yet reported amounts, the outcome of coverage litigation on certain lines of business, and the significant amount of time that can lapse between the assumption of risk and ultimate payment of the claim. The key assumptions used in the estimation process included loss development factors and expected trends in claim frequency and severity. Specialized skills and knowledge were required to 1) evaluate the actuarial methodologies and certain assumptions used to estimate the nominal loss reserves; and 2) evaluate the projected payout, including timing, and amount of the nominal cash flows used in the fair value estimate.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s process to estimate nominal loss reserve, including controls over the assumptions and actuarial methodologies used in the 1) estimation of the nominal loss reserves; and 2) the estimation of the projected payout, including timing, and amount of the nominal cash flows used to develop the fair value. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•
Comparing the methodologies and assumptions used by the Company in estimating the nominal loss reserves with generally accepted actuarial methodologies;
•
Evaluating loss development factors and expected trends in claim frequency and severity, by comparing them to historical results and industry trends;

120

•
Developing an independent actuarial estimate of the nominal loss reserves for selected lines of business;
•
Examining the Company’s internal and independent external actuarial analyses for the remaining lines of business by 1) analyzing claims development in the current year; and 2) evaluating changes in methodologies and assumptions from the prior year;
•
Evaluating the Company’s overall nominal loss reserves and assessing the movement of the nominal loss reserves within the Company’s range of actuarially determined reserves; and
•
Evaluating the projected payout, including timing, and amount of the nominal cash flows used to develop the fair value, by comparing the assumptions used with the assumptions applied in developing the nominal loss reserves.
Evaluation of the acquisition date fair value of asbestos liabilities acquired in the Morse TEC business combination
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, on October 30, 2019, the Company acquired Morse TEC. As a result of the transaction the Company recoded $0.663 billion in asbestos liabilities associated with personal injury claims (asbestos liabilities). The Company determined the acquisition to be a business combination and applied the acquisition method to account for the transaction. The acquisition date fair value of the acquired asbestos liabilities are derived from projected cash flows, based on actuarially determined information. The key assumptions used by the Company to determine the acquisition date fair value of the acquired asbestos liabilities are: 1) the projected payout, including timing and amount of asbestos liabilities, which is derived from the actuarial estimate of nominal asbestos liabilities; 2) a discount rate, which is applied to estimate the present value of the future cash flows; and 3) a risk margin. The nominal asbestos liabilities include amounts for indemnity and defense costs for pending and future claims. The Company established nominal asbestos liabilities based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate claims payments, using generally accepted actuarial methods, with the assistance of actuarial specialists.
We identified the determination of the acquisition date fair value of the asbestos liabilities acquired in the Morse TEC business combination as a critical audit matter. The evaluation of the estimate of nominal asbestos liabilities involved a high degree of auditor judgment due to the inherent uncertainty that exists in estimating the number and potential value of claims asserted, but unpaid and claims not yet asserted. The key assumptions used in the fair value process included: 1) the projected payout, including timing and amount of asbestos liabilities; 2) a discount rate; and 3) a risk margin. Specialized skills and knowledge were required to 1) evaluate the actuarial methodologies and certain assumptions used to estimate the nominal asbestos liability; and 2) the acquisition date fair value of asbestos liabilities.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s process to estimate the fair value of the asbestos liabilities, including controls over the assumptions and actuarial methodologies used in the 1) estimation of the nominal asbestos liabilities; 2) estimation of the projected payout, including timing, and amount of asbestos liabilities; and 3) the methodologies and assumptions used in determining the discount rate and risk margin. We involved actuarial processionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•
Comparing the methodologies and assumptions used by the Company in estimating the nominal asbestos liabilities with generally accepted actuarial methodologies;
•
Evaluating expected trends in claim frequency and severity, by comparing them to historical results and industry trends;
•
Developing an independent actuarial estimate of nominal asbestos liabilities for selected lines of - business;
•
Examining the Company’s internal actuarial analysis for the remaining lines of business by analyzing claims development in the current year;
•
Developing independent actuarial estimates of the projected payout, including timing, and amount of asbestos liabilities; and
•
Evaluating the methodologies and assumptions used by the Company in determining the risk margin used in the estimation of the fair value of the acquired asbestos liabilities.
In addition, we involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•
Evaluating the discount rate used in the estimation of the fair value of the asbestos liabilities by assessing the inputs into the discount rate.
/s/ KPMG Audit Limited
KPMG Audit Limited
Hamilton, Bermuda
February 27, 2020
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.

121


ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share data)
ASSETS
 
 
 
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value
$
51,490

 
$
114,116

Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2019 — $128,311; 2018 — $nil)
128,335

 
—

Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value
6,346,329

 
7,248,793

Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2019 — $1,914,143; 2018 — $151,433)
1,913,389

 
151,609

Funds held - directly managed
1,187,552

 
1,198,154

Equities, at fair value
729,721

 
367,125

Other investments, at fair value
2,524,420

 
1,957,757

Equity method investments
326,277

 
204,507

Total investments (Note 6 and Note 12)
13,207,513

 
11,242,061

Cash and cash equivalents
703,085

 
602,096

Restricted cash and cash equivalents
352,692

 
380,488

Premiums receivable
576,980

 
787,468

Deferred tax assets (Note 20)
170,984

 
10,124

Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (Note 8)
1,684,372

 
1,290,072

Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, fair value (Note 8 and Note 12)
695,518

 
739,591

Insurance balances recoverable (Note 11)
448,855

 
135,808

Funds held by reinsured companies
408,735

 
321,267

Deferred acquisition costs
153,505

 
121,101

Goodwill and intangible assets (Note 14)
216,468

 
218,725

Other assets
744,608

 
707,469

TOTAL ASSETS
$
19,363,315

 
$
16,556,270

 

 
 
LIABILITIES
 
 
 
Losses and loss adjustment expenses (Note 10)
$
7,808,116

 
$
6,535,449

Losses and loss adjustment expenses, fair value (Note 10 and Note 12)
2,621,122

 
2,874,055

Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities (Note 11)
847,685

 
203,320

Unearned premiums
746,775

 
842,618

Insurance and reinsurance balances payable
373,180

 
388,086

Deferred tax liabilities (Note 20)
16,074

 
10,542

Debt obligations (Note 15)
1,191,207

 
861,539

Other liabilities
464,014

 
468,129

TOTAL LIABILITIES
14,068,173

 
12,183,738

 
 
 
 
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 23)

 

 
 
 
 
REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST (Note 16)
438,791

 
458,543

 
 
 
 
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Note 17)
 
 
 
Ordinary shares (par value $1 each, issued and outstanding 2019: 21,511,505; 2018: 21,459,997):
 
 
 
Voting Ordinary Shares (issued and outstanding 2019: 18,001,823; 2018: 17,950,315)
18,002

 
17,950

Non-voting convertible ordinary Series C Shares (issued and outstanding 2019 and 2018: 2,599,672)
2,600

 
2,600

Non-voting convertible ordinary Series E Shares (issued and outstanding 2019 and 2018: 910,010)
910

 
910

Preferred Shares:
 
 
 
Series C Preferred Shares (issued and held in treasury 2019 and 2018: 388,571)
389

 
389

Series D Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2019 and 2018: 16,000)
400,000

 
400,000

Series E Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2019 and 2018: 4,400)
110,000

 
110,000

Treasury shares, at cost (Series C Preferred Shares 2019 and 2018: 388,571)
(421,559
)
 
(421,559
)
Additional paid-in capital
1,836,778

 
1,804,664

Accumulated other comprehensive income
7,171

 
10,440

Retained earnings
2,887,892

 
1,976,539

Total Enstar Group Limited Shareholders’ Equity
4,842,183

 
3,901,933

Noncontrolling interest
14,168

 
12,056

TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
$
4,856,351

 
$
3,913,989

TOTAL LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
19,363,315

 
16,556,270

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
(expressed in thousands of U.S.
dollars, except share and per share data)
INCOME
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
1,154,861

 
$
895,575

 
$
613,121

Fees and commission income
28,453

 
35,088

 
66,103

Net investment income
321,276

 
270,671

 
208,789

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
1,031,351

 
(412,884
)
 
190,334

Other income
37,170

 
35,085

 
22,605

 
2,573,111

 
823,535

 
1,100,952

EXPENSES
 
 
 
 
 
Net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses
872,575

 
454,025

 
193,551

Life and annuity policy benefits
91

 
1,003

 
4,015

Acquisition costs
305,951

 
192,790

 
96,906

General and administrative expenses
473,086

 
407,375

 
435,985

Interest expense
52,541

 
26,217

 
28,102

Net foreign exchange (gains) losses
(7,879
)
 
2,668

 
17,537

Loss on sale of subsidiary
—

 
—

 
16,349

 
1,696,365

 
1,084,078

 
792,445

EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
876,746

 
(260,543
)
 
308,507

Income tax benefit (expense)
(4,437
)
 
6,124

 
6,395

Earnings from equity method investments
55,910

 
42,147

 
5,904

NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS
928,219

 
(212,272
)
 
320,806

Net earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
10,993

NET EARNINGS (LOSS)
928,219

 
(212,272
)
 
331,799

Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest
9,870

 
62,051

 
(20,341
)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
938,089

 
(150,221
)
 
311,458

Dividends on preferred shares
(35,914
)
 
(12,133
)
 
—

NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
902,175

 
$
(162,354
)
 
$
311,458

 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic:
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations
$
42.00

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.50

Net earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
0.56

Net earnings (loss) per ordinary share
$
42.00

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
16.06

Diluted:
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations
$
41.43

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.39

Net earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
0.56

Net earnings (loss) per ordinary share
$
41.43

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.95

Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
21,482,617

 
20,698,310

 
19,388,621

Diluted
21,775,066

 
20,904,176

 
19,527,591

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

122

ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS)
$
928,219

 
$
(212,272
)
 
$
331,799

 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes:
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on fixed income investments arising during the year
2,896

 
(2,284
)
 
4,776

Reclassification adjustment for net realized gains (losses) included in net earnings
(3,894
)
 
63

 
(491
)
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the year, net of reclassification adjustment
(998
)
 
(2,221
)
 
4,285

Change in currency translation adjustment
(2,428
)
 
(202
)
 
9,423

Reclassification to earnings on disposal of subsidiary
—

 
—

 
20,751

Total cumulative translation adjustment
(2,428
)
 
(202
)
 
30,174

Decrease in defined benefit pension liability
42

 
2,156

 
1,501

Total other comprehensive gain (loss)
(3,384
)
 
(267
)
 
35,960

 
 
 
 
 
 
Comprehensive income (loss)
924,835

 
(212,539
)
 
367,759

Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest
9,985

 
62,291

 
(22,285
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
$
934,820

 
$
(150,248
)
 
$
345,474

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements


123

ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Share Capital — Voting Ordinary Shares
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
17,950

 
$
16,402

 
$
16,175

Issue of shares
52

 
1,548

 
35

Conversion of Series C Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Shares
—

 
—

 
192

Balance, end of year
$
18,002

 
$
17,950

 
$
16,402

Share Capital — Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Series C Shares
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
2,600

 
$
2,600

 
$
2,792

Conversion to Voting Ordinary Shares
—

 
—

 
(192
)
Balance, end of year
$
2,600


$
2,600


$
2,600

Share Capital — Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Series E Shares
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
910

 
$
405

 
$
405

Issue of shares
—

 
505

 
—

Balance, end of year
$
910

 
$
910

 
$
405

Share Capital - Series C Convertible Participating Non-Voting Preferred Shares
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning and end of year
$
389

 
$
389

 
$
389

Share Capital - Series D Preferred Shares
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
400,000

 
$
—

 
$
—

Issue of shares
—

 
400,000

 
—

Balance, end of year
$
400,000

 
$
400,000

 
$
—

Share Capital - Series E Preferred Shares
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
110,000

 
$
—

 
$
—

Issue of shares
—

 
110,000

 
—

Balance, end of year
$
110,000

 
$
110,000

 
$
—

Treasury Shares (Series C Preferred Shares)
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning and end of year
$
(421,559
)
 
$
(421,559
)
 
$
(421,559
)
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
1,804,664

 
$
1,395,067

 
$
1,380,109

Issue of voting ordinary shares
583

 
413,141

 
450

Issuance costs of preferred shares
—

 
(14,643
)
 
—

Amortization of share-based compensation
31,531

 
11,099

 
14,508

Balance, end of year
$
1,836,778

 
$
1,804,664

 
$
1,395,067

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
10,440

 
$
10,468

 
$
(23,549
)
Cumulative translation adjustment
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
10,986

 
11,171

 
(18,993
)
Change in currency translation adjustment
(2,438
)
 
(185
)
 
9,413

Reclassification to earnings on disposal of subsidiary
—

 
—

 
20,751

Balance, end of year
8,548

 
10,986

 
11,171

Defined benefit pension liability
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
(987
)
 
(3,143
)
 
(4,644
)
Change in defined benefit pension liability
42

 
2,156

 
1,501

Balance, end of year
(945
)
 
(987
)
 
(3,143
)
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
441

 
2,440

 
88

Change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
(873
)
 
(1,999
)
 
2,352

Balance, end of year
(432
)
 
441

 
2,440

Balance, end of year
$
7,171

 
$
10,440

 
$
10,468

Retained Earnings
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
1,976,539

 
$
2,132,912

 
$
1,847,550

Net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited ordinary shareholders
928,219

 
(212,272
)
 
331,799

Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest
9,870

 
62,051

 
(20,341
)
Dividends on preferred shares
(35,914
)
 
(12,133
)
 
—

Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests
9,178

 
7,554

 
(30,978
)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle
—

 
(1,573
)
 
4,882

Balance, end of year
$
2,887,892

 
$
1,976,539

 
$
2,132,912

Noncontrolling Interest (excludes redeemable noncontrolling interests)
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$
12,056

 
$
9,264

 
$
8,520

Purchase of noncontrolling shareholders' interest in subsidiaries
(47
)
 
—

 
—

Contribution of capital
—

 
49

 
22

Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest
2,159

 
2,743

 
722

Balance, end of year
$
14,168

 
$
12,056

 
$
9,264

  

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

124

ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings (loss)
$
928,219

 
$
(212,272
)
 
$
331,799

Net earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
(10,993
)
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to cash flows used in operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Realized losses (gains) on sale of investments
(96,328
)
 
27,633

 
(1,668
)
Unrealized losses (gains) on investments
(935,023
)
 
385,251

 
(188,666
)
Depreciation and other amortization
35,583

 
33,295

 
36,115

Earnings from equity method investments
(55,910
)
 
(42,147
)
 
(5,904
)
Sales and maturities of trading securities
5,829,277

 
4,802,224

 
6,111,607

Purchases of trading securities
(4,591,459
)
 
(5,592,311
)
 
(7,544,649
)
Net loss on sale of subsidiary
—

 
—

 
16,349

Other non-cash items
33,857

 
11,857

 
41,087

Changes in:
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
(350,243
)
 
(268,039
)
 
(530,857
)
Funds held by reinsured companies
(87,468
)
 
(126,897
)
 
(93,310
)
Losses and loss adjustment expenses
1,021,175

 
960,199

 
1,363,032

Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
(18,142
)
 
(15,844
)
 
(14,857
)
Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts
(103,080
)
 
(6,776
)
 
(3,314
)
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable
(15,227
)
 
151,918

 
(157,741
)
Unearned premiums
(95,843
)
 
173,725

 
34,854

Premiums receivable
210,493

 
(212,423
)
 
(19,026
)
Other operating assets and liabilities
53,635

 
(229,465
)
 
293,035

Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities
1,763,516

 
(160,072
)
 
(343,107
)
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
$
172,482

 
$
(245,151
)
 
$
(4,185
)
Sale of subsidiary, net of cash sold
—

 
—

 
126,611

Sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities
344,325

 
58,219

 
86,359

Purchase of available-for-sale securities
(2,212,204
)
 
(10,386
)
 
(14,848
)
Purchase of other investments
(796,918
)
 
(901,071
)
 
(109,885
)
Proceeds from other investments
582,662

 
436,396

 
232,827

Purchase of equity method investments
(69,213
)
 
(155,440
)
 
—

Other investing activities
(4,671
)
 
(8,321
)
 
(23,617
)
Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities
(1,983,537
)
 
(825,754
)
 
293,262

FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
Net proceeds from the issuance of preferred shares
$
—

 
$
495,357

 
$
—

Dividends on preferred shares
(35,914
)
 
(12,133
)
 
—

Contribution by noncontrolling interest
—

 
49

 
22

Contribution by redeemable noncontrolling interest
13,127

 
55,377

 
—

Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest
(11,556
)
 
(3,852
)
 
(27,458
)
Purchase of noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries
(47
)
 
—

 
—

Receipt of loans
1,070,502

 
1,132,507

 
874,100

Repayment of loans
(742,574
)
 
(914,319
)
 
(912,140
)
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities
293,538

 
752,986

 
(65,476
)
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON FOREIGN CURRENCY CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH
(324
)
 
2,588

 
9,512

NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH
73,193

 
(230,252
)
 
(105,809
)
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF YEAR
982,584

 
1,212,836

 
1,318,645

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF YEAR
$
1,055,777

 
$
982,584

 
$
1,212,836

 
 
 
 
 
 
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
 
 
 
 
 
Income taxes paid, net of refunds
$
5,012

 
$
17,610

 
$
13,192

Interest paid
$
49,457

 
$
25,240

 
$
21,487

 
 
 
 
 
 
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheets:
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
703,085

 
$
602,096

 
$
955,150

Restricted cash and cash equivalents
352,692

 
380,488

 
257,686

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$
1,055,777

 
$
982,584

 
$
1,212,836


See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

125

ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

(Tabular information expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars except share and per share data) 
1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar") is a Bermuda-based holding company, formed in 2001. Enstar is a multi-faceted insurance group that offers innovative capital release solutions and specialty underwriting capabilities through its network of group companies in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, and other international locations. Our ordinary shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol "ESGR". Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms "Enstar," "we," "us" or "our" mean Enstar Group Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries and the term "Parent Company" means Enstar Group Limited and not any of its consolidated subsidiaries.
Our business is organized into three segments:
(i)
Non-life Run-off: This segment comprises the operations of our subsidiaries that are running off their property and casualty and other non-life business. It also includes our management business, which manages the run-off portfolios of third parties through our service companies;
(ii)
Atrium: Atrium Underwriters Ltd. is a managing general agent at Lloyd’s of London ("Lloyd's"), which manages Syndicate 609. Through a corporate capital vehicle, Atrium 5 Ltd., we provide 25% of the syndicate’s underwriting capacity and capital (with the balance provided by traditional Lloyd’s Names). Atrium specializes in a wide range of industry classes, including marine, aviation and transit, property and casualty binding authorities, reinsurance, accident and health and non-marine direct and facultative; and
(iii)
StarStone: StarStone is a global specialty insurer that underwrites a diverse range of property, casualty and specialty insurance through its operations in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Continental Europe. Certain business of StarStone placed into run-off at the time of our acquisition of StarStone is recorded in our Non-life Run-off segment.
Atrium and StarStone, our active underwriting operations, are reported as separate segments because they are managed and operated in separate and distinct manners. Atrium employees are not involved in the management or strategy of StarStone, nor are StarStone employees involved in the management or strategy of Atrium. Atrium and StarStone are monitored and reported upon separately and distinctly and their strategies and business plans are determined independently of each other.
In addition to our three reportable segments, our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange and other miscellaneous items.

126
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Preparation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The consolidated financial statements include our assets, liabilities and results of operations as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Results of operations for acquired subsidiaries are included from the date of acquisition. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on net earnings.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our actual results could differ materially from our estimates. Accounting policies that we believe are most dependent on assumptions and estimates are considered to be our critical accounting policies and are related to the determination of:
•
liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE");
•
reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses;
•
defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities and related insurance balances recoverable;
•
valuation allowances on reinsurance balances recoverable and deferred tax assets;
•
impairment charges, including other-than-temporary impairments on investment securities classified as available-for-sale, and impairments on goodwill, intangible assets and deferred charge assets;
•
gross and net premiums written and net premiums earned;
•
fair value measurements of investments;
•
fair value estimates associated with accounting for acquisitions;
•
fair value estimates associated with loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option; and
•
redeemable noncontrolling interests.
Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Premiums
Non-Life
Non-life premiums written are earned on a pro-rata basis over the period the coverage is provided. Reinsurance premiums are recorded at the inception of the policy, are based upon contractual terms and, for certain business, are estimated based on underlying contracts or from information provided by insureds and/or brokers. Changes in reinsurance premium estimates are expected and may result in adjustments in future periods. Any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded as premiums written in the period in which they are determined.
Certain non-life contracts are retrospectively rated and provide for a final adjustment to the premium based on the final settlement of all losses. Premiums on such contracts are adjusted based upon contractual terms, and management judgment is involved with respect to the estimate of the amount of losses that we expect to incur. Additional premiums are recognized at the time loss thresholds specified in the contract are exceeded and are earned over the coverage period, or are earned immediately if the period of risk coverage has passed.
Premiums receivable
Premiums receivable represent amounts currently due and amounts not yet due on insurance and reinsurance policies. Premiums for insurance policies and loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreements are generally due at inception. Premiums for other reinsurance policies generally become due over the period of coverage based on the

127
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

policy terms. We monitor the credit risk associated with premiums receivable, taking into consideration the impact of our contractual right to offset loss obligations or unearned premiums against premiums receivable. Amounts deemed uncollectible are charged to net earnings based on an expected loss approach. Changes in the estimates of premiums written will result in an adjustment to premiums receivable in the period they are determined.
Unearned premiums and prepaid reinsurance premiums
Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written that relate to the unexpired terms of policies in force. Premiums ceded are similarly pro-rated over the period the coverage is provided with the unearned portion being deferred as prepaid reinsurance premiums.
(b) Acquisition Costs
Acquisition costs, consisting principally of commissions and brokerage expenses and certain premium taxes and fees incurred at the time a contract or policy is issued and that vary with and are directly related to the successful efforts of acquiring new insurance contracts or renewing existing insurance contracts, are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. Deferred acquisition costs are limited to their estimated realizable value by line of business based on the related unearned premiums, anticipated claims and claim expenses and anticipated investment income.
A premium deficiency occurs if the sum of anticipated losses and loss adjustment expenses exceed unearned premiums, deferred acquisition costs and anticipated investment income. A premium deficiency is initially recognized by charging any deferred acquisition costs to expense to the extent required in order to eliminate the deficiency. If the premium deficiency exceeds the deferred acquisition costs then a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency.
(c) Losses and LAE
Non-life Run-off
The liability for losses and LAE in the Non-life Run-off segment includes an amount determined from reported claims and an amount, based on historical loss experience and industry statistics, for losses incurred but not reported ("IBNR") determined using a variety of actuarial methods. These estimates are continually reviewed and are necessarily subject to the impact of future changes in factors such as claim severity and frequency, changes in economic conditions including the impact of inflation, legal and judicial developments, and medical cost trends. Our estimates, at inception and on an ongoing basis, do not include an estimate for potential future commutations and policy buybacks. Commutations and policy buybacks are often unique, and each commutation or policy buyback is separately negotiated. Therefore, the successful execution of one commutation or policy buyback does not necessarily impact the likelihood of other commutations or policy buybacks occurring in the future. We therefore exclude the impact of potential future commutations and policy buybacks in determining the liability for losses and LAE. While we believe that the liability for losses and LAE is adequate, the ultimate amount may be in excess of, or less than, the amounts provided. Adjustments will be reflected as part of the net increase or reduction in losses and LAE liabilities in the periods in which they become known. Premium and commission adjustments may be triggered by incurred losses, and any amounts are recorded in the same period that the related incurred loss is recognized.
Commutations of acquired companies’ exposures have the effect of accelerating the payout of claims compared to the probability-weighted ranges of actuarially projected cash flows that we applied when estimating the fair values of assets and liabilities at the time of acquisition. Commutations and policy buybacks provide an opportunity for us to exit exposures to certain policies and insureds generally at a discount to our estimate of the ultimate liability and provide us with the ability to eliminate exposure to further losses. Commutations and policy buybacks can be beneficial to us as they legally extinguish liabilities in full, reduce the potential for future adverse loss development, and reduce future claims handling costs. Any material acceleration of payout together with the impact of any material loss reserve savings in any period will also accelerate the amortization of fair value adjustments and deferred charge assets in that period. Commutations are only executed directly with insureds or reinsureds and any gains realized or losses incurred on the settlement of losses and LAE liabilities through commutations or policy buybacks are recognized upon the execution of a commutation or policy buyback with the insured or reinsured. Our estimate of the liability for losses and LAE does not consider historical commutations and policy buybacks and also does not include an estimate for potential future commutations and policy buybacks.

128
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries also establish provisions for LAE relating to run-off costs for the estimated duration of the run-off, which are included in the liability for losses and LAE. These provisions are assessed at each reporting date, and provisions relating to future periods are adjusted to reflect any changes in estimates of the periodic run-off costs or the duration of the run-off, including the impact of any acceleration of the run-off period that may be caused by commutations. Provisions relating to the current period together with any adjustment to future run-off provisions are included in net incurred losses and LAE in the consolidated statements of earnings.
Atrium and StarStone
The reserves for losses and LAE in the Atrium and StarStone segments include reserves for unpaid reported losses and for IBNR loss reserves. The reserves for unpaid reported losses and loss expenses are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represent the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to or specifically identified by us. The reserve for IBNR losses is established by us based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, ultimate losses and loss expenses may differ from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years.
Components of Net Incurred Losses and LAE
Included within the total net incurred losses and LAE on our consolidated statement of earnings are the following items:
•
Net losses paid: paid losses and LAE, net of related reinsurance recoveries.
•
Net change in case and LAE reserves: the change in case reserves and associated LAE, net of related reinsurance recoveries.
•
Net change in IBNR reserves: the change in IBNR reserves, net of related reinsurance recoveries.
•
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses: the total of net losses paid, net change in case and LAE reserves and the net change in IBNR. This includes the net impact of commutations and policy buybacks on the liability for losses and LAE reserves and reinsurance recoveries.
•
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE: the net change in our provision for unallocated LAE.
•
Amortization of deferred charge assets: the amortization of the deferred charge assets associated with assumed retroactive reinsurance contracts, where the estimated ultimate losses assumed at the inception of the contracts is greater than the premium consideration received.
•
Amortization of fair value adjustments: the amortization of the fair value adjustments associated with acquired companies, where the assumed losses and LAE reserves and the acquired reinsurance recoveries are fair valued on acquisition.
•
Changes in fair value - fair value option: the changes in the fair value for reinsurance agreements where we have elected the fair value option. The change in fair value component includes the changes in the discounted cash flows and risk margin. The underlying net losses paid, net change in case and LAE reserves and the net change in IBNR reserves relating to these reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option are included within the appropriate line items described above.
•
Net incurred losses and LAE: the total of increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses, increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE, amortization of deferred charge assets, amortization of fair value adjustments and changes in fair value - fair value option.

129
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

(d) Defendant Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities
We acquired DCo on December 30, 2016, and Morse TEC on October 30, 2019, as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions". DCo and Morse TEC hold liabilities associated with personal injury asbestos claims and environmental claims arising from their legacy manufacturing operations. DCo and Morse TEC continue to process asbestos personal injury claims.
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets include amounts for indemnity and defense costs for pending and future claims, determined using standard actuarial techniques for asbestos-related exposures. Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities also include amounts for environmental liabilities associated with DCo's and Morse TEC's properties.
(e) Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
Amounts billed to, and due from, reinsurers resulting from paid movements in the underlying business are calculated in accordance with the terms of the individual reinsurance contracts. Similarly, reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses related to our case reserves are calculated by applying the terms of any applicable reinsurance coverage to movements in the underlying case reserves. Our estimate of reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses related to IBNR reserves is recognized on a basis consistent with the underlying IBNR reserves.
Our reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses are presented net of a provision for uncollectible amounts, reflecting the amount deemed not collectible due to credit quality, collection problems due to the location of the reinsurer, contractual disputes with reinsurers over individual contentious claims, contract language or coverage issues.
(f) Insurance Balances Recoverable
Amounts billed to and due from insurers providing coverage for our defendant asbestos liabilities are calculated in accordance with the terms of the individual insurance contracts.
The insurance balances recoverable related to our defendant asbestos liabilities are presented net of a provision for uncollectible amounts, reflecting the amount deemed not collectible primarily due to credit quality and contractual disputes with insurers over coverage issues.
(g) Investments, Cash and Cash Equivalents
Short-term investments and fixed maturity investments
Short-term investments comprise investments with a maturity greater than three months up to one year from the date of purchase. Fixed maturities comprise investments with a maturity of greater than one year from the date of purchase.
 Short-term and fixed maturity investments classified as trading are carried at fair value, with realized and unrealized holding gains and losses included in net earnings and reported as net realized and unrealized gains and losses.
Short-term and fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from net earnings and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"). Realized gains and losses on sales of investments classified as available-for-sale are recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings.
The costs of short-term and fixed maturity investments are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, recognized using the effective yield method and included in net investment income. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments, and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and reviewed on a regular basis.
Investment purchases and sales are recorded on a trade-date basis. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are based upon specific identification of the cost of investments.

130
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Other-Than-Temporary Impairments
Fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale are reviewed quarterly to determine if they have sustained an impairment of value that is, based on our judgment, considered to be other than temporary. The process includes reviewing each fixed maturity investment whose fair value is below amortized cost and: (1) determining if we have the intent to sell the fixed maturity investment; (2) determining if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed maturity investment before its anticipated recovery; and (3) assessing whether a credit loss exists, that is, whether we expect that the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the fixed maturity investment is less than the amortized cost basis of the investment.
In assessing whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a fixed maturity investment before its anticipated recovery, we consider various factors including our future cash flow requirements, legal and regulatory requirements, the level of our cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and fixed maturity investments available-for-sale in an unrealized gain position, and other relevant factors.
In evaluating credit losses, we consider a variety of factors in the assessment of a fixed maturity investment including: (1) the time period during which there has been a significant decline below cost; (2) the extent of the decline below cost and par; (3) the potential for the investment to recover in value; (4) an analysis of the financial condition of the issuer; (5) the rating of the issuer; and (6) failure of the issuer of the investment to make scheduled interest or principal payments.
If we conclude that an investment is other-than-temporarily impaired ("OTTI"), then the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of the investment is presented as an OTTI charge in the consolidated statements of earnings, with an offset for any non-credit related loss component of the OTTI charge to be recognized in other comprehensive income. Accordingly, only the credit loss component of the OTTI amount would have an impact on our earnings.
Equities
We hold investments in publicly traded equities and exchange-traded funds as well as in privately held equities. Our equity investments are carried at fair value with realized and unrealized holding gains and losses included in net earnings and reported as net realized and unrealized gains and losses.
Other investments, at fair value
Other investments include investments in limited partnerships and limited liability companies (collectively "private equities") and fixed income funds, hedge funds, equity funds, private credit funds and collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") equity funds that carry their investments at fair value, as well as direct investments in CLO equities. These other investments are stated at fair value, which ordinarily will be the most recently reported net asset value as advised by the fund manager or administrator. Many of our fund investments publish net asset values on a daily basis and provide daily liquidity; others report on a monthly basis. Private equities typically report quarterly. The change in fair value is included in net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments and recognized in net earnings.
Equity method investments
Investments in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee are classified as equity method investments and are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. In applying the equity method of accounting, investments are initially recorded at cost and are subsequently adjusted based on the Company's proportionate share of net income or loss of the investee, net of any distributions received from the investee. Adjustments are based on the most recently available financial information from the investee. Changes in the carrying value of such investments are recorded in our consolidated statements of earnings as earnings (losses) from equity method investments. Any decline in the value of our equity method investments considered by management to be other-than-temporary is reflected in our consolidated statements of earnings in the period in which it is determined.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents includes money market funds, fixed interest deposits and all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.

131
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

(h) Funds Held
Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. The funds balance is credited with investment income and losses payable are deducted. Funds held are shown under two categories on the consolidated balance sheets, where funds held upon which we receive the underlying portfolio economics are shown as "Funds held - directly managed", and funds held where we receive a fixed crediting rate are shown as "Funds held by reinsured companies". Funds held by reinsured companies are carried at cost. Funds held - directly managed, carried at fair value, represents the aggregate of funds held at cost and the value of an embedded derivative. The embedded derivative relates to our contractual right to receive the return on the underlying investment portfolio economics. The investment returns on both categories of funds held are recognized in net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses). The revaluation of the embedded derivative is included in net unrealized gains (losses).
(i) Fees and Commission Income
Fees and commission income primarily includes profit commissions earned from managed Lloyd's syndicates as well as fees earned under fronting and consulting arrangements with third-party clients, which are recorded on an accrual basis.
(j) Foreign Exchange
Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Assets and liabilities of entities whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated at period end exchange rates. Revenues and expenses of such foreign entities are translated at average exchange rates during the year. The effect of the currency translation adjustments for these foreign entities is included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Other foreign currency assets and liabilities that are considered monetary items are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Foreign currency revenues and expenses are translated either at transaction date exchange rates or using an appropriately weighted average exchange rate for the reporting period. These exchange gains and losses are recognized in net earnings.
(k) Share-based Compensation
We primarily use three types of share-based compensation arrangements: (i) restricted shares, restricted share units and performance share units, (ii) cash-settled stock appreciation rights ("SARs") and (iii) shares issued under our employee share purchase plans. With the exception of SARs and the incentive plan awards issued to certain employees of Atrium and StarStone, our share-based compensation awards qualify for equity classification. The fair value of the compensation cost is measured at the grant date and is expensed over the service period of the award. The SARs, the Atrium and StarStone incentive plan awards are classified as liability awards. Liability classified awards are recorded at fair value within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value relating to the vested portion of the award recorded within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings.
(l) Derivative Instruments
We utilize derivative instruments in our foreign currency and interest rate risk management strategies and recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and carry them at the fair value of the specific instrument utilized. Changes in the fair value as well as realized gains or losses on derivative instruments are recognized in net earnings if they are not designated as qualifying hedging instruments or if the criteria for establishing a perfectly effective designated hedging relationship for our net investment hedges has not been met. However, if a designated net investment hedge is deemed to be perfectly effective, then we recognize the changes in the fair value of the underlying hedging instrument in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the application of hedge accounting is discontinued. Any cumulative gains or losses arising on designated net investment hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the cumulative translation adjustment ("CTA") from the underlying hedged net investment is recognized in net earnings due to a disposal, deconsolidation or substantial liquidation.
Certain of our funds held arrangements also contain embedded derivatives as described above, which are carried at fair value. In addition, we also hold equity call options carried at fair value, as part of our investment strategy.

132
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

(m) Income Taxes
Certain of our subsidiaries and branches operate in jurisdictions where they are subject to taxation. Current and deferred tax expense or benefit is allocated to net earnings (loss), or, in certain cases, to discontinued operations or other comprehensive income (loss). Current tax is recognized and measured upon enacted tax laws and rates applicable in the relevant jurisdiction in the period in which the income tax becomes accruable or realizable. Deferred taxes are provided for temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities used in the financial statements and the tax basis used in the various jurisdictional tax returns. When our assessment indicates that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded against the deferred tax assets to reduce the assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized.
We recognize the benefit relating to tax positions only where the position is more likely than not to be sustained assuming examination by tax authorities. A recognized tax benefit is measured as the largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement. A liability or other adjustment is recognized for any tax benefit (along with any interest and penalty, if applicable) claimed in a tax return in excess of the amount allowed to be recognized in the financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Any changes in amounts recognized are recorded in the period in which they are determined.
(n) Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding and excludes potentially dilutive securities such as restricted shares, restricted share units, warrants, options and convertible securities. Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of ordinary and ordinary share equivalents outstanding calculated using the treasury stock method for all potentially dilutive securities. When the effect of dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive, these securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
(o) Acquisitions, Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The acquisition method is used to account for all business acquisitions. This method requires that we record the acquired assets and liabilities at their estimated fair value. The fair values of each of the acquired reinsurance assets and liabilities are derived from probability-weighted ranges of the associated projected cash flows, based on actuarially prepared information and management’s run-off strategy. Our run-off strategy, as well as that of other run-off market participants, is expected to be different from the seller's as generally sellers are not specialized in running off insurance and reinsurance liabilities whereas we and other market participants do specialize in such run-offs.
The key assumptions used by us and, we believe, by other run-off market participants in the valuation of acquired companies are (i) the projected payout, timing and amount of claims liabilities; (ii) the related projected timing and amount of reinsurance collections; (iii) an appropriate discount rate, which is applied to determine the present value of the future cash flows; (iv) the estimated unallocated LAE to be incurred over the life of the run-off; (v) the impact of any accelerated run-off strategy; and (vi) an appropriate risk margin.
The difference between the nominal carrying values of the acquired reinsurance liabilities and assets as of the acquisition date and their fair value is recorded as a fair value adjustment ("FVA") on the consolidated balance sheet. The FVA is amortized over the estimated payout period of the acquired outstanding losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. To the extent the actual payout experience after the acquisition is materially faster or slower than anticipated at the time of the acquisition as a result of (i) our active claims management strategies, which include commutations and policy buybacks, (ii) an adjustment to the estimated ultimate loss reserves, (iii) changes in bad debt provisions, or (iv) changes in estimates of future run-off costs following accelerated payouts, then the amortization of the FVA is adjusted to reflect such changes.
The difference between the fair value of net assets acquired and the purchase price is recorded as goodwill and included as an asset on the consolidated balance sheet or as a gain from bargain purchase in the consolidated statements of earnings. Goodwill is established initially upon acquisition and assessed at least annually for impairment. If the goodwill asset is determined to be impaired it is written down in the period in which the determination is made.

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Intangible assets represent both the definite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets arising from the acquisitions of Atrium and StarStone. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives with the amortization expense being recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. The carrying values of intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment at least annually. Impairment is recognized if the carrying values of the definite-lived intangible assets are not recoverable from their undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. Similarly, for indefinite-lived intangible assets, if the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, then an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess.
(p) Retroactive Reinsurance
Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification for losses and LAE with respect to past loss events. In our Non-life Run-off segment we use the balance sheet accounting approach for assumed loss portfolio transfers, whereby at the inception of the contract there are no premiums or losses recorded in earnings.
Deferred Charge Assets
If, at the inception of a Non-life Run-off retroactive reinsurance contract, the estimated undiscounted ultimate losses payable are in excess of the premiums received, a deferred charge asset is recorded for the excess. The premium consideration that we charge the ceding companies may be lower than the undiscounted estimated ultimate losses payable due to the time value of money. After receiving the premium consideration in full from our cedents at the inception of the contract, we invest the premium received over an extended period of time, thereby generating investment income. We expect to generate profits from these retroactive reinsurance policies when taking into account the premium received and expected investment income, less contractual obligations and expenses. Deferred charge assets, recorded in other assets, are amortized over the estimated claim payment period of the related contract with the periodic amortization reflected in earnings as a component of losses and LAE. The amortization of deferred charge assets is adjusted at each reporting period to reflect new estimates of the amount and timing of remaining loss ad LAE payments. Changes in the estimated amount and the timing of payments of unpaid losses may have an effect on the unamortized deferred charge assets and the amount of periodic amortization. When liabilities for losses and LAE are extinguished through commutations and policy buybacks, they are removed from our estimates for the remaining loss and LAE payments, and this will generally result in an acceleration of the amortization of the deferred charge assets. Deferred charge assets are assessed at each reporting period for impairment and if the asset is determined to be impaired, then it is written down in the period in which the determination is made.
Fair Value Option
In our Non-life Run-off segment, we have elected to apply the fair value option for certain loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transactions. This is an irrevocable election that applies to all balances under the insurance contract, including funds held assets, reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, and the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses.
We use an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses and the reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements" describes the internal model, including the observable and unobservable inputs used in the model.
(q) Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
In connection with the acquisitions of Arden, Atrium and StarStone, certain subsidiaries issued shares to noncontrolling interests. These shares provide certain redemption rights to the holders, which may be settled in our own shares or cash or a combination of cash and shares, at our option. Redeemable noncontrolling interests with redemption features that are not solely within our control are classified within temporary equity in the consolidated balance sheets and carried at their redemption value, which is fair value. Change in the fair value is recognized through retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date.

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(r) Internal-use Software
Direct internal and external costs to acquire or develop internal-use software have been capitalized. We only capitalize costs incurred after the preliminary project stage has been completed, and when management has authorized and committed to funding the project and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the functions intended. Capitalized costs related to internal-use software are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. These capitalized costs are also assessed for impairment when impairment indicators exist.
(s) Held-for-sale Business and Discontinued Operations
We report a business as held-for-sale when certain criteria are met, which include (1) management has either approved the sale or is in the process of obtaining approval to sell the business and is committed to a formal plan to sell the business, (2) the business is available for immediate sale in its present condition, (3) the business is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and (4) the sale is anticipated to occur within the next 12 months, among other specified criteria. A business classified as held for sale is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell. If the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value, a loss is recognized. Assets and liabilities related to the businesses classified as held-for-sale are separately reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets beginning in the period in which the business is classified as held-for-sale. Refer to Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinued Operations" for further information regarding our held-for-sale business.
Disposals that represent strategic shifts that have or will have a major effect on our operations and financial results are reported as discontinued operations.
New Accounting Standards Adopted in 2019
Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2019-07 - Codification Updates to SEC Sections
In July 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2019-07 in response to the Securities and Exchange Commission's ("SEC's") disclosure update and simplification initiative. The ASU clarifies or improves the disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Codification Topics by aligning them with the SEC’s regulations, thereby eliminating redundancies and making the Codification easier to apply. The adoption of the disclosure and presentation amendments included in this ASU and which are to be applied prospectively, did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2018-13, Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, which amended the fair value measurement guidance in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 820 - Fair Value Measurement, by removing and modifying certain existing disclosure requirements, while also adding some new disclosure requirements. We adopted the new standard as of December 31, 2019 however these new or modified disclosures did not have a material impact on the fair value measurement disclosures included in our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, which gives entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings tax effects related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) that are deemed stranded in AOCI as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") enacted in the United States at the end of 2017. The amendments in this guidance eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019, and that adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
ASUs 2016-02, 2018-10, 2018-11 and 2019-01, Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, which is codified in ASC 842 - Leases, amending the guidance on the classification, measurement and disclosure of leases for both lessors and lessees. The ASU requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and an offsetting lease liability on the balance sheet and to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about leasing arrangements. Subsequently, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, which clarifies how to apply certain aspects of ASC 842. The amendments in the ASU address a number of issues in the new

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leases guidance, including (1) the rate implicit in the lease, (2) impairment of the net investment in the lease, (3) lessee reassessment of lease classification, (4) lessor reassessment of lease term and purchase options, (5) variable payments that depend on an index or rate, and (6) certain transition adjustments.
In July 2018, the FASB also issued ASU 2018-11, which adds a transition option for all entities and a practical expedient only for lessors, to ASU 2016-02. The transition option, which we elected on adoption of the guidance, allows entities not to apply the new leases standard in the comparative periods they present in their financial statements in the year of adoption. Under the transition option, entities can instead opt to continue to apply the legacy guidance in ASC 840 - Leases, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods presented in the year they adopt the new leases standard. This means that entities that elect this option will only provide annual disclosures for the comparative periods because ASC 840 does not require interim disclosures. Entities that elect this transition option are still required to adopt the new leases standard using the modified retrospective transition method, but they will recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption rather than in the earliest period presented. The practical expedient provides lessors with an option to not separate the non-lease components from the associated lease components when certain criteria are met and requires them to account for the combined component in accordance with the revenue recognition standard in ASC 606 if the associated non-lease components are the predominant components.
In addition, in March 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-01 to clarify that in the year of initial adoption of ASC 842, entities are not subject to the transition disclosure requirements in ASC 250-10-50-3 related to the effect of an accounting change on certain interim period financial information. Prior to this clarification, the transition guidance in ASC 842 only excluded the annual disclosures required in ASC 250-10-50-1(b)(2).
We adopted ASU 2016-02 and the related amendments on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method as required by the standard and recognized a right-of-use asset and an associated lease liability of $51.6 million on our consolidated balance sheet, relating primarily to office space and facilities that we have leased to conduct our business operations. Refer to Note 23 - "Commitments and Contingencies" for further details.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
ASU 2020-01 - Clarifying the Interactions between ASC 321, ASC 323 and ASC 815
In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01 to clarify the interaction of the accounting for equity securities under ASC 321 and investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting in ASC 323 and the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options accounted for under ASC 815. With respect to the interactions between ASC 321 and ASC 323, the amendments clarify that an entity should consider observable transactions that require it to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting when applying the measurement alternative in ASC 321, immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method of accounting. With respect to forward contracts or purchased options to purchase securities, the amendments clarify that when applying the guidance in ASC 815-10-15-141(a), an entity should not consider whether upon the settlement of the forward contract or exercise of the purchased option, individually or with existing investments, the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method in ASC 323 or the fair value option in accordance with ASC 825. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020, although early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2019-12 - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12 which removes certain exceptions for (1) recognizing deferred taxes for investments, (2) performing intraperiod tax allocation, and (3) calculating income taxes in interim periods. The ASU also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill and allocating income taxes to a legal entity that is not subject to income taxes. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020, although early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period. We are currently assessing the impact of adopting this guidance however we do not expect that the adoption will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

ASUs 2016-13, 2018-19, 2019-04, 2019-05, 2019-10 and 2019-11, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, which is codified in ASC 326, amending the guidance on the impairment of financial instruments and significantly changing how entities measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other financial instruments including reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses that are not measured at fair value through net income. The ASU will replace the existing “incurred loss” approach, with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost and require entities to record allowances for available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount under the existing OTTI model. The ASU also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans.
In November 2018, the FASB then issued ASU 2018-19 covering targeted improvements to ASU 2016-13, which clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of ASC 326-20 and that instead, the impairment of such receivables should be accounted for in accordance with ASC 842 - Leases.
In April 2019, the FASB also issued ASU 2019-04, which amends (1) ASU 2016-13 as codified in ASC 326, (2) ASU 2017-12 on hedging activities as codified in ASC 815, and (3) ASU 2016-01 on recognizing and measuring financial instruments as codified in ASC 825-10. Specifically with respect to ASC 326, the amendments in ASU 2019-04 clarify the scope of the credit losses standard and address issues related to accrued interest receivable balances, recoveries, variable interest rates and prepayments.
In May 2019, the FASB then issued ASU 2019-05, which amends ASU 2016-13 to provide entities with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured on an amortized cost basis. Entities that avail themselves of this transition relief will have the option to irrevocably elect the fair value option in ASC 825-10 on an instrument-by-instrument basis for eligible instruments, upon the adoption of ASC 326. The fair value option election, however, does not apply to held-to-maturity debt securities. An entity that elects the fair value option should subsequently apply the guidance in ASC 820-10 and ASC 825-10 to the eligible instruments for which it has elected the fair value option.
In November 2019, the FASB also issued ASU 2019-10 deferring the effective dates for ASU 2016-13; ASU 2017-12 and ASU 2016-02 for non-public business entities. With respect to ASU 2016-13, this deferral was also extended to entities that meet the smaller reporting company eligibility criteria.
Finally, in November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11 which clarified the following specific issues related to the amendments in ASU 2016-13: (1) the treatment for expected recoveries for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration or PCD assets, (2) application of the transition relief provided for troubled debt restructuring ("TDRs"), (3) disclosures related to accrued interest receivables, and (4) the application of the practical expedient related to financial assets secured by collateral maintenance provisions.
We adopted ASU 2016-13 and all the related amendments on January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective approach and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment of approximately $1.6 million to increase opening retained earnings with respect to our financial instruments carried at amortized cost, which primarily relate to our reinsurance balances recoverable. As disclosed in Note 8 - Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paids and Unpaid Losses, we already carry significant specific provisions for bad debts amounting to $147.6 million on our reinsurance balances recoverable, relating primarily to our Non-life Run-off segment. Therefore, the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and the related amendments did not have a material quantitative impact on the overall credit allowance established against our reinsurance balances recoverable. As a result of adopting ASU 2016-13 and the related amendments, we also recorded a credit allowance of approximately $3.1 million related to our AFS debt securities whose fair values were less than their amortized cost basis.
In addition to the estimated quantitative impact of adopting ASU 2016-13 and the related amendments, as illustrated above, the guidance will also require us to amend and in certain cases, significantly enhance the qualitative disclosures included in our consolidated financial statements around the following specific items: (1) the credit risk inherent within our portfolios of financial assets and how we monitor credit quality, (2) how we determine the estimation of expected credit losses, (3) changes in the estimate of expected credit losses that have occurred during each reporting period, and (4) providing a roll-forward analysis of our allowance for credit losses.

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

3. ACQUISITIONS
2019
Morse TEC
Overview
On October 30, 2019, we completed the acquisition of Morse TEC LLC ("Morse TEC") through our subsidiary, Enstar Holdings (US) LLC for $nil purchase price. Morse TEC holds approximately $0.7 billion in liabilities associated with personal injury asbestos claims and environmental claims arising from BorgWarner's legacy manufacturing operations. We applied the acquisition method to account for the Morse TEC transaction as required by ASC 805 - Business Combinations, with no goodwill or gain from bargain purchase being recorded on the acquisition. In addition, no intangible assets were identified for recognition on the acquisition.
Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Morse TEC transaction at the acquisition date, which have all been allocated to the Non-life Run-off segment.
ASSETS
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
171,412

Deferred tax assets
 
140,000

Other assets - insurance balances receivable
 
371,116

TOTAL ASSETS
 
682,528

LIABILITIES
 
 
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
 
662,507

Other liabilities
 
20,021

TOTAL LIABILITIES
 
$
682,528

NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE
 
—


Morse TEC's Results Included in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings
The table below summarizes the results of the Morse TEC operations, which are included in our consolidated statement of earnings from the acquisition date to December 31, 2019:
Net investment income
 
$
488

General and administrative expenses
 
(1,459
)
Other expenses
 
(1,512
)
Net loss
 
$
(2,483
)

Supplemental Pro Forma Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 combines our historical consolidated statements of earnings with those of Morse TEC, giving effect to the business combination transaction as if it had occurred on January 1, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The unaudited pro forma financial information presented below is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition of Morse TEC had taken place at the beginning of each period presented, nor is it indicative of future results.

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

2019
Enstar Group Limited
 
Morse TEC
 
Pro Forma Adjustments
 
Enstar Group Limited - Pro forma
Total income
$
2,629,021

 
$
76,480

 
$
(488
)
 
$
2,705,013

Total expenses
(1,700,802
)
 
(8,918
)
 
1,459

 
(1,708,261
)
Total noncontrolling interest
9,870

 
—

 
—

 
9,870

Net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited
$
938,089

 
$
67,562

 
$
971

 
$
1,006,622


The following table summarizes the pro-forma adjustments in the table above:
Income
 
(a) Total income for the period subsequent to the acquisition of Morse TEC already included within Enstar's full year results
$
(488
)
 
 
Expenses
 
(a) Total expenses for the period subsequent to the acquisition of Morse TEC already included within Enstar's full year results
$
1,459


2018
Enstar Group Limited
 
Morse TEC
 
Enstar Group Limited - Pro forma
Total income
$
865,682

 
$
42,766

 
$
908,448

Total expenses
(1,077,954
)
 
(30,187
)
 
(1,108,141
)
Total noncontrolling interest
62,051

 
—

 
62,051

Net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited
$
(150,221
)
 
$
12,579

 
$
(137,642
)

2018
Maiden Re North America
Overview
On December 27, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Maiden Reinsurance North America, Inc. (“Maiden Re North America”) from a subsidiary of Maiden Holdings, Ltd. ("Maiden Holdings"). Maiden Re North America is an insurance company domiciled in Missouri that provides property and casualty treaty reinsurance, casualty facultative reinsurance and accident and health treaty reinsurance.  As part of the transaction, we also novated and assumed certain reinsurance agreements from Maiden Holdings' Bermuda reinsurer, including certain reinsurance agreements with Maiden Re North America. Refer to Note 4 - "Significant New Business" for additional information relating to these reinsurance agreements. We have operated the business in run-off since we acquired it.
Purchase Price
The total cash paid in the transaction was $286.4 million, subject to certain post-closing adjustments. The components of the consideration paid to acquire all of the outstanding shares of Maiden Re North America were as follows:
Cash paid
 
$
286,375

Adjustment for the fair value of preexisting relationships
 
10,273

Total purchase price
 
$
296,648

Net assets acquired at fair value (excluding preexisting relationships)
 
$
296,648

Excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired
 
$
—



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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of Maiden Re North America based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date.
Adjustment for the Fair Value of Preexisting Relationships
Enstar had contractual preexisting relationships with Maiden Re North America, which were deemed to be effectively settled at fair value on the acquisition date. The differences between the carrying value and the fair value of the preexisting relationships was included as part of the purchase price in accordance with ASC 805 - Business Combinations. The fair value of the balances relating to preexisting reinsurance relationships with Maiden Re North America were deemed to equal their carrying values given their short-term nature and the expectation that they would all be settled within twelve months following acquisition.
Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (excluding preexisting relationships and net of the intercompany cession assumed as part of the transaction) in the Maiden Re North America transaction at the acquisition date, which have all been allocated to the Non-life Run-off segment.
ASSETS
 
 
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value
 
$
1,098,593

Short-term investments, trading, at fair value
 
3,508

Total investments
 
1,102,101

Cash and cash equivalents
 
12,035

Restricted cash and cash equivalents
 
26,871

Premiums receivable
 
138,378

Prepaid reinsurance premiums
 
3,257

Reinsurance balances recoverable
 
87,018

Other assets
 
96,669

TOTAL ASSETS
 
$
1,466,329

LIABILITIES
 
 
Losses and LAE
 
$
1,027,367

Unearned premiums
 
85,696

Other liabilities
 
56,618

TOTAL LIABILITIES
 
1,169,681

NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE
 
$
296,648


Maiden Re North America's Results Included in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings
The table below summarizes the results of the Maiden Re North America operations, which are included in our consolidated statement of earnings from the acquisition date to December 31, 2018:
Net investment income
 
$
675

Net unrealized gains
 
3,749

General and administrative expenses
 
(435
)
Net earnings
 
$
3,989



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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

KaylaRe
Overview
On May 14, 2018, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares and warrants of KaylaRe Holdings, Ltd. ("KaylaRe"). In consideration for the acquired shares and warrants of KaylaRe, the Company issued an aggregate of 2,007,017 ordinary shares to the shareholders of KaylaRe, comprising 1,501,778 voting ordinary shares and 505,239 Series E non-voting ordinary shares. Effective May 14, 2018, we consolidated KaylaRe into our consolidated financial statements, and any balances between KaylaRe and Enstar are now eliminated upon consolidation. Effective September 30, 2019, KaylaRe and KaylaRe Ltd. merged with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited as the surviving company. Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" for additional information relating to KaylaRe.
Purchase Price
The components of the consideration paid to acquire all of the outstanding shares and warrants of KaylaRe were as follows:
Fair value of Enstar ordinary shares issued
 
$
414,750

Fair value of previously held equity method investment
 
336,137

Adjustment for the fair value of preexisting relationships
 
37,169

Total purchase price
 
$
788,056

Net assets acquired at fair value (excluding preexisting relationships)
 
$
746,320

Excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired
 
$
41,736


The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of KaylaRe based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. We recognized goodwill of $41.7 million on the transaction, primarily attributable to (i) the capital synergies from integrating KaylaRe into our group capital structure, (ii) investment management capabilities on a total return basis, and (iii) the incremental acquired capital to be utilized for future non-life run-off transactions.
Fair Value of Enstar Ordinary Shares Issued
The fair value of the Enstar ordinary shares issued was based on the closing price of Enstar's voting ordinary shares of $206.65 as of May 14, 2018, the date the transaction closed. Enstar's non-voting ordinary shares are economically equivalent to Enstar's voting ordinary shares.
Number of Enstar ordinary shares issued
 
2,007,017
Closing price of Enstar voting ordinary shares as of May 14, 2018
 
$
206.65

Fair value of Enstar ordinary shares issued to shareholders of KaylaRe
 
$
414,750


Fair Value of Previously Held Equity Method Investment
Prior to the close of the transaction, Enstar held a 48.2% interest in KaylaRe, which was accounted for as an equity method investment in accordance with ASC 323 - Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures. The acquisition of the remaining 51.8% equity interest in KaylaRe was considered a step acquisition, whereby the Company remeasured the previously held equity method investment to fair value. The Company considered multiple factors in determining the fair value of the previously held equity method investment, including (i) the price negotiated with the selling shareholders for the 51.8% equity interest in KaylaRe, (ii) recent market transactions for similar companies, and (iii) current trading multiples for comparable companies. Based on this analysis, a valuation multiple of 1.05 to KaylaRe's carrying book value was determined to be appropriate to remeasure the previously held equity method investment at fair value. This resulted in the recognition of a gain of $16.0 million on completion of the step acquisition of KaylaRe, which was recorded in earnings (losses) from equity method investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Carrying value of previously held equity method investment prior to the close of the transaction
 
$
320,130

Price-to-book multiple
 
1.05
Fair value of previously held equity method investment prior to the close of the transaction
 
$
336,137

 
 
 
Gain recognized on remeasurement of previously held equity method investment to fair value
 
$
16,007


Adjustment for the Fair Value of Preexisting Relationships
Enstar had contractual preexisting relationships with KaylaRe, which were deemed to be effectively settled at fair value on the acquisition date. The differences between the carrying value and the fair value of the preexisting relationships was included as part of the purchase price in accordance with ASC 805 - Business Combinations. The fair value of the balances relating to preexisting reinsurance relationships with KaylaRe was determined using a discounted cash flow approach and, where applicable, consideration was given to stated contractual settlement provisions, when determining the loss to be recorded on the deemed settlement of these preexisting relationships. The fair values of the balances arising from the non-reinsurance preexisting relationships with KaylaRe were deemed to equal their carrying values given their short-term nature and the expectation that they would all be settled within the next twelve months.
As a result of effectively settling all the contractual preexisting relationships with KaylaRe, the Company recognized a loss of $15.6 million, which was recorded in other income (loss) in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, as summarized below:
ASSETS
Carrying value
 
Fair value
 
Loss on deemed settlement
Funds held by reinsured companies
$
386,793

 
$
386,793

 
$
—

Deferred acquisition costs/Value of business acquired
33,549

 
40,268

 
6,719

TOTAL ASSETS
420,342

 
427,061

 
6,719

LIABILITIES
 
 
 
 
 
Losses and LAE
339,747

 
333,205

 
(6,542
)
Unearned premiums
105,602

 
105,602

 
—

Insurance and reinsurance balances payable
25,897

 
23,559

 
(2,338
)
Other liabilities
1,864

 
1,864

 
—

TOTAL LIABILITIES
473,110

 
464,230

 
(8,880
)
NET ASSETS (LIABILITIES)
$
(52,768
)
 
$
(37,169
)
 
$
15,599



142
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (excluding preexisting relationships) in the KaylaRe transaction at the acquisition date, which have all been allocated to the Non-life Run-off segment.
ASSETS
 
 
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value
 
$
126,393

Other investments, at fair value
 
626,476

Total investments
 
752,869

Cash and cash equivalents
 
5,657

Premiums receivable
 
10,965

Deferred acquisition costs
 
275

Other assets
 
614

TOTAL ASSETS
 
$
770,380

LIABILITIES
 
 
Losses and LAE
 
$
4,059

Unearned premiums
 
10,984

Insurance and reinsurance balances payable
 
13

Other liabilities
 
9,004

TOTAL LIABILITIES
 
24,060

NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE
 
$
746,320


KaylaRe's Results Included in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings
The table below summarizes the results of the KaylaRe operations, which are included in our consolidated statement of earnings from the acquisition date to December 31, 2018:
Premiums earned
 
$
13,627

Incurred losses and LAE
 
(12,364
)
Acquisition costs
 
(341
)
Underwriting income
 
922

Net investment income
 
3,096

Net unrealized gains
 
(47,769
)
General and administrative expenses
 
(2,164
)
Net loss
 
$
(45,915
)


143
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

4. SIGNIFICANT NEW BUSINESS
2020
AXA Group
On February 24, 2020, we entered into a loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreement with AXA XL, a division of AXA, to reinsure specified legacy construction general liability multi-year policies. We will assume reinsurance reserves of approximately $225.0 million in the transaction. Completion of the transaction is subject to, among other things, regulatory approvals and satisfaction of various closing conditions. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2020.
Munich Re
On September 10, 2019, we signed an agreement with Great Lakes Insurance SE and HSB Engineering Insurance Limited, both subsidiaries of Munich Reinsurance Company ("Munich Re"), pursuant to which we will acquire certain portfolios from their Australian branches. In the transaction, which is subject to regulatory and Federal Court of Australia approval, we will receive total assets of approximately AUD$228.2 million (approximately $160.3 million) for assuming the associated net insurance reserves, which primarily relate to long tail insurance business. We are pursuing a portfolio transfer of the insurance business under Division 3A of Part III of Australia’s Insurance Act 1973 (Cth), which would provide legal finality for Munich Re and its subsidiaries. This transaction is expected to close in 2020.
2019
Zurich
On October 1, 2019, we completed a reinsurance transaction with Zurich Insurance Group ("Zurich"), pursuant to which we reinsured certain of Zurich's U.S. asbestos and environmental liability insurance portfolios. In the transaction, we assumed $622.9 million of gross reserves, relating to 1986 and prior year business, for reinsurance premium of $465.5 million and recorded a deferred charge of $115.8 million. We have ceded 10% of this transaction to Enhanzed Reinsurance Ltd. ("Enhanzed Re"), in which we have an investment, on the same terms and conditions as those received by Enstar.
Maiden ADC
On August 5, 2019, we and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (“Maiden Re Bermuda”) completed a transaction pursuant to a Master Agreement with Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and Maiden Re Bermuda to provide adverse development cover reinsurance to Maiden Re Bermuda, effective January 1, 2019. In the transaction, Maiden Re Bermuda ceded and we assumed as retrocessionaire Maiden Re Bermuda's liability under its quota share agreement with the Bermuda subsidiary ("AmTrust Bermuda") of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. (“AmTrust”). The adverse development cover reinsurance is for losses incurred on or prior to December 31, 2018 in excess of a $2.2 billion retention up to a $600.0 million limit, in exchange for a premium of $445.0 million. We assumed total gross reserves of $530.2 million and recorded a deferred charge of $85.2 million. Enstar's reinsurance performance obligations in the transaction are collateralized in accordance with a Master Collateral Agreement among Enstar, Maiden Re Bermuda, AmTrust and certain subsidiaries of AmTrust.
Amerisure
On April 11, 2019, we completed a loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreement with Amerisure Mutual Insurance Company ("Amerisure") and Allianz Risk Transfer (Bermuda) Limited (“ART Bermuda”). In the transaction, Amerisure ceded, and each of Enstar and ART Bermuda severally assumed, a 50% quota share of the construction defect losses incurred by Amerisure and certain of its subsidiaries on or before December 31, 2012. Under the agreement, which was effective as of January 1, 2019, we assumed $48.3 million of gross reserves in exchange for consideration of $45.5 million and recorded a deferred charge asset of $2.9 million.

144
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AmTrust RITC Transactions
On February 14, 2019, we completed four RITC transactions with Syndicates 1206, 1861, 2526 and 5820 (collectively the "AmTrust RITC Transactions"), managed by AmTrust Syndicates Limited, under which we reinsured to close the 2016 and prior underwriting years. We assumed, among other items, gross loss reserves of £703.8 million ($897.1 million) and net loss reserves of £486.8 million ($620.4 million) relating to the portfolios in exchange for consideration of £539.9 million ($688.2 million) and recorded a deferred charge asset of $20.6 million. We have an investment in AmTrust, as described further in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions".

2018
Allianz
Effective December 31, 2018, we and Allianz SE ("Allianz") amended the January 1, 2016 reinsurance agreement between our subsidiary and Allianz, which related to our reinsurance of certain U.S. workers' compensation, construction defect, and asbestos, pollution and toxic tort business originally held by Fireman's Fund Insurance Company. The amendment increased the original sub-limit related to asbestos & environmental (“A&E”) liabilities in exchange for a premium of $70.0 million. This additional business is also covered by the consulting agreement that we entered into with San Francisco Reinsurance Company, an affiliate of Allianz, in connection with our 2016 transaction with Allianz discussed below.
Maiden LPT
On December 27, 2018, as part of the acquisition of Maiden Re North America as discussed in Note 3 - "Acquisitions", we also novated and assumed certain reinsurance agreements from Maiden Re Bermuda, including certain affiliate reinsurance agreements with Maiden Re North America. We assumed total gross unaffiliated reserves of $72.1 million for total assets of $70.4 million on a funds held basis and recorded a deferred charge asset of $1.7 million.
Coca-Cola
On August 1, 2018, we entered into a reinsurance transaction with The Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries ("Coca-Cola"), pursuant to which we reinsured certain of Coca-Cola's retention and deductible risks under its subsidiaries' U.S. workers' compensation, auto liability, general liability and product liability insurance coverage. We assumed total gross reserves of $120.8 million for cash consideration of $103.6 million and recorded a deferred charge asset of $17.2 million. We transferred the cash consideration received of $103.6 million into a trust to support our obligations under the reinsurance agreement.
Zurich Australia
On February 23, 2018, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Zurich Australian Insurance Limited, a subsidiary of Zurich Insurance Group ("Zurich"), to reinsure its New South Wales Vehicle Compulsory Third Party ("CTP") insurance business. Under the agreement, which was effective as of January 1, 2018, we assumed gross loss reserves of AUD$359.4 million ($280.8 million) in exchange for consideration of AUD$343.9 million ($268.7 million). We elected the fair value option for this reinsurance contract and recorded an initial fair value adjustment of AUD$15.5 million ($12.1 million) on the assumed gross loss reserves. Refer to Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and the assumptions made.
Following the initial reinsurance transaction, which transferred the economics of the CTP insurance business, we and Zurich also completed a portfolio transfer of the CTP insurance business under Division 3A Part III of Australia's Insurance Act 1973 (Cth), effective December 31, 2018, which provided legal finality for Zurich's obligations.

145
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Neon RITC Transaction
On February 16, 2018, we completed a reinsurance-to-close (“RITC”) transaction with Neon Underwriting Limited ("Neon"), under which we reinsured to close the 2015 and prior underwriting years of account (comprising underwriting years 2008 to 2015) of Neon's Syndicate 2468, with effect from January 1, 2018. We assumed gross loss reserves of£403.9 million ($546.3 million) and net loss reserves of £342.1 million ($462.6 million) relating to the portfolio in exchange for consideration of £329.1 million ($445.1 million). We elected the fair value option for this reinsurance contract and recorded initial fair value adjustments of $20.6 million and $17.5 million on the gross and net loss reserves assumed, respectively. Refer to Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and the assumptions made.
Novae RITC Transaction
On January 29, 2018, we completed an RITC transaction with AXIS Managing Agency Limited, under which we reinsured to close the 2015 and prior underwriting years of account of Novae Syndicate 2007 ("Novae"), with effect from January 1, 2018. We assumed gross loss reserves of £860.1 million ($1,163.2 million) and net loss reserves of £630.7 million ($853.0 million) relating to the portfolio in exchange for consideration of £594.1 million ($803.5 million) and recorded initial fair value adjustments of $67.5 million and $49.5 million on the gross and net loss reserves assumed, respectively. Refer to Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and the assumptions made.

2017
Allianz
On December 28, 2017, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Allianz to reinsure a portfolio of Allianz’s run-off business, effective December 31, 2017. Pursuant to the reinsurance agreement, we reinsured 50% of certain U.S. workers' compensation, asbestos, and toxic tort business originally held by San Francisco Reinsurance Company, an affiliate of Allianz, and in the process assumed net reinsurance reserves of $81.4 million. Affiliates of Allianz retained $81.4 million of reinsurance premium as funds withheld collateral for the obligations under the reinsurance agreement and we transferred $8.1 million to a reinsurance trust to further support our obligations. We also provide ongoing consulting services with respect to the entire $162.8 million portfolio, including the 50% share retained by affiliates of Allianz.
RSA
On February 7, 2017, we entered into an agreement to reinsure the U.K. employers' liability legacy business of RSA Insurance Group PLC ("RSA"). Pursuant to the transaction, our subsidiary assumed gross insurance reserves of £1,046.4 million ($1,301.8 million), relating to 2005 and prior year business. Net insurance reserves assumed were £927.5 million ($1,153.9 million) and the reinsurance premium received was £801.6 million ($997.2 million). We elected the fair value option for this reinsurance contract. The initial fair value adjustment on the gross reserves was $174.1 million, and on the net reserves was $156.7 million. Refer to Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and assumptions.
In addition to the initial reinsurance transaction, which transferred the economics of the portfolio up to the policy's limits, we and RSA completed a portfolio transfer of the business under Part VII of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 on July 1, 2019, which provided legal finality for RSA's obligations.
QBE
On January 11, 2017, we closed a transaction to reinsure multi-line property and casualty business of QBE Insurance Group Limited ("QBE"). We assumed gross reinsurance reserves of approximately $1,019.0 million (net reserves of $447.0 million) relating to the portfolio, which primarily includes workers' compensation, construction defect, and general liability discontinued lines of business. The reinsurance premium received was $403.8 million, comprised of $227.6 million in restricted cash and $176.2 million in funds held. We elected the fair value option for this reinsurance contract. The initial fair value adjustment was $180.0 million on the gross reserves and $43.2 million on the net reserves. Refer to Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and assumptions. In addition, we pledged a portion of the premium as collateral to a subsidiary of QBE, and we have provided additional collateral and a limited parental guarantee.

146
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

5. DIVESTITURES, HELD-FOR-SALE BUSINESSES AND DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
Policy Benefits for Life Contracts held by Alpha Insurance
On May 31, 2019, we completed the transfer of our remaining life assurance policies written by our wholly-owned subsidiary Alpha Insurance SA to a subsidiary of Monument Insurance Group Limited ("Monument"). Our life and annuities operations do not qualify for inclusion in our reportable segments and are therefore included within other activities. The related assets, as well as the results from these operations, were not significant to our consolidated operations and therefore were not classified as a discontinued operation. In addition, our transfer of these life assurance polices to Monument was not classified as a held-for-sale business transaction since the underlying contracts did not meet the definition of a business. We have an equity method investment in Monument, as described further in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions".
Life assurance polices subjected us to mortality, longevity and morbidity risks and were accounted for as life and annuity premiums earned. Life benefit reserves were established using assumptions for investment yields, mortality, morbidity, lapse and expenses, including a provision for adverse deviation. We established and reviewed our life reserves regularly based upon cash flow projections. We established and maintained our life reinsurance reserves at a level that we estimated would, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support all future cash flow benefit obligations and third-party servicing obligations as they become payable. Policy benefits for life contracts as of December 31, 2018 were $105.1 million.
Pavonia
On December 29, 2017, we completed the sale of our subsidiary, Pavonia Holdings (US), Inc. (“Pavonia”), to Southland National Holdings, Inc. (“Southland”), a Delaware corporation and a subsidiary of Global Bankers Insurance Group, LLC. The aggregate purchase price was $120.0 million. We used the proceeds to make repayments under our revolving credit facility. Pavonia was a substantial portion of our previously reported Life and Annuities segment. Pavonia was classified as held-for-sale prior to its sale during 2017.
The Pavonia business qualified as a discontinued operation. Net earnings from discontinued operations from Pavonia recorded in the consolidated statement of earnings were $11.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The change in cash of businesses held for sale on the consolidated cash flow statement from Pavonia was $118.3 million whilst under our ownership for the year ended December 31, 2017. The cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash carried on the balance sheet of Pavonia on December 29, 2017, the date of disposal, were $135.1 million.
A sale of one subsidiary, Pavonia Life Insurance Company of New York ("PLIC NY"), has not yet been agreed or completed. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, included within other assets and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet were amounts of $20.6 million and $11.7 million, and $24.0 million and $11.3 million, respectively, relating to PLIC NY.
Laguna
On August 29, 2017, we closed the previously-announced sale of our wholly-owned subsidiary Laguna Life DAC (“Laguna”) to a subsidiary of Monument, for a total consideration of €25.6 million (approximately $30.8 million). We have an equity method investment in Monument, as described further in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions". Laguna was classified as held-for-sale during 2017 prior to its sale.
Following the closing of the sale of Laguna, we recorded a loss on sale of $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, which was included in earnings from continuing operations before income taxes in our consolidated statement of earnings. This loss included a cumulative currency translation adjustment balance of $6.3 million, which was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income and included in earnings as a component of the loss on sale of Laguna during the year ended December 31, 2017, following the closing of the sale. Excluding the loss on sale, the net losses relating to Laguna for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $1.2 million. These amounts were not significant to our consolidated operations and therefore Laguna was not classified as a discontinued operation.

147
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

6. INVESTMENTS
We hold: (i) trading portfolios of fixed maturity investments, short-term investments and equities, carried at fair value; (ii) available-for-sale portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments, carried at fair value; (iii) other investments carried at fair value; (iv) equity method investments; and (v) funds held - directly managed.

Fixed Maturity Investments
Asset Types
The fair values of the underlying asset types of our short-term investments and fixed maturity investments, classified as trading and available-for-sale, and the fixed maturity investments included within our funds held - directly managed balance were as follows as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
Short-term investments, trading
 
Short-term investments, available-for-sale
 
Fixed maturities, trading
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
Fixed maturities, funds held - directly managed
 
Total
U.S. government and agency
$
—

 
$
111,583

 
$
219,194

 
$
298,729

 
$
106,537

 
$
736,043

U.K. government
24,411

 
1,069

 
122,012

 
14,280

 
—

 
161,772

Other government
21,958

 
387

 
575,018

 
84,760

 
20,734

 
702,857

Corporate
5,121

 
13,915

 
4,007,386

 
1,067,256

 
603,389

 
5,697,067

Municipal
—

 
1,381

 
102,554

 
14,491

 
49,456

 
167,882

Residential mortgage-backed
—

 
—

 
258,412

 
127,219

 
86,205

 
471,836

Commercial mortgage-backed
—

 
—

 
571,129

 
98,557

 
230,343

 
900,029

Asset-backed
—

 
—

 
490,624

 
208,097

 
76,681

 
775,402

Total fixed maturity and short-term investments
$
51,490

 
$
128,335

 
$
6,346,329

 
$
1,913,389

 
$
1,173,345

 
$
9,612,888

 
2018
 
Short-term investments, trading
 
Fixed maturities, trading
 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
 
Fixed maturities, funds held - directly managed
 
Total
U.S. government and agency
$
45,885

 
$
389,735

 
$
573

 
$
74,052

 
$
510,245

U.K. government
2,275

 
298,356

 
—

 
—

 
300,631

Other government
19,064

 
679,525

 
73,185

 
22,036

 
793,810

Corporate
44,900

 
4,081,793

 
75,359

 
637,788

 
4,839,840

Municipal
—

 
73,856

 
2,480

 
53,929

 
130,265

Residential mortgage-backed
—

 
682,962

 
12

 
90,583

 
773,557

Commercial mortgage-backed
—

 
488,598

 
—

 
224,465

 
713,063

Asset-backed
1,992

 
553,968

 
—

 
80,521

 
636,481

Total fixed maturity and short-term investments
$
114,116

 
$
7,248,793

 
$
151,609

 
$
1,183,374

 
$
8,697,892


Included within residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities as of December 31, 2019 were securities issued by U.S. governmental agencies with a fair value of $356.9 million (as of December 31, 2018: $656.6 million). Included within corporate securities as of December 31, 2019 were senior secured loans of $31.4 million (as of December 31, 2018: $20.4 million).

148
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Contractual Maturities
The contractual maturities of our short-term investments and fixed maturity investments, classified as trading and available-for-sale, and the fixed maturity investments included within our funds held - directly managed balance are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
As of December 31, 2019
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair Value
 
% of Total
Fair
Value
One year or less
 
$
537,944

 
$
536,156

 
5.6
%
More than one year through two years
 
801,473

 
808,071

 
8.4
%
More than two years through five years
 
2,175,547

 
2,212,834

 
23.0
%
More than five years through ten years
 
2,108,172

 
2,198,505

 
22.9
%
More than ten years
 
1,584,345

 
1,710,055

 
17.8
%
Residential mortgage-backed
 
466,932

 
471,836

 
4.9
%
Commercial mortgage-backed
 
882,603

 
900,029

 
9.4
%
Asset-backed
 
779,279

 
775,402

 
8.0
%
 
 
$
9,336,295

 
$
9,612,888

 
100.0
%

Credit Ratings
The following table sets forth the credit ratings of our short-term investments and fixed maturity investments, classified as trading and available-for-sale, and the fixed maturity investments included within our funds held - directly managed balance as of December 31, 2019:
 
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair Value
 
% of Total
 
AAA
Rated
 
AA Rated
 
A Rated
 
BBB
Rated
 
Non-
Investment
Grade
 
Not Rated
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agency
 
$
730,396

 
$
736,043

 
7.7
%
 
$
736,043

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

U.K. government
 
155,261

 
161,772

 
1.7
%
 
—

 
161,772

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other government
 
684,117

 
702,857

 
7.3
%
 
316,151

 
154,072

 
63,270

 
144,557

 
24,807

 
—

Corporate
 
5,479,839

 
5,697,067

 
59.2
%
 
149,108

 
619,707

 
2,911,867

 
1,703,328

 
311,167

 
1,890

Municipal
 
157,868

 
167,882

 
1.7
%
 
16,381

 
77,291

 
50,938

 
23,272

 
—

 
—

Residential mortgage-backed
 
466,932

 
471,836

 
4.9
%
 
381,502

 
47,489

 
2,295

 
1,882

 
34,055

 
4,613

Commercial mortgage-backed
 
882,603

 
900,029

 
9.4
%
 
632,461

 
89,347

 
95,508

 
66,573

 
6,224

 
9,916

Asset-backed
 
779,279

 
775,402

 
8.1
%
 
378,116

 
89,418

 
174,118

 
117,275

 
15,694

 
781

Total
 
$
9,336,295

 
$
9,612,888

 
100.0
%
 
$
2,609,762

 
$
1,239,096

 
$
3,297,996

 
$
2,056,887

 
$
391,947

 
$
17,200

% of total fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27.1
%
 
12.9
%
 
34.3
%
 
21.4
%
 
4.1
%
 
0.2
%


149
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-sale Fixed Maturity Investments
The amortized cost and fair values of our fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale were as follows as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
2019
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Non-OTTI
 
Fair
Value
U.S. government and agency
 
$
410,842

 
$
77

 
$
(607
)
 
$
410,312

U.K. government
 
15,067

 
282

 
—

 
15,349

Other government
 
84,116

 
1,119

 
(88
)
 
85,147

Corporate
 
1,081,713

 
4,026

 
(4,568
)
 
1,081,171

Municipal
 
15,963

 
20

 
(111
)
 
15,872

Residential mortgage-backed
 
127,704

 
240

 
(725
)
 
127,219

Commercial mortgage-backed
 
98,928

 
38

 
(409
)
 
98,557

Asset-backed
 
208,121

 
169

 
(193
)
 
208,097

 
 
$
2,042,454

 
$
5,971

 
$
(6,701
)
 
$
2,041,724

2018
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Non-OTTI
 
Fair
Value
U.S. government and agency
 
$
576

 
$
—

 
$
(3
)
 
$
573

Other government
 
72,811

 
1,219

 
(845
)
 
73,185

Corporate
 
75,535

 
1,006

 
(1,182
)
 
75,359

Municipal
 
2,499

 
—

 
(19
)
 
2,480

Residential mortgage-backed
 
12

 
—

 
—

 
12

 
 
$
151,433

 
$
2,225

 
$
(2,049
)
 
$
151,609


Gross Unrealized Losses on Available-for-sale Fixed Maturity Investments
The following tables summarize our fixed maturity and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale in a gross unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
 
12 Months or Greater
 
Less Than 12 Months
 
Total
2019
 
Fair
Value
 
Gross Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Gross Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Gross Unrealized
Losses
Fixed maturity investments, at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agency
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
222,643

 
$
(607
)
 
$
222,643

 
$
(607
)
 
Other government
 
1,080

 
(23
)
 
37,796

 
(65
)
 
38,876

 
(88
)
 
Corporate
 
2,754

 
(306
)
 
461,772

 
(4,262
)
 
464,526

 
(4,568
)
 
Municipal
 
128

 
—

 
12,046

 
(111
)
 
12,174

 
(111
)
 
Residential mortgage-backed
 
—

 
—

 
65,992

 
(725
)
 
65,992

 
(725
)
 
Commercial mortgage-backed
 
—

 
—

 
79,606

 
(409
)
 
79,606

 
(409
)
 
Asset-backed
 
—

 
—

 
129,014

 
(193
)
 
129,014

 
(193
)
Total fixed maturity and short-term investments
 
$
3,962

 
$
(329
)
 
$
1,008,869

 
$
(6,372
)
 
$
1,012,831

 
$
(6,701
)

150
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 
 
 
12 Months or Greater
 
Less Than 12 Months
 
Total
2018
 
Fair
Value
 
Gross Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Gross Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Gross Unrealized
Losses
Fixed maturity and short-term investments, at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agency
 
$
573

 
$
(3
)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
573

 
$
(3
)
 
Other government
 
7,351

 
(345
)
 
11,000

 
(500
)
 
18,351

 
(845
)
 
Corporate
 
11,888

 
(629
)
 
25,227

 
(553
)
 
37,115

 
(1,182
)
 
Municipal
 
1,783

 
(18
)
 
283

 
(1
)
 
2,066

 
(19
)
 
Residential mortgage-backed
 
12

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
12

 
—

Total fixed maturity and short-term investments
 
$
21,607

 
$
(995
)
 
$
36,510

 
$
(1,054
)
 
$
58,117

 
$
(2,049
)

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the number of securities classified as available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position was 563 and 88, respectively. Of these securities, the number of securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer was 12 and 42, respectively. From October 1, 2019 we elected to use available-for-sale accounting for all new acquisitions and where permissible, as trading fixed maturity securities mature, we are reinvesting the proceeds into available-for-sale securities for the Non-Life Run-off and StarStone segments.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment on Available-for-sale Fixed Maturity Investments
For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment losses on our available-for-sale securities. We determined that no credit losses existed as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. A description of our other-than-temporary impairment process is included in Note 2 - "Significant Accounting Policies". There were no changes to our process in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Equity Investments
The following table summarizes our equity investments classified as trading as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
Publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks
$
327,875

 
$
138,415

Exchange-traded funds
133,047

 
—

Privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks
268,799

 
228,710

 
$
729,721

 
$
367,125


Equity investments include publicly traded common and preferred stocks, exchange-traded funds and privately held common and preferred stocks. Our publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks predominantly trade on major exchanges and are managed by our external advisors. Our investments in exchange-traded funds trade on a major exchange.
Our privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks are direct investments in companies that we believe offer attractive risk adjusted returns and/or offer other strategic advantages. Each investment may have its own unique terms and conditions and there may be restrictions on disposals. The market for these investments is illiquid and there is no active market. Included within the above balance as of December 31, 2019 is an investment in the parent company of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. ("AmTrust"), with a fair value of $240.1 million. Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" for further information.

151
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Other Investments, at fair value
The following table summarizes our other investments carried at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Hedge funds
 
$
1,121,904

 
$
852,584

Fixed income funds
 
481,039

 
403,858

Equity funds
 
410,149

 
333,681

Private equity funds
 
329,885

 
248,628

CLO equity funds
 
87,509

 
37,260

CLO equities
 
87,555

 
39,052

Private credit funds
 
—

 
33,381

Others
 
6,379

 
9,313

 
 
$
2,524,420

 
$
1,957,757


The valuation of our other investments is described in Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements". Due to a lag in the valuations of certain funds reported by the managers, we may record changes in valuation with up to a three-month lag. We regularly review and discuss fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values and to assess whether any events have occurred within the lag period that would affect the valuation of the investments. The following is a description of the nature of each of these investment categories:
•
Hedge funds may invest in a wide range of instruments, including debt and equity securities, and utilize various sophisticated strategies to achieve their objectives. We invest in a mixture of fixed income, equity and multi-strategy hedge funds.
•
Fixed income funds comprise a number of positions in diversified fixed income funds that are managed by third-party managers. Underlying investments vary from high-grade corporate bonds to non-investment grade senior secured loans and bonds, but are generally invested in liquid fixed income markets. These funds have regularly published prices.
•
Equity funds invest in a diversified portfolio of U.S. and international publicly-traded equity securities.
•
Private equity funds invest primarily in the financial services industry.
•
CLO equity funds invest primarily in the equity tranches of term-financed securitizations of diversified pools of corporate bank loans.
•
CLO equities comprise investments in the equity tranches of term-financed securitizations of diversified pools of corporate bank loans.
•
Private credit funds invest in direct senior or collateralized loans.
•
Others comprise of various investments including a real estate debt fund that invests primarily in European commercial real estate equity, call options on equities and a fund that provides loans to educational institutions throughout the United States and its territories.
The increase in our other investments carried at fair value between December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to unrealized gains of $441.6 million and net additional subscriptions of $214.3 million to CLO equity, CLO equity funds, fixed income funds and private equity funds.
As of December 31, 2019, we had unfunded commitments of $482.3 million to private equity funds.
Certain of our other investments are subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales that are determined by the governing documents, which limits our ability to liquidate those investments. These restrictions may include lock-ups, redemption gates, restricted share classes or side pockets, restrictions on the frequency of redemption and notice periods. A gate is the ability to deny or delay a redemption request, whereas a side-pocket is a designated account for which the investor loses its redemption rights. Certain other investments may not have any restrictions governing their sale, but there is no active market and no guarantee that we will be able to execute a sale in a timely manner. In

152
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

addition, even if certain other investments are not eligible for redemption or sales are restricted, we may still receive income distributions from those other investments. The table below details the estimated date by which proceeds would be received if we had provided notice of our intent to redeem or initiated a sales process as of December 31, 2019:
 
 
Less than 1 Year
 
1-2 years
 
2-3 years
 
More than 3 years
 
Not Eligible/ Restricted
 
Total
 
Redemption Frequency
Hedge funds
 
$
343,005

 
$
624,233

 
$
—

 
$
102,600

 
$
52,066

 
$
1,121,904

 
Monthly to Bi-annually
Fixed income funds
 
477,935

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,104

 
481,039

 
Daily to Quarterly
Equity funds
 
410,149

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
410,149

 
Daily to Quarterly
Private equity funds
 


 
—

 
—

 
—

 
329,885

 
329,885

 
N/A
CLO equity funds
 
60,735

 
—

 
26,774

 
—

 
—

 
87,509

 
Quarterly to Bi-annually
CLO equities
 
87,555

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
87,555

 
N/A
Other
 
34

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
6,345

 
6,379

 
N/A
 
 
$
1,379,413

 
$
624,233

 
$
26,774

 
$
102,600

 
$
391,400

 
$
2,524,420

 
 

Equity Method Investments
The table below shows our equity method investments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Investment
 
Ownership %
 
Carrying Value
 
Investment
 
Ownership %
 
Carrying Value
Enhanzed Re
$
154,050

 
47.4
%
 
$
182,856

 
$
94,800

 
47.4
%
 
$
94,800

Citco
50,000

 
31.9
%
 
51,742

 
50,000

 
31.9
%
 
50,812

Monument
26,600

 
26.6
%
 
60,598

 
26,600

 
26.6
%
 
42,193

Clear Spring
11,210

 
20.0
%
 
$
10,645

 
11,210

 
20.0
%
 
10,070

Other
24,963

 
~30%

 
20,436

 
15,250

 
~30%

 
6,632

 
$
266,823

 
 
 
$
326,277

 
$
197,860

 
 
 
$
204,507


Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" for further information regarding our investments in Clear Spring, Citco, Monument and Enhanzed Re.
As of December 31, 2019, we had unfunded commitments of $93.1 million related to equity method investments.
Funds Held
Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. We either have (i) funds held by reinsured companies, which are carried at amortized cost and on which we receive a fixed crediting rate, or (ii) funds held - directly managed, which are carried at fair value and on which we receive the underlying return on the portfolio. The investment returns on both categories of funds held are recognized in net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses). The funds held balance is credited with investment income and losses payable are deducted.

153
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Funds Held - Directly Managed
Funds held - directly managed, where we receive the underlying return on the investment portfolio, are carried at fair value, either because we elected the fair value option at the inception of the reinsurance contract, or because it represents the aggregate of funds held at amortized cost and the fair value of an embedded derivative. The embedded derivative relates to our contractual right to receive the return on the underlying investment portfolio supporting the reinsurance contract. We include the estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives in the consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in order to reflect the expected settlement of these features with the host contract. The change in the fair value of the embedded derivative is included in net unrealized gains (losses). The following table summarizes the components of the funds held - directly managed as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
Fixed maturity investments, trading
$
1,173,345

 
$
1,183,374

Other assets
14,207

 
14,780

 
$
1,187,552

 
$
1,198,154


The following table summarizes the fixed maturity investment components of funds held - directly managed as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Funds held - Directly Managed - Fair Value Option
 
Funds held - Directly Managed - Variable Return
 
Total
 
Funds held - Directly Managed - Fair Value Option
 
Funds held - Directly Managed - Variable Return
 
Total

Fixed maturity investments, at amortized cost
$
185,859

 
$
940,194

 
$
1,126,053

 
$
179,670

 
$
1,044,377

 
$
1,224,047

Net unrealized gains (losses):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in fair value - fair value option accounting
5,438

 
—

 
5,438

 
(2,733
)
 
—

 
(2,733
)
Change in fair value - embedded derivative accounting
—

 
41,854

 
41,854

 
—

 
(37,940
)
 
(37,940
)
Fixed maturity investments within funds held - directly managed, at fair value
$
191,297

 
$
982,048

 
$
1,173,345

 
$
176,937

 
$
1,006,437

 
$
1,183,374


Refer to the sections above for details of the fixed maturity investments within our funds held - directly managed portfolios.
Funds Held by Reinsured Companies
Funds held by reinsured companies, where we received a fixed crediting rate, are carried at cost on our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had funds held by reinsured companies of $408.7 million and $321.3 million, respectively.

154
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Net Investment Income
Major categories of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows: 
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Fixed maturity investments
 
$
233,310

 
$
189,000

 
$
144,367

Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents
 
16,607

 
12,117

 
9,314

Funds held
 
19,981

 
10,041

 
601

Funds held – directly managed
 
38,173

 
37,623

 
32,479

Investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents
 
308,071

 
248,781

 
186,761

Equity investments
 
16,671

 
5,397

 
4,355

Other investments
 
11,792

 
19,703

 
14,337

Life settlements and other
 
—

 
6,511

 
14,370

Investment income from equities and other investments
 
28,463

 
31,611

 
33,062

Gross investment income
 
336,534

 
280,392

 
219,823

Investment expenses
 
(15,258
)
 
(9,721
)
 
(11,034
)
Net investment income
 
$
321,276

 
$
270,671

 
$
208,789


Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)
Components of net realized and unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Net realized gains (losses) on sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross realized gains on fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale securities (1)
 
$
4,856

 
$
27

 
$
616

Gross realized losses on fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale securities (1)
 
(962
)
 
(90
)
 
(125
)
Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, trading
 
91,313

 
(27,646
)
 
4,695

Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities in funds held - directly managed portfolios
 
1,495

 
(3,940
)
 
(4,219
)
Net realized gains (losses) on equity investments, trading
 
(374
)
 
4,016

 
701

Total net realized gains (losses) on sale
 
96,328

 
(27,633
)
 
1,668

Net unrealized gains (losses):
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities, trading
 
349,975

 
(165,187
)
 
35,878

Fixed maturity securities in funds held - directly managed portfolios
 
88,053

 
(46,257
)
 
33,902

Equity investments, trading
 
55,359

 
(9,831
)
 
16,498

Other investments
 
441,636

 
(163,976
)
 
102,388

Total net unrealized gains (losses)
 
935,023

 
(385,251
)
 
188,666

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
 
$
1,031,351

 
$
(412,884
)
 
$
190,334


(1)The gross realized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments included in the table above resulted from sales of $310.4 million, $11.4 million and $40.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

155
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Restricted Assets
We utilize trust accounts to collateralize business with our insurance and reinsurance counterparties. We are also required to maintain investments and cash and cash equivalents on deposit with regulatory authorities and Lloyd's to support our insurance and reinsurance operations. The investments and cash and cash equivalents on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Collateral generally takes the form of assets held in trust, letters of credit or funds held. The assets used as collateral are primarily highly rated fixed maturity securities. The carrying value of our restricted assets, including restricted cash of $352.7 million and $380.5 million, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, was as follows: 
 
 
2019
 
2018
Collateral in trust for third party agreements
 
$
4,104,093

 
$
4,336,752

Assets on deposit with regulatory authorities
 
445,626

 
579,048

Collateral for secured letter of credit facilities
 
133,238

 
127,841

Funds at Lloyd's (1)
 
639,316

 
354,589

 
 
$
5,322,273

 
$
5,398,230

(1) Our businesses include three Lloyd's syndicates. Lloyd's determines the required capital principally through the annual business plan of each syndicate. This capital is referred to as "Funds at Lloyd's" and will be drawn upon in the event that a syndicate has a loss that cannot be funded from other sources. We also utilize unsecured letters of credit for Funds at Lloyd's, as described in Note 15 - "Debt Obligations and Credit Facilities". Funds at Lloyd's increased primarily due to reinsurance to close ("RITC") transactions, during 2019.

156
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

7. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING INSTRUMENTS
Foreign Currency Hedging of Net Investments in Foreign Operations
We use foreign currency forward exchange rate contracts in qualifying hedging relationships to hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with certain of our net investments in foreign operations. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had forward foreign currency contracts in place which we had designated as hedges of our net investments in foreign operations.
The following table presents the gross notional amounts and the estimated fair values recorded within other assets and liabilities related to our qualifying foreign currency forward exchange rate contracts as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
 
Gross Notional Amount
 
Assets
 
Liabilities
 
Gross Notional Amount
 
Assets
 
Liabilities
Foreign exchange forward - AUD
 
$
64,620

 
$
52

 
$
2,033

 
$
42,258

 
$
1,377

 
$
—

Foreign exchange forward - EUR
 
112,284

 
246

 
1,635

 
66,422

 
238

 
300

Foreign exchange forward - GBP
 
318,387

 
344

 
7,784

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total qualifying hedges
 
$
495,291

 
$
642

 
$
11,452

 
$
108,680

 
$
1,615

 
$
300

The following table presents the amounts of the net gains and losses deferred in the cumulative translation adjustment ("CTA") account, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"), in shareholders' equity, relating to our foreign currency forward exchange rate contracts for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
 
Amount of Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Foreign exchange forward - AUD
 
$
(722
)
 
$
3,438

 
$
(1,247
)
Foreign exchange forward - EUR
 
1,817

 
1,000

 
—

Foreign exchange forward - GBP
 
(16,423
)
 
—

 
—

Total qualifying hedges
 
$
(15,328
)
 
$
4,438

 
$
(1,247
)

Non-derivative Hedging Instruments of Net Investments in Foreign Operations
From time to time, we may also use non-derivative instruments such as foreign currency denominated borrowings under our credit facilities to hedge certain of our net investments in foreign operations in designated qualifying non-derivative hedging arrangements. While there were no foreign currency denominated borrowings outstanding under our credit facilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the following table presents the amounts of the net gains and losses deferred in the CTA account in AOCI relating to these qualifying non-derivative hedging instruments for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:
 
Amount of Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI
 
2018
 
2017
Net gains (losses) on qualifying non-derivative hedges
3,144

 
(9,375
)

Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments
From time to time, we may also utilize foreign currency forward contracts as part of our overall foreign currency risk management strategy or to obtain exposure to a particular financial market, as well as for yield enhancement in non-qualifying hedging relationships. We may also utilize equity call option instruments either to obtain exposure to a particular equity instrument or for yield enhancement in non-qualifying hedging relationships.


157
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
The following table presents the gross notional amounts and the estimated fair values recorded within other assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the gains and losses during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, related to our non-qualifying foreign currency forward exchange rate hedging relationships:
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
 
 
 
Gross Notional Amount
 
Assets
 
Liabilities
 
Gains (losses) on non-qualifying hedges charged to earnings
Foreign exchange forward - AUD
 
$
913

 
$
839

 
$
892

 
$
1,523

Foreign exchange forward - CAD
 
66,266

 
10

 
1,482

 
(2,079
)
Foreign exchange forward - EUR
 
74,444

 
507

 
1,440

 
1,759

Foreign exchange forward - GBP
 
11,940

 
13

 
292

 
12,004

Total non-qualifying hedges
 
$
153,563

 
$
1,369

 
$
4,106

 
$
13,207

 
 
December 31, 2018
 
2018
 
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
 
 
 
Gross Notional Amount
 
Assets
 
Liabilities
 
Gains (losses) on non-qualifying hedges charged to earnings
Foreign exchange forward - AUD
 
$
45,427

 
$
1,952

 
$
310

 
$
4,958

Foreign exchange forward - CAD
 
55,050

 
1,441

 
—

 
9,311

Foreign exchange forward - EUR
 
54,282

 
139

 
301

 
2,296

Foreign exchange forward - GBP
 
256,959

 
1,554

 
72

 
15,078

Total non-qualifying hedges
 
$
411,718

 
$
5,086

 
$
683

 
$
31,643


Investments in Call Options on Equities
During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we recorded unrealized gains of approximately $0.5 million and unrealized losses of $9.4 million respectively, within net earnings, on the call options on equities which we purchased in 2018 at a cost of $10.0 million. These call options on equities had a fair value of less than $0.1 million and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Other Derivatives
In 2019 we entered into a forward interest rate swap, with a notional amount of AUD$120.0 million, to partially mitigate the risk associated with declining interest rates until the receipt of the assets related to the Munich Re transaction, as discussed in Note 3 - "Significant New Business", which is expected to close in 2020. The carrying value of the forward interest rate swap, recorded in other liabilities, was $0.3 million as of December 31, 2019. We recorded unrealized losses in net earnings of $0.3 million on the instrument for the year ended December 31, 2019.

158
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

8. REINSURANCE BALANCES RECOVERABLE ON PAID AND UNPAID LOSSES
The following table provides the total reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Total
Recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding losses
 
$
972,293

 
$
9,011

 
$
328,009

 
$
1,309,313

IBNR
 
673,059

 
19,286

 
211,404

 
903,749

Fair value adjustments - acquired companies
 
(13,652
)
 
519

 
(2,122
)
 
(15,255
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
 
(88,086
)
 
—

 
—

 
(88,086
)
Total reinsurance reserves recoverable
 
1,543,614

 
28,816

 
537,291

 
2,109,721

Paid losses recoverable
 
181,375

 
1,541

 
87,253

 
270,169

Total
 
$
1,724,989

 
$
30,357

 
$
624,544

 
$
2,379,890

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
 
$
1,029,471

 
$
30,357

 
$
624,544

 
$
1,684,372

Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses - fair value option
 
695,518

 
—

 
—

 
695,518

Total
 
$
1,724,989

 
$
30,357

 
$
624,544

 
$
2,379,890

 
 
2018
 
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Total
Recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding losses
 
$
901,772

 
$
18,891

 
$
263,065

 
$
1,183,728

IBNR
 
609,434

 
19,247

 
201,784

 
830,465

Fair value adjustments - acquired companies
 
(14,344
)
 
630

 
(1,899
)
 
(15,613
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
 
(130,739
)
 
—

 
—

 
(130,739
)
Total reinsurance reserves recoverable
 
1,366,123

 
38,768

 
462,950

 
1,867,841

Paid losses recoverable
 
138,265

 
(256
)
 
23,813

 
161,822

Total
 
$
1,504,388

 
$
38,512

 
$
486,763

 
$
2,029,663

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
 
$
764,797

 
$
38,512

 
$
486,763

 
$
1,290,072

Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses - fair value option
 
739,591

 
—

 
—

 
739,591

Total
 
$
1,504,388

 
$
38,512

 
$
486,763

 
$
2,029,663


Our insurance and reinsurance run-off subsidiaries and assumed portfolios, prior to acquisition, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance assumed. On an annual basis, both Atrium and StarStone purchase a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage their risk profiles. The majority of Atrium’s and StarStone's third-party reinsurance cover is with highly rated reinsurers or is collateralized by pledged assets or letters of credit.

159
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The fair value adjustments, determined on acquisition of insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, are based on the estimated timing of loss and LAE recoveries and an assumed interest rate equivalent to a risk free rate for securities with similar duration to the acquired reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses plus a spread to reflect credit risk, and are amortized over the estimated recovery period, as adjusted for accelerations in timing of payments as a result of commutation settlements. The determination of the fair value adjustments on the retroactive reinsurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option is described in Note 12 - "Fair Value Measurements".
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses of approximately $2,379.9 million and $2,029.7 million, respectively. The increase of $350.2 million in reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses was primarily due to the AmTrust RITC and Zurich reinsurance transactions, which closed during the first and fourth quarters of 2019, respectively, and reserve increases in StarStone and our non-life run-off segment, offset by commutations and cash collections made during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Top Ten Reinsurers
 
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Total
 
% of
Total
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Total
 
% of
Total
Top ten reinsurers
$
1,154,110

 
$
22,051

 
$
388,171

 
$
1,564,332

 
65.7
%
 
$
1,124,079

 
$
25,239

 
$
263,192

 
$
1,412,510

 
69.6
%
Other reinsurers > $1 million
551,636

 
7,761

 
233,871

 
793,268

 
33.4
%
 
364,098

 
12,091

 
220,123

 
596,312

 
29.4
%
Other reinsurers < $1 million
19,243

 
545

 
2,502

 
22,290

 
0.9
%
 
16,211

 
1,182

 
3,448

 
20,841

 
1.0
%
Total
$
1,724,989

 
$
30,357

 
$
624,544

 
$
2,379,890

 
100.0
%
 
$
1,504,388

 
$
38,512

 
$
486,763

 
$
2,029,663

 
100.0
%
 
December 31, 2019

 
December 31, 2018

Information regarding top ten reinsurers:
 
 
 
Number of top 10 reinsurers rated A- or better
8

 
7

Number of top 10 non-rated reinsurers (1)
2

 
3

 
 
 
 
Recoverables rated A- or better in top 10
$
1,292,207

 
$
1,096,272

Collaterized non-rated reinsurers recoverables in top 10 (1)
272,125

 
316,238

 
$
1,564,332

 
$
1,412,510

 
 
 
 
Single reinsurers that represent 10% or more of total reinsurance balance recoverables as of December 31, 2019:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hannover Ruck SE (2)
$
261,295

 
$
279,723

Lloyd's Syndicates (3)
$
411,030

 
$
334,509

(1) For the two non-rated reinsurers as of December 31, 2019 and three non-rated reinsurers as at December 31, 2018, we hold security in the form of pledged assets in trust or letters of credit issued to us in the full amount of the recoverable.
(2) Hannover Ruck SE is rated AA- by Standard & Poor’s and A+ by A.M. Best.
(3) Lloyd's Syndicates are rated A+ by Standard & Poor's and A by A.M. Best.

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 Provisions for Uncollectible Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses
We evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible.
The following table shows our reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses by rating of reinsurer and our provisions for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses ("provisions for bad debt") as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. The majority of the provisions for bad debt relate to the Non-life Run-off segment.
 
2019
 
2018
 
Gross
 
Provisions for Bad Debt
 
Net
 
Provisions as a
% of Gross
 
Gross
 
Provisions for Bad Debt
 
Net
 
Provisions as a
% of Gross
Reinsurers rated A- or above
$
1,904,268

 
$
43,427

 
$
1,860,841

 
2.3
%
 
$
1,612,464

 
$
51,519

 
$
1,560,945

 
3.2
%
Reinsurers rated below A-, secured
487,608

 
—

 
487,608

 
—
%
 
430,852

 
—

 
430,852

 
—
%
Reinsurers rated below A-, unsecured
135,653

 
104,212

 
31,441

 
76.8
%
 
143,079

 
105,213

 
37,866

 
73.5
%
Total
$
2,527,529

 
$
147,639

 
$
2,379,890

 
5.8
%
 
$
2,186,395

 
$
156,732

 
$
2,029,663

 
7.2
%

9. DEFERRED CHARGE ASSETS
Deferred charge assets relate to retroactive reinsurance policies providing indemnification of losses and LAE with respect to past loss events in the Non-life Run-off segment. For insurance and reinsurance contracts for which we do not elect the fair value option, a deferred charge asset is recorded for the excess, if any, of the estimated ultimate losses payable over the premiums received at the initial measurement. The premium consideration that we charge the ceding companies may be lower than the undiscounted estimated ultimate losses payable due to the time value of money. After receiving the premium consideration in full from our cedents at the inception of the contract, we invest the premium received over an extended period of time thereby generating investment income. We expect to generate profits from these retroactive reinsurance policies when taking into account the premium received and expected investment income, less contractual obligations and expenses. Further information on deferred charge assets recorded during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is included in Note 4 - "Significant New Business".
Deferred charge assets are included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents a reconciliation of the deferred charge assets for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Beginning carrying value
$
86,585

 
$
80,192

 
$
94,551

Recorded during the year
224,504

 
20,174

 
—

Amortization
(38,627
)
 
(13,781
)
 
(14,359
)
Ending carrying value
$
272,462

 
$
86,585

 
$
80,192


Deferred charge assets are amortized over the estimated claim payment period of the related contract with the periodic amortization reflected in earnings as a component of losses and LAE. Deferred charge assets amortization is adjusted at each reporting period to reflect new estimates of the amount and timing of remaining loss payments. Changes in the estimated amount and the timing of payments of unpaid losses may have an effect on the unamortized deferred charge assets and the amount of periodic amortization. When liabilities for losses and LAE are commuted or bought back, they are removed from the estimates for the remaining loss payments, and this will generally result in an acceleration of the amortization of the deferred charge assets. Deferred charge assets are assessed at each reporting period for impairment. If the asset is determined to be impaired, it is written down in the period in which the determination is made. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed our assessment for impairment of deferred charge assets and concluded that there had been $nil impairment of our carried deferred charge assets amount.

161
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

10. LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES
The liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"), also referred to as loss reserves, represents our gross estimates before reinsurance for unpaid reported losses and losses that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR") for our Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone segments using a variety of actuarial methods. We recognize an asset for the portion of the liability that we expect to recover from reinsurers. LAE reserves include allocated loss adjustment expenses ("ALAE"), and unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE"). ALAE are linked to the settlement of an individual claim or loss, whereas ULAE are based on our estimates of future costs to administer the claims. IBNR represents reserves for losses and LAE that have been incurred but not yet reported to us. This includes amounts for unreported claims, development on known claims and reopened claims.
The following table summarizes the liability for losses and LAE by segment and for our other activities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
Outstanding losses
$
4,407,082

 
$
89,141

 
$
888,794

 
$
9,512

 
$
5,394,529

IBNR
3,945,407

 
136,543

 
962,353

 
13,565

 
5,057,868

Fair value adjustments - acquired companies
(170,689
)
 
3,700

 
(522
)
 
—

 
(167,511
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
(217,933
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(217,933
)
ULAE
331,494

 
2,288

 
28,503

 
—

 
362,285

Total
$
8,295,361

 
$
231,672

 
$
1,879,128

 
$
23,077

 
$
10,429,238

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Losses and loss adjustment expenses
$
5,674,239

 
$
231,672

 
$
1,879,128

 
$
23,077

 
$
7,808,116

Losses and loss adjustment expenses, at fair value
2,621,122

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,621,122

Total
$
8,295,361

 
$
231,672

 
$
1,879,128

 
$
23,077

 
$
10,429,238

 
2018
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
Outstanding losses
$
4,271,769

 
$
94,885

 
$
796,194

 
$
6,052

 
$
5,168,900

IBNR
3,527,767

 
140,521

 
787,894

 
12,809

 
4,468,991

Fair value adjustments- acquired companies
(217,527
)
 
3,476

 
(467
)
 
—

 
(214,518
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
(374,752
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(374,752
)
ULAE
333,405

 
2,402

 
25,076

 
—

 
360,883

Total
$
7,540,662

 
$
241,284

 
$
1,608,697

 
$
18,861

 
$
9,409,504

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Losses and loss adjustment expenses
$
4,666,607

 
$
241,284

 
$
1,608,697

 
$
18,861

 
$
6,535,449

Losses and loss adjustment expenses, at fair value
2,874,055

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,874,055

Total
$
7,540,662

 
$
241,284

 
$
1,608,697

 
$
18,861

 
$
9,409,504


The overall increase in the liability for losses and LAE between December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019 was primarily attributable to the assumed reinsurance agreements with Zurich, Maiden Re Bermuda, Amerisure and AmTrust, as described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business" in our Non-life Run-off segment.

162
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The table below provides a consolidated reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Balance as at January 1
$
9,409,504

 
$
7,398,088

 
$
5,987,867

Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable
1,867,841

 
1,870,033

 
1,388,193

Less: deferred charge assets on retroactive reinsurance
86,585

 
80,192

 
94,551

Net balance as at January 1
7,455,078

 
5,447,863

 
4,505,123

Net incurred losses and LAE:
 
 


 

  Current period
823,658

 
689,782

 
437,853

  Prior periods
48,917

 
(235,757
)
 
(244,302
)
  Total net incurred losses and LAE
872,575

 
454,025

 
193,551

Net paid losses:
 
 


 

  Current period
(200,264
)
 
(189,560
)
 
(82,273
)
  Prior periods
(1,669,004
)
 
(1,194,985
)
 
(862,921
)
  Total net paid losses
(1,869,268
)
 
(1,384,545
)
 
(945,194
)
Effect of exchange rate movement
48,695

 
(145,243
)
 
158,429

Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries
686

 
1,310,874

 
10,251

Assumed business
1,586,307

 
1,772,104

 
1,525,703

Ceded business
(47,018
)
 
—

 
—

Net balance as at December 31
8,047,055

 
7,455,078

 
5,447,863

Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable
2,109,721

 
1,867,841

 
1,870,033

Plus: deferred charge assets on retroactive reinsurance
272,462

 
86,585

 
80,192

Balance as at December 31
$
10,429,238

 
$
9,409,504

 
$
7,398,088


The tables below provide the components of net incurred losses and LAE by segment and for our other activities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:  
 
2019
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
Net losses paid
$
1,247,624

 
$
78,189

 
$
531,633

 
$
11,822

 
$
1,869,268

Net change in case and LAE reserves
(530,891
)
 
3,534

 
25,967

 
3,460

 
(497,930
)
Net change in IBNR reserves
(813,582
)
 
(4,782
)
 
166,427

 
756

 
(651,181
)
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
(96,849
)
 
76,941

 
724,027

 
16,038

 
720,157

Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE
(57,404
)
 
—

 
3,441

 
—

 
(53,963
)
Amortization of deferred charge assets
38,627

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
38,627

Amortization of fair value adjustments
50,070

 
335

 
168

 
—

 
50,573

Changes in fair value - fair value option
117,181

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
117,181

Net incurred losses and LAE
$
51,625

 
$
77,276

 
$
727,636

 
$
16,038

 
$
872,575


163
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 
2018
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
Net losses paid
$
838,817

 
$
64,506

 
$
477,130

 
$
4,092

 
$
1,384,545

Net change in case and LAE reserves
(547,420
)
 
6,331

 
75,887

 
4,808

 
(460,394
)
Net change in IBNR reserves
(565,385
)
 
4,091

 
113,879

 
7,999

 
(439,416
)
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
(273,988
)
 
74,928

 
666,896

 
16,899

 
484,735

Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE
(65,401
)
 
—

 
6,753

 
—

 
(58,648
)
Amortization of deferred charge assets
13,781

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
13,781

Amortization of fair value adjustments
12,877

 
(5,118
)
 
(266
)
 
—

 
7,493

Changes in fair value - fair value option
6,664

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
6,664

Net incurred losses and LAE
$
(306,067
)
 
$
69,810

 
$
673,383

 
$
16,899

 
$
454,025

 
2017
 
Non-life
Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Total
Net losses paid
$
581,723

 
$
55,678

 
$
307,793

 
$
945,194

Net change in case and LAE reserves
(381,053
)
 
8,338

 
31,685

 
(341,030
)
Net change in IBNR reserves
(390,727
)
 
7,679

 
(23,540
)
 
(406,588
)
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
(190,057
)
 
71,695

 
315,938

 
197,576

Increase (reduction) in provisions for bad debt
(1,536
)
 
159

 
—

 
(1,377
)
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE
(53,810
)
 
285

 
(187
)
 
(53,712
)
Amortization of deferred charge assets
14,359

 
—

 
—

 
14,359

Amortization of fair value adjustments
10,114

 
(2,720
)
 
(945
)
 
6,449

Changes in fair value - fair value option
30,256

 
—

 
—

 
30,256

Net incurred losses and LAE
$
(190,674
)
 
$
69,419

 
$
314,806

 
$
193,551


Loss Development Information
Methodology for Establishing Reserves
The liability for losses and LAE includes an amount determined from reported claims and an amount based on historical loss experience and industry statistics for IBNR using a variety of actuarial methods. Our loss reserves cover multiple lines of business, which include workers' compensation, general casualty, asbestos and environmental, marine, aviation and transit, construction defects and other non-life lines of business. Our management, through our loss reserving committees, considers the reasonableness of loss reserves recommended by our actuaries, including actual loss development during the year.
Case reserves are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been reported to us to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy. We use considerable judgment in estimating losses for reported claims on an individual claim basis based upon our knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim, the severity of the injury or damage, the jurisdiction of the occurrence, the potential for ultimate exposure, the type of loss, and our experience with the line of business and policy provisions relating to the particular type of claim. The reserves for unpaid reported losses and LAE are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represent the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified, by us. We also consider facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation.

164
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

IBNR reserves are established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. We use generally accepted actuarial methodologies to estimate ultimate losses and LAE and those estimates are reviewed by management. In addition, the routine settlement of claims, at either below or above the carried advised loss reserve, updates historical loss development information to which actuarial methodologies are applied, often resulting in revised estimates of ultimate liabilities. On an annual basis, independent actuarial firms are retained by management to provide their estimates of ultimate losses and to review the estimates developed by our actuaries.
Within the annual loss reserve studies produced by either our actuaries or independent actuaries, exposures for each subsidiary are separated into homogeneous reserving categories for the purpose of estimating IBNR. Each reserving category contains either direct insurance or assumed reinsurance reserves and groups relatively similar types of risks and exposures (for example, asbestos, environmental, casualty, property) and lines of business written (for example, marine, aviation, non-marine). Based on the exposure characteristics and the nature of available data for each individual reserving category, a number of methodologies are applied. Recorded reserves for each category are selected from the actuarial indications produced by the various methodologies after consideration of exposure characteristics, data limitations and strengths and weaknesses of each method applied. This approach to estimating IBNR has been consistently adopted in the annual loss reserve studies for each period presented.
The estimation of unpaid claim liabilities at any given point in time is subject to a high degree of uncertainty for a number of reasons. A significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance or reinsurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event. Our actuarial methodologies include industry benchmarking which, under certain methodologies, compares the trend of our loss development to that of the industry. To the extent that the trend of our loss development compared to the industry changes in any period, it is likely to have an impact on the estimate of ultimate liabilities. Unpaid claim liabilities for property and casualty exposures in general are impacted by changes in the legal environment, jury awards, medical cost trends and general inflation. Certain estimates for unpaid claim liabilities involve considerable uncertainty due to significant coverage litigation, and it can be unclear whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using reserving techniques that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development factors, and the uncertainties surrounding the estimation of unpaid claim liabilities are not likely to be resolved in the near future. In addition, reserves are established to cover loss development related to both known and unasserted claims. Consequently, our subsequent estimates of ultimate losses and LAE, and our liability for losses and LAE, may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements.
These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years.
Asbestos and Environmental
In establishing the reserves for losses and LAE related to asbestos and environmental claims, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy, and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, reserves have been established to cover additional exposures on both known and unreported claims. Estimates of the reserves are reviewed and updated continually. Developed case law and claim histories are still evolving for such claims, especially because significant uncertainty exists about the outcome of coverage litigation and whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. In view of the changes in the legal and tort environment that affect the development of such claims, the uncertainties inherent in valuing asbestos and environmental claims are not likely to be resolved in the near future. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using traditional reserving techniques and there are significant uncertainties in estimating the amount of our potential losses for these claims. There can be no assurance that the reserves established by us will be adequate or will not be adversely affected by the development of other latent exposures. The net liability for unpaid losses and LAE as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 included $2,078.3 million and $1,703.6 million, respectively, which represented an estimate of the net ultimate liability for asbestos and environmental claims. The gross liability for such claims as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $2,259.6 million and $1,839.7 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, our reserves for asbestos and environmental liabilities increased by $419.9 million and decreased by $152.4 million on a gross

165
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

basis, respectively, and increased by $374.7 million and decreased by $159.6 million on a net basis, respectively. The increase in 2019 was primarily due to acquisition activity and the decrease in 2018 was primarily due to net paid losses, foreign exchange and net favorable development, partially offset by acquisition activity.
Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The loss development tables disclosed below, sets forth our historic incurred and paid loss development by accident year through December 31, 2019, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative number of reported claims, IBNR balances, and other supplementary information.
The loss development tables disclosed below are presented as follows:
•
Non-Life Run-off - Presented by acquisition year, if significant, and further disaggregated, if significant, by line of business within that acquisition year. The disaggregated lines of business include General Casualty, Workers’ Compensation, Marine, Aviation and Transportation, Professional Indemnity / Directors & Officers and Motor.
•
Atrium - The loss development disclosures for our Atrium segment have not been disaggregated further by line of business as the segment comprised approximately only 2% of our total consolidated liability for losses and LAE as of December 31, 2019 and was, therefore, not considered material for further disaggregation.
•
StarStone - All the lines of business related to the StarStone segment have been included within the loss development disclosures below, namely, Casualty, Marine, Property, Aerospace and Workers’ Compensation.
Incurred and Paid Loss Development and IBNR Disclosures
For each acquisition year and/or line of business for which incurred losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance tables have been provided below, the disclosure approach and format adopted reflects the following:
•
The incurred loss development tables include both reported case reserves and IBNR liabilities, as well as cumulative paid losses;
•
Both the incurred and cumulative paid loss development tables include allocated LAE (i.e. claims handling costs allocated to specific individual claims) but exclude unallocated LAE (i.e. the costs associated with internal claims staff and third party administrators as well as consultants that cannot be allocated to specific individual claims);
•
The fair value adjustments related to business acquisitions are excluded from the loss development tables, however the undiscounted incurred losses, cumulative paid losses and allocated LAE related to business acquisitions are included in the loss development tables;
•
The fair value adjustments related to retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option are excluded from the loss development tables, however the undiscounted incurred losses, cumulative paid losses and allocated LAE related to retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option are included in the loss development tables;
•
The amounts relating to the amortization of deferred charge assets are excluded from the loss development tables;
•
The amounts relating to the increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE are excluded from the loss development tables;
•
In the incurred loss development tables, the incurred effect of agreeing a commutation or policy buyback is included in the period in which the commutation or policy buyback is contractually agreed. We reflect the net incurred loss development arising from a commutation or policy buyback in the fiscal year in which a commutation or policy buyback is contractually agreed, and the net incurred loss development is allocated to the appropriate accident year. The claim will generally have been adjusted throughout its lifetime and the amounts recorded in prior years (supplementary information) remain unchanged in our tables, such that the incurred amount that we recognize in the year in which a commutation or policy buyback is contractually agreed represents the effect of the commutation or policy buyback settlement compared to the carried net loss and LAE reserve balance in the prior year. We do not recast prior years to remove commuted or bought back

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

claims, as such practice would eliminate any historical favorable or adverse development we may have experienced on our commuted loss and LAE reserves. Reserves that have been commuted or bought back are not adjusted in future years but the commuted or bought back value remains in our total incurred losses;
•
In the cumulative paid losses tables, we reflect the amount of the commutation or policy buyback settlements in the year in which they are actually paid or received, and the net payment is allocated to the appropriate accident year. The claim or recoverable may have recorded payments or receipts throughout its lifetime and amounts recorded in prior years (supplementary information) remain unchanged in our tables, such that the amounts paid or received that we recognize in the year in which a commutation or policy buyback is paid or received represents the amount actually paid or received. We do not recast prior years to remove payments or receipts related to commutations or policy buybacks, as we consider commutations and policy buybacks a key component of our business and reflective of our ability to effectively manage acquired losses and LAE liabilities. Payments relating to commutations and policy buybacks are not adjusted in future years but the payments remain in our total cumulative paid losses;
•
The amounts included within the loss development tables for the years ended December 31, 2010 through to December 31, 2018 (April 1, 2014 through to December 31, 2018 in the case of StarStone since its date of acquisition), as well as the historical average annual percentage payout ratios as of December 31, 2019, are presented as supplementary information and are therefore unaudited;
•
All data presented within the loss development tables is net of reinsurance recoveries, excluding provisions for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables;
•
All data presented within the loss development tables is net of intercompany activity, including the Intra-Group Cessions within the StarStone segment. On May 14, 2018, we completed the acquisition of KaylaRe and subsequently eliminated all the related intercompany balances. In the loss development disclosures provided in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, the StarStone loss triangles were presented net of the external reinsurance provided by KaylaRe since it was not a consolidated subsidiary at that time. However, after the acquisition of KaylaRe in May 2018, the reinsurance arrangement with StarStone became an intercompany transaction and was eliminated on consolidation. In addition, the StarStone loss development disclosures relating to the prior years (supplementary information) were retrospectively recast as if KaylaRe had always been a consolidated subsidiary, to allow for comparability between fiscal years;
•
The IBNR reserves included within each incurred loss development table by accident year, reflect the net IBNR recorded as of December 31, 2019, including expected development on reported losses;
•
For the Non-life Run-off segment loss development tables, all information for both acquisitions and retroactive reinsurance agreements is presented prospectively. As the reserves are effectively re-underwritten at the date the reserves are acquired or assumed, we believe that the historical loss development prior to being acquired is not relevant to our own experience managing these reserves. In addition, the information required to prepare the loss development disclosures on a retrospective basis is not always available to us and a mixed approach would result in loss development tables that are not entirely reflective of the actual loss development;
•
For the Non-life Run-off segment we have also presented the net incurred and paid losses and ALAE information by calendar year as well as IBNR and claim counts for accident years older than 10 years on a single row within the loss development tables. This presentation differs from the typical approach where only the net outstanding losses and LAE reserves are presented as a reconciling item at the bottom of the loss development tables. The additional detailed disclosures are provided on a voluntary basis and the inclusion of the disclosures is to provide additional information to the users of our financial statements and to also enable the reconciliation of our total loss reserves by acquisition year and by significant line of business.
•
For the StarStone segment loss development tables, all information has been presented on a prospective basis from the date of our acquisition of StarStone, which was effective on April 1, 2014. Providing pre-acquisition incurred and paid losses by accident year for years prior to 2014 was determined to be impracticable due to significant data limitations; and
•
For the Atrium segment loss development tables, all information has been presented on a retrospective basis.
The historical amounts disclosed within the loss development tables for all lines of business presented below

167
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

are on a constant-currency basis, which is achieved by using constant foreign exchange rates between periods in the loss development tables, and translating prior period amounts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which is our reporting currency, using the closing exchange rates as of December 31, 2019.
The impact of this exchange rate conversion is to show the change between periods exclusive of the effect of exchange rate fluctuations, which would otherwise distort the change in incurred losses and the cash flow patterns associated with those incurred losses shown within the loss development tables. The change in net incurred losses shown within the loss development tables will, however, differ from other U.S. GAAP disclosures of incurred current and prior period reserve development amounts, which include the effect of exchange rate fluctuations.
Establishing an estimate for loss reserves involves various assumptions and judgments, therefore, the information contained within the loss development disclosures only allows readers or users of our consolidated financial statements to understand, at the summary level presented in the development tables, the change over time in our reported incurred loss estimates as well as the nature and patterns of the cash flows associated with those estimates. We, therefore, believe that the information provided within the loss development tables disclosed below is of limited use for independent analysis or application of standard actuarial estimations, and any results obtained from doing so should be interpreted with caution.
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
Reported claim counts, on a cumulative basis, are provided as supplemental information to each incurred loss development table by accident year. We measure claim frequency information on an individual claim count basis within each of our segments as follows:
•
Non-Life Run-off - The claim frequency information for the exposures included within our Non-life Run-off lines of business includes direct and assumed open and closed claims by accident year at the claimant level. Reported claims that are closed without a payment are included within our cumulative number of reported claims because we typically incur claim adjustment expenses on them prior to their closure. The claim count numbers exclude counts related to claims within policy deductibles where the insured is responsible for the payment of losses within the deductible layer. Individual claim counts related to certain assumed reinsurance contracts such as excess-of-loss and quota share treaties are not available to us, and the losses arising from these treaties have been treated as single claims for the purposes of determining claim counts. Therefore, each treaty year within the reinsurance contract is deemed a single claim because the detailed underlying individual claim information is generally not reported to us by our cedents; and

•
StarStone and Atrium - The claim frequency information is determined at the claimant level for the exposures within the lines of business related to these segments. Our claims system assigns a unique claim identifier to each reported claim we receive. Each unique claim identifier is deemed to be a single claim, irrespective of whether the claim remains open or has been closed with or without payment. For certain insurance facilities and business produced or managed by managing general agents, coverholders and third party administrators where the underlying claims data is reported to us in an aggregated format, the information necessary to provide cumulative claims frequency is not available. In such cases, we typically record a “block” claim in our system. This also applies to a small amount of assumed reinsurance business that we write where, similarly, the underlying claims data is reported to us in an aggregated format. In such instances, each assumed reinsurance contract is deemed a single claim.

The cumulative number of reported claims for our Atrium segment includes all claim counts for Syndicate 609. Our Atrium segment represents our 25% share of Syndicate 609's underwriting capacity and capital, however, the claims count is the same whether viewed at the 100% Syndicate level or for our 25% share.
Our reported claim frequency information is subject to the following inherent limitations when analyzing our loss experience and severity:
•
Claim counts are presented only on a reported and not on an ultimate basis. Therefore, reported claim counts include open claims which have outstanding reserves but exclude IBNR claims. As such the reported claims are consistent with reported losses, which can be calculated by subtracting IBNR losses from incurred losses. However, the reported claim counts are inconsistent with the losses in the incurred loss development tables, which include IBNR losses, and to losses in the paid loss development tables, which exclude outstanding reserves;

168
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)


•
Reported claim counts have not been adjusted for ceded reinsurance, which may distort any measures of frequency or severity;

•
For lines of business that have a mix of primary and excess layer exposures, such as our general casualty and workers’ compensation lines of business, the reported claim counts may fluctuate from period to period between exposure layers, thereby distorting any measure of frequency and severity; and

•
The use of our reported claim frequency information to project ultimate loss payouts by disaggregated disclosure category or line of business may not be as meaningful as claim count information related to individual contracts at a more granular level.
Payout Percentages
•
Non-life Run-off - The annual percentage payout disclosures for our Non-life Run-off segment are based on the payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance. For our Non-life Run-off segment, claims aging reflects the number of years that have lapsed since the original acquisition of the related net liability for losses and LAE reserves to the date the claim is paid. There may be occasions where, due to our claims management strategies (including commutations and policy buy-backs) or due to the timing of claims payments relative to the associated recovery, the cash received from reinsurance recoveries is greater than the cash paid out to our claimants, (i.e. a net recovery rather than a net payout for a particular calendar year), thereby resulting in a negative annual percentage payout for that calendar year.
•
Atrium and StarStone - The average annual percentage payout disclosures for our Atrium and StarStone segments are based on the payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance.

169
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Non-Life Run-off Segment
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserves for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 for the Non-life Run-off segment:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Balance as at January 1
$
7,540,662

 
$
5,949,472

 
$
4,716,363

Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable
1,366,123

 
1,377,485

 
1,000,953

Less: deferred charge assets on retroactive reinsurance
86,585

 
80,192

 
94,551

Net balance as at January 1
6,087,954

 
4,491,795

 
3,620,859

Net incurred losses and LAE:
 
 
 
 
 
  Current period
123,559

 
12,451

 
5,866

  Prior periods
(71,934
)
 
(318,518
)
 
(196,540
)
  Total net incurred losses and LAE
51,625

 
(306,067
)
 
(190,674
)
Net paid losses:
 
 
 
 
 
  Current period
(64,820
)
 
(5
)
 
(2,835
)
  Prior periods
(1,182,804
)
 
(838,812
)
 
(578,888
)
  Total net paid losses
(1,247,624
)
 
(838,817
)
 
(581,723
)
Effect of exchange rate movement
47,355

 
(132,632
)
 
138,772

Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries
686

 
1,111,839

 
10,251

Assumed business
1,586,307

 
1,761,836

 
1,494,310

Ceded business
(47,018
)
 
—

 
—

Net balance as at December 31
6,479,285

 
6,087,954

 
4,491,795

Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable
1,543,614

 
1,366,123

 
1,377,485

Plus: deferred charge assets on retroactive reinsurance
272,462

 
86,585

 
80,192

Balance as at December 31
$
8,295,361

 
$
7,540,662

 
$
5,949,472



170
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Net incurred losses and LAE in the Non-life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
Net losses paid
$
1,182,804

 
$
64,820

 
$
1,247,624

 
$
838,812

 
$
5

 
$
838,817

 
$
578,888

 
$
2,835

 
$
581,723

Net change in case and LAE reserves
(553,996
)
 
23,105

 
(530,891
)
 
(552,124
)
 
4,704

 
(547,420
)
 
(381,450
)
 
397

 
(381,053
)
Net change in IBNR reserves
(848,776
)
 
35,194

 
(813,582
)
 
(573,127
)
 
7,742

 
(565,385
)
 
(393,100
)
 
2,373

 
(390,727
)
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
(219,968
)
 
123,119

 
(96,849
)
 
(286,439
)
 
12,451

 
(273,988
)
 
(195,662
)
 
5,605

 
(190,057
)
Reduction in provisions for bad debt
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,536
)
 
—

 
(1,536
)
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE
(57,844
)
 
440

 
(57,404
)
 
(65,401
)
 
—

 
(65,401
)
 
(54,071
)
 
261

 
(53,810
)
Amortization of deferred charge assets
38,627

 
—

 
38,627

 
13,781

 
—

 
13,781

 
14,359

 
—

 
14,359

Amortization of fair value adjustments
50,070

 
—

 
50,070

 
12,877

 
—

 
12,877

 
10,114

 
—

 
10,114

Changes in fair value - fair value option
117,181

 
—

 
117,181

 
6,664

 
—

 
6,664

 
30,256

 
—

 
30,256

Net incurred losses and LAE
$
(71,934
)
 
$
123,559

 
$
51,625

 
$
(318,518
)
 
$
12,451

 
$
(306,067
)
 
$
(196,540
)
 
$
5,866

 
$
(190,674
)
    
Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the year in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims. Net change in IBNR represents the gross change in our actuarial estimates of IBNR, less amounts recoverable.
Year Ended December 31, 2019
The increase in net incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2019 of $51.6 million included net incurred losses and LAE of $123.6 million related to current period net earned premium. Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $123.6 million, the reduction in net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods was $71.9 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $220.0 million, a reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE of $57.8 million relating to 2019 run-off activity, partially offset by the amortization of the deferred charge assets of $38.6 million, amortization of fair value adjustments of $50.1 million and an increase in the fair value of liabilities of $117.2 million related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option.
Drivers of the change in estimates of net ultimate losses:
The reduction in estimates of prior period net ultimate losses of $220.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 included a net reduction in case and IBNR reserves of $1,402.8 million, partially offset by net losses paid of $1,182.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the overall change in our estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior periods by line of business within our Non-life Run-off was as presented in the table below:

171
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 
Net losses paid
 
Net change in case and LAE reserves
 
Net change in IBNR reserves
 
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
Asbestos
$
118,557

 
$
35,003

 
$
(146,749
)
 
$
6,811

Environmental
16,899

 
13,796

 
(15,707
)
 
14,988

General Casualty
175,044

 
(89,968
)
 
(91,818
)
 
(6,742
)
Workers' Compensation
208,961

 
(156,435
)
 
(188,944
)
 
(136,418
)
Marine, aviation and transit
82,058

 
(77,958
)
 
(24,508
)
 
(20,408
)
Construction defect
32,078

 
(8,313
)
 
(25,025
)
 
(1,260
)
Professional indemnity/ Directors & Officers
103,413

 
(36,986
)
 
(104,984
)
 
(38,557
)
Motor
276,563

 
(134,127
)
 
(179,887
)
 
(37,451
)
Property
94,093

 
(73,259
)
 
(7,358
)
 
13,476

All Other
75,138

 
(25,749
)
 
(63,796
)
 
(14,407
)
Total
$
1,182,804

 
$
(553,996
)
 
$
(848,776
)
 
$
(219,968
)

The significant drivers of the results in the table above are explained below.
Workers' Compensation
A $136.4 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our workers' compensation line of business arose across multiple portfolios, where reported loss development was generally significantly less than expected development. The lower than expected actual development was driven by significant proactive settlement activity on individual claimants where we were able to settle claims lower than the case reserve estimates. For example, in two of our portfolios we observed favorable reported loss development, where we paid $39.3 million in loss payments to release a corresponding $53.6 million of associated case reserves for $14.3 million in favorable reported loss development. These settlement activities and the favorable actual loss development versus expected loss development, lead to a change in the actuarial assumptions in the annual reserve study that reflect this favorable loss development. For workers compensation, we paid $209.0 million offset by a reduction in case reserves of $156.4 million and reduction in IBNR reserve of $188.9 million.
We also continue to actively seek to commute policies when possible, and where the commutation of the policy is settled at a level below the carried value of the loss reserves, we record a reduction in our estimates of net ultimate losses. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed 6 commutations across several portfolios that contributed to a $6.1 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses.
Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers
A $38.6 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our professional indemnity/directors’ & officers’ line of business arose based on the annual actuarial analysis which reflected the better than expected loss development during 2019. As part of the reserve analysis, an in-depth review of recently acquired portfolios’ ceded reinsurance program led to an increase in the ceded reinsurance asset of $13.5 million, which is a reduction in net ultimate losses.
Asbestos
A $6.8 million increase in estimates of net ultimate losses in our asbestos line of business arose primarily due to changes in our actuarial assumptions related to dismissal rates. During 2019, the number of new defendants and filed claims was less than expected but this was offset by a lowering of the dismissal rate. In asbestos, the dismissal rates are extremely high as many of the claims do not have merit against the insured. However, we have seen a trend in both US and UK exposure of the dismissal rate trending down in the range of 2 to 3 percentage points.
Similar to workers’ compensation business, during the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed 6 commutations across several portfolios that contributed to a $9.8 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses.

172
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

All Other
All other line of business changes in estimates of net ultimate losses were primarily due to the application of our reserving methodologies, favorable actual versus expected loss development and proactive claim management.
Other Components of Net incurred Losses and LAE
The reduction of $57.8 million in provisions for unallocated LAE was due to a reduction in our estimate of the total future costs to administer the claims.
The increase in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option of $117.2 million was primarily due to changes in the discount rate and the application of the discount rate to the updated expected cash flow patterns.
The amortization of fair value adjustments of $50.1 million was related to the fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies. On acquisition, we are required to fair value the net assets acquired, including the reinsurance balances recoverable and the liability for losses and LAE. The resulting fair value adjustments are then amortized over the expected life of the reinsurance balances recoverable and the liability for losses and LAE.
The amortization of deferred charge assets of $38.6 million was associated with retroactive reinsurance contracts where, at the inception of the contract, the estimated ultimate losses payable was in excess of premium received. Deferred charge assets are amortized over the estimated claim payment period of the related contract and are adjusted periodically to reflect new estimates of the amount and timing of the remaining loss payments.
Year Ended December 31, 2018
The reduction in net incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2018 of $306.1 million included net incurred losses and LAE of $12.5 million related to current period net earned premium from previously acquired businesses that renewed certain policies while being run-off. Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $12.5 million, the reduction in net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods was $318.5 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $286.4 million, and a reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE of $65.4 million, relating to 2018 run-off activity, partially offset by an increase in the fair value of liabilities of $6.7 million related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option, the amortization of the deferred charge assets of $13.8 million and the amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $12.9 million.
Drivers of the change in estimates of net ultimate losses:
The reduction in estimates of prior period net ultimate losses of $286.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 included a net reduction in case and IBNR reserves of $1,125.3 million, partially offset by net losses paid of $838.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the overall change in our estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior periods by line of business within our Non-life Run-off was as presented in the table below:
 
Net losses paid
 
Net change in case and LAE reserves
 
Net change in IBNR reserves
 
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
Asbestos
$
108,248

 
$
(21,535
)
 
$
(151,662
)
 
$
(64,949
)
Environmental
21,273

 
479

 
(7,599
)
 
14,153

General Casualty
141,624

 
(115,240
)
 
(60,828
)
 
(34,444
)
Workers' Compensation
139,226

 
(178,138
)
 
(115,648
)
 
(154,560
)
Marine, aviation and transit
67,831

 
(44,200
)
 
(21,188
)
 
2,443

Construction defect
22,182

 
(7,257
)
 
(33,146
)
 
(18,221
)
Professional indemnity/ Directors & Officers
161,797

 
(11,159
)
 
(130,957
)
 
19,681

Motor
104,182

 
(109,962
)
 
(34,215
)
 
(39,995
)
Property
22,178

 
(24,271
)
 
(11,497
)
 
(13,590
)
All Other
50,271

 
(40,841
)
 
(6,387
)
 
3,043

Total
$
838,812

 
$
(552,124
)
 
$
(573,127
)
 
$
(286,439
)

The significant drivers of the results in the table above are explained below.

173
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Workers' Compensation
The $154.6 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our workers' compensation line of business in 2018 arose across multiple portfolios, where reported incurred loss development was generally significantly less than expected. When actual development is less than expected for a sustained period of time across a significant volume of exposures, an updated actuarial analysis tends to indicate reductions in IBNR reserves. Updates to actuarial analysis, factoring in the less-than-expected reported incurred loss development for the year, is the primary driver of the $154.6 million reduction to Workers' Compensation net ultimate loss estimates.
For certain of our portfolios, the lower than expected actual development was driven by significant proactive settlement activity on individual claimants where we were able to close open claims earlier than was indicated by the original payout pattern, and in other portfolios, based on the review of recent loss development activity we revised our actuarial development "tail factor" assumption, which led to a reduction in net ultimate losses. For example, in one portfolio we observed favorable incurred loss development, primarily relating to accident years 1995 through 2005 where we paid $22.7 million in loss payments to release a corresponding $37.0 million of associated case reserves for $14.3 million in favorable incurred loss development.
For recently acquired portfolios of workers' compensation business, we have utilized our subsidiary, Paladin Managed Care Services ("Paladin"), to assist us in reviewing claims. Paladin generally produces savings related to medical expense liabilities over and above savings achieved by prior vendors of such services, and the savings lead to actual development that is less than expected, thereby driving reductions to the estimates of net ultimate losses. In one particular program, our claims personnel pursued a proactive strategy of settling with numerous workers' compensation claimants whose injuries arose in recent accident years. For this portfolio, the claims team reduced the open inventory of claims by 78% during 2018. This reduction in exposure, when incorporated into an updated actuarial analysis, led to a reduction in our estimate of ultimate net losses of $30.2 million, primarily relating to accident years 2010 through 2014.
We also continue to actively seek to commute policies when possible, and where the commutation of the policy is settled at a level below the carried value of the loss reserves, we record a reduction in our estimates of net ultimate losses. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we completed 7 commutations across several portfolios that contributed to an $11.2 million the reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses.
Asbestos
The $64.9 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our asbestos line of business arose primarily due to one asbestos portfolio where lower than expected volume of claims reported and a lower than expected severity on claims settled in the period, when projected to net ultimate losses through actuarial methodologies, resulted in a significant reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses. The volume of claims reported was 3% less than expected and the average cost per claim was 5% less than expected. Across our other asbestos portfolios, we completed 8 commutations and 2 policy buy-backs contributing to a $9.5 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses.
All Other
All other line of business changes in estimates of net ultimate losses were primarily due to the application of our reserving methodologies, favorable actual versus expected loss development, claim management and commutations.
Other Components of Net incurred Losses and LAE
The reduction of $65.4 million in provisions for unallocated LAE was due to a reduction in our estimate of the total future costs to administer the claims.
The amortization of deferred charge assets of $13.8 million was associated with retroactive reinsurance contracts where, at the inception of the contract, the estimated ultimate losses payable were in excess of premium received.
The amortization of fair value adjustments of $12.9 million was related to the fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies. On acquisition, we are required to fair value the net assets acquired, including the reinsurance balances recoverable and the liability for losses and LAE.
The increase in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option of $6.7 million was primarily due to decreases in the estimated duration of the net liabilities, partially offset by changes in the corporate bond yield.

174
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Year Ended December 31, 2017
The reduction in net incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $190.7 million included net incurred losses and LAE of $5.9 million related to current period net earned premium from previously acquired businesses that renewed certain policies while being run-off. Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $5.9 million, the reduction in net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods was $196.5 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $195.7 million, and a reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE of $54.1 million, relating to 2017 run-off activity, partially offset by an increase in the fair value of unallocated liabilities of $30.3 million related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option, the amortization of the deferred charge assets of $14.4 million and the amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $10.1 million.
Drivers of the change in estimates of net ultimate losses:
The reduction in estimates of prior period net ultimate losses of $195.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 included a net reduction in case and IBNR reserves of $774.6 million, partially offset by net losses paid of $578.9 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the overall change in our estimates of net ultimate losses related to prior periods by line of business within our Non-life Run-off was as presented in the table below:
 
Net losses paid
 
Net change in case and LAE reserves
 
Net change in IBNR reserves
 
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
Asbestos
$
105,731

 
$
(1,865
)
 
$
(76,837
)
 
$
27,029

Environmental
26,542

 
(9,438
)
 
(7,748
)
 
9,356

General Casualty
94,526

 
(54,292
)
 
(49,025
)
 
(8,791
)
Workers' Compensation
187,712

 
(190,924
)
 
(151,797
)
 
(155,009
)
Marine, aviation and transit
18,272

 
(9,322
)
 
(11,517
)
 
(2,567
)
Construction defect
33,802

 
(24,023
)
 
(42,804
)
 
(33,025
)
Professional indemnity/ Directors & Officers
33,402

 
(19,054
)
 
(24,559
)
 
(10,211
)
Motor
24,391

 
(15,990
)
 
(8,513
)
 
(112
)
Property
13,440

 
(11,196
)
 
(5,162
)
 
(2,918
)
All Other
41,070

 
(45,346
)
 
(15,138
)
 
(19,414
)
Total
$
578,888

 
$
(381,450
)
 
$
(393,100
)
 
$
(195,662
)

The significant drivers of the results in the table above are explained below.
Workers' Compensation
The $155.0 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our workers' compensation line of business arose primarily in five separate portfolios. Across these five portfolios, the reported incurred loss development was generally significantly lower than expected. When actual development is less than expected for a sustained period of time, across a significant volume of exposures, an updated actuarial analysis tends to indicate reductions in IBNR reserves. In addition, we continue to proactively manage and settle claims where possible, commute policies if appropriate and, through Paladin, we are able to achieve significant savings on medical costs through active claims management strategies over the life of the reported claims. All of these items reduce the estimates of net ultimate losses.

175
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Construction Defect
The $33.0 million reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses in our construction defect line of business arose primarily due to lower than expected actual incurred development in one portfolio. The active claims management approach that our claims team adopted for the assumed exposures within this portfolio led to a significant reduction loss in the inventory of the assumed open claims of 73% during 2017. This reduction in exposure, when incorporated into our updated actuarial analysis, resulted in a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses for this line of business.
Asbestos
The $27.0 million increase in estimates of net ultimate losses in our asbestos line of business resulted from a ground-up study performed by a consulting actuarial firm on one of our portfolios. This study resulted in the recording of additional reserves of $60.5 million due to a small number of accounts that experienced an increase in the notification of claims which are expected to attach to the excess policies that we reinsure. This increase was partially offset by favorable development of $33.5 million in our other portfolios of asbestos exposures arising primarily from lower than expected claim notifications
All Other
All other line of business changes in estimates of net ultimate losses were primarily due to the application of our reserving methodologies, favorable actual versus expected loss development, claim management and commutations.
Other Components of Net incurred Losses and LAE
The reduction in provisions for bad debt of $1.5 million was a result of the favorable recoveries from reinsurers, the reduction in bad debt provisions for insolvent reinsurers as a result of distributions received and the reduction of specific provisions held for certain reinsurers.
The reduction of $54.1 million in provisions for unallocated LAE was due to a reduction in our estimate of the total future costs to administer the claims.
The amortization of deferred charge assets of $14.4 million was associated with retroactive reinsurance contracts where, at the inception of the contract, the estimated ultimate losses payable were in excess of premium received. Deferred charge assets are amortized over the estimated claim payment period of the related contract and are adjusted periodically to reflect new estimates of the amount and timing of the remaining loss payments.
The amortization of fair value adjustment of $10.1 million was related to the fair value adjustments associated with the acquisition of companies. On acquisition, we are required to fair value the net assets acquired, including the reinsurance balances recoverable and the liability for losses and LAE. The resulting fair value adjustments are then amortized over the expected life of the reinsurance balances recoverable and the liability for losses and LAE.
The increase in the fair value of liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option of $30.3 million was primarily due to decreases in the estimated duration of the net liabilities, partially offset by changes in the corporate bond yield.


176
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The following tables provides a breakdown of gross and net losses and LAE reserves, consisting of Outstanding Loss Reserve ("OLR") and IBNR by line of business and adjustments for fair value resulting from business combinations, adjustments for where we elected the fair value option, deferred charge assets and ULAE, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Asbestos
$
542,681

 
$
1,373,678

 
$
1,916,359

 
$
490,117

 
$
1,271,982

 
$
1,762,099

Environmental
187,165

 
156,121

 
343,286

 
173,878

 
142,351

 
316,229

General casualty
501,863

 
489,129

 
990,992

 
399,396

 
421,426

 
820,822

Workers' compensation/personal accident
1,270,530

 
977,808

 
2,248,338

 
963,578

 
751,074

 
1,714,652

Marine, aviation and transit
290,067

 
121,577

 
411,644

 
244,611

 
100,135

 
344,746

Construction defect
29,772

 
98,312

 
128,084

 
29,245

 
94,888

 
124,133

Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers
693,760

 
265,490

 
959,250

 
485,478

 
170,926

 
656,404

Motor
480,668

 
233,806

 
714,474

 
317,829

 
165,543

 
483,372

Property
140,620

 
63,604

 
204,224

 
122,010

 
56,450

 
178,460

Other
269,956

 
165,882

 
435,838

 
208,647

 
97,573

 
306,220

 
$
4,407,082

 
$
3,945,407

 
$
8,352,489

 
$
3,434,789

 
$
3,272,348

 
$
6,707,137

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
(170,689
)
 
 
 
 
 
(157,036
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
 
 
 
 
(217,933
)
 
 
 
 
 
(129,848
)
Deferred charge on retroactive reinsurance
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
(272,462
)
ULAE
 
 
 
 
331,494

 
 
 
 
 
331,494

Total
 
 
 
 
$
8,295,361

 
 
 
 
 
$
6,479,285

 
2018
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Asbestos
$
341,544

 
$
1,275,476

 
$
1,617,020

 
$
321,356

 
$
1,171,754

 
$
1,493,110

Environmental
96,665

 
126,035

 
222,700

 
93,095

 
117,384

 
210,479

General casualty
500,033

 
379,484

 
879,517

 
416,097

 
298,612

 
714,709

Workers' compensation/personal accident
1,454,178

 
832,615

 
2,286,793

 
1,115,116

 
537,782

 
1,652,898

Marine, aviation and transit
301,783

 
72,888

 
374,671

 
227,994

 
78,023

 
306,017

Construction defect
20,712

 
99,288

 
120,000

 
19,310

 
94,736

 
114,046

Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers
603,665

 
216,839

 
820,504

 
426,020

 
166,898

 
592,918

Motor
564,307

 
321,992

 
886,299

 
414,847

 
304,874

 
719,721

Property
168,267

 
37,631

 
205,898

 
160,873

 
36,817

 
197,690

Other
220,615

 
165,519

 
386,134

 
175,289

 
111,453

 
286,742

 
$
4,271,769

 
$
3,527,767

 
$
7,799,536

 
$
3,369,997

 
$
2,918,333

 
$
6,288,330

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
(217,527
)
 
 
 
 
 
(203,183
)
Fair value adjustments - fair value option
 
 
 
 
(374,752
)
 
 
 
 
 
(244,013
)
Deferred charge on retroactive reinsurance
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
(86,585
)
ULAE
 
 
 
 
333,405

 
 
 
 
 
333,405

Total
 
 
 
 
$
7,540,662

 
 
 
 
 
$
6,087,954


In addition to the breakdown of our non-life run-off reserves by line of business we also monitor our reserves by acquisition year. The acquisition year is the year in which the net reserves were acquired via a business acquisition or assumed via a retroactive reinsurance agreement. By analyzing the loss development tables by acquisition year on a prospective basis, the impact of the take-on positions from year to year does not distort the loss development tables.
The following table provides a summary of our net loss reserves, prior to provisions for bad debt, fair value adjustments, deferred charge assets and ULAE as of December 31, 2019, by year of acquisition and by significant line of business:
 
Acquisition Year
 
 
2009 and Prior
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Total
Asbestos
$
180,887

$
36,371

$
—

$
—

$
7,973

$
—

$
673

$
387,808

$
729,749

$
60,424

$
336,925

$
1,740,810

Environmental
44,461

10,364

—

—

—

—

—

101,649

26,798

17,247

108,094

308,613

General casualty
60,400

13,409

24,072

12,082

14,695

30,313

46,838

5,389

59,432

305,370

241,541

813,541

Workers' compensation/personal accident
3,362

49,828

145,975

3,986

58,316

—

331,383

266,932

73,069

385,223

392,454

1,710,528

Marine, aviation and transit
8,890

2,638

3,256

—

—

13,762

1,589

—

81,037

139,908

91,909

342,989

Construction defect
—

18

55

—

—

—

46,906

18,982

22,973

—

35,198

124,132

Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers
9,438

5,021

8,619

28,274

—

35,795

—

77,685

—

326,157

164,271

655,260

Motor
25,131

5,756

217

500

660

250

14,785

203

4,453

406,545

22,099

480,599

Property
3,957

4,058

298

6,199

—

14,127

3,581

—

455

66,755

78,785

178,215

All Other
17,889

13,843

422

6,295

3,361

5,587

7,600

26,528

118,979

16,562

84,344

301,410

Total
$
354,415

$
141,306

$
182,914

$
57,336

$
85,005

$
99,834

$
453,355

$
885,176

$
1,116,945

$
1,724,191

$
1,555,620

$
6,656,097


The table below reconciles the net loss reserves, prior to provisions for bad debt, fair value adjustments, deferred charge assets and ULAE as of December 31, 2019, by significant line of business to the line of business table presented above:
 
 
2019
 
 
Total Net Reserves per all Acquisition Years
 
Provision for Bad Debt
 
Total Net Reserves
Asbestos
 
$
1,740,810

 
$
21,289

 
$
1,762,099

Environmental
 
308,613

 
7,616

 
316,229

General casualty
 
813,541

 
7,281

 
820,822

Workers' compensation/personal accident
 
1,710,528

 
4,124

 
1,714,652

Marine, aviation and transit
 
342,989

 
1,757

 
344,746

Construction defect
 
124,132

 
1

 
124,133

Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers
 
655,260

 
1,144

 
656,404

Motor
 
480,599

 
2,773

 
483,372

Property
 
178,215

 
245

 
178,460

All Other
 
301,410

 
4,810

 
306,220

Total
 
$
6,656,097

 
$
51,040

 
$
6,707,137


Loss development tables have been provided for acquisition years 2010 through 2019. In addition, the workers' compensation line of business in the 2015 acquisition year; the workers' compensation line of business in the 2016 acquisition year; the general casualty, workers' compensation, marine, aviation & transit, professional indemnity/directors & officers and motor lines of business in the 2018 acquisition year; and the general casualty, workers' compensation and professional indemnity/directors & officers lines of business in the 2019 acquisition year are significant and we have provided additional loss development tables for those lines of business within those acquisition years.
Our non-life run-off segment is unique within the insurance industry in that legacy reserves are continuously being acquired and added to this segment through business acquisitions or through retroactive reinsurance agreements.

177
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Accordingly, it would not be appropriate to extrapolate redundancies or deficiencies into the future from the loss development tables provided below. Acquired and assumed reserves arising from business acquisitions and retroactive reinsurance agreements are presented on a full prospective basis.
The following tables set forth information about incurred and paid loss development, total IBNR reserves and cumulative loss frequency related to our 2010 through 2019 acquisition years within the Non-Life Run-off segment as of December 31, 2019. In addition, we have also presented loss development tables for the significant lines of business within certain acquisition years. The information related to incurred and paid loss development for the years ended December 31, 2010 through 2018 is presented as supplementary information and is therefore unaudited.

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2010
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2010 (unaudited)
2011 (unaudited)
2012 (unaudited)
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
1,092,197

$
1,086,671

$
1,044,111

$
1,058,458

$
1,012,046

$
929,888

$
903,954

$
839,798

$
800,104

$
800,341

$
788,475

 
$
42,290

163,994

 
$
1,092,197

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
788,475

 
$
42,290

163,994

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2010 (unaudited)
2011 (unaudited)
2012 (unaudited)
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
102,123

$
261,446

$
428,312

$
511,054

$
553,769

$
567,605

$
584,306

$
612,530

$
630,627

$
647,169

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
647,169

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
141,306

 
 
 


178
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2011
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2011 (unaudited)
2012 (unaudited)
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
596,121

$
621,742

$
586,636

$
490,822

$
424,001

$
370,995

$
315,912

$
270,905

$
256,864

$
235,348

 
$
23,721

112,787

2010
285

412

449

141

140

140

140

142

142

142

 
—

26

2011
—

102

36

45

54

61

71

79

86

93

 
—

19

2012
—

 
121

10

10

10

10

17

18

17

 
—

7

2013
—

 
 
23

43

15

15

15

15

15

 
—

16

2014
—

 
 
 
1

3

3

3

18

15

 
3

14

2015
—

 
 
 
 
—

(2
)
(2
)
32

24

 
5

1

2016
—

 
 
 
 
 
2

(139
)
(110
)
(99
)
 
8

2

2017
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
—

21

15

 
2

2

2018
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7

8

 
2

1

2019
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
—

—

 
$
596,406

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
235,578

 
$
23,741

112,875

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2011 (unaudited)
2012 (unaudited)
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
59,906

$
97,414

$
92,129

$
21,874

$
15,512

$
24,434

$
16,751

$
27,013

$
52,483

 
 
 
2010
 
$
91

115

140

140

140

140

142

142

142

 
 
 
2011
 
27

36

45

54

61

71

79

86

93

 
 
 
2012
 
 
6

10

10

10

10

17

17

17

 
 
 
2013
 
 
 
6

10

15

15

15

15

15

 
 
 
2014
 
 
 
 
1

3

3

3

4

7

 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
—

(2
)
(2
)
3

11

 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
2

(153
)
(124
)
(114
)
 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

3

6

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1

4

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
52,664

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
182,914

 
 
 


179
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2012 (unaudited)
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
315,850

$
314,772

$
306,078

$
297,612

$
283,244

$
273,273

$
266,124

$
257,947

$
252,794

 
$
18,173

47,708

2010
831

920

3,068

2,788

2,400

2,468

1,368

1,242

1,208

 
64

6

2011
1,360

1,341

1,222

1,081

1,002

981

960

944

944

 
—

5

2012
50

74

45

332

315

371

363

152

152

 
—

6

2013
—

 
866

109

390

396

385

124

124

 
—

5

2014
—

 
 
2,736

2,843

1,420

1,189

1,093

1,048

 
23

7

2015
—

 
 
 
667

1,388

676

676

676

 
—

5

2016
—

 
 
 
 
61

1,158

1,019

969

 
139

2

2017
—

 
 
 
 
 
69

153

91

 
—

4

2018
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
—

141

 
18

1

2019
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
251

 
37

4

 
$
318,091

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
258,398

 
$
18,454

47,753

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2012 (unaudited)
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
2,754

$
67,858

$
108,965

$
139,542

$
163,845

$
173,921

$
187,091

$
197,236

 
 
 
2010
 
$
167

463

618

685

712

748

776

801

 
 
 
2011
 
110

454

679

792

849

905

944

944

 
 
 
2012
 
28

45

45

47

152

152

152

152

 
 
 
2013
 
 
100

109

124

124

124

124

124

 
 
 
2014
 
 
 
62

205

420

617

791

905

 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
 
103

107

676

676

676

 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
2

51

89

89

 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
12

39

91

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

27

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
201,062

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
57,336

 
 
 


180
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
207,452

$
227,635

$
233,644

$
225,478

$
218,082

$
212,039

$
200,034

$
188,416

 
$
15,864

44,881

2010
110,795

118,652

117,915

133,289

135,364

125,148

123,802

122,441

 
4,635

11,537

2011
96,929

102,288

100,482

100,243

95,848

87,913

86,403

85,920

 
2,218

11,175

2012
131,119

127,323

121,364

118,085

114,772

110,045

107,853

108,025

 
2,090

10,420

2013
13,062

90,739

91,634

88,920

85,791

81,732

80,036

80,091

 
1,277

5,649

2014
—

 
4,514

3,714

3,425

16,800

16,225

16,304

 
90

175

2015
—

 
 
265

280

982

329

250

 
54

2

2016
—

 
 
 
103

71

70

69

 
2

1

2017
—

 
 
 
 
30

13

13

 
—

1

2018
—

 
 
 
 
 
22

17

 
—

1

2019
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
13

 
3

1

 
$
559,357

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
601,559

 
$
26,233

83,843

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
48,802

$
84,422

$
109,918

$
128,474

$
129,803

$
136,898

$
140,814

 
 
 
2010
 
$
24,752

48,783

75,351

92,782

98,341

105,023

105,873

 
 
 
2011
 
30,323

52,455

63,952

70,498

75,055

77,290

79,113

 
 
 
2012
 
33,361

59,095

74,663

86,916

92,445

96,780

99,781

 
 
 
2013
 
17,022

37,653

52,638

62,876

68,866

71,487

74,556

 
 
 
2014
 
 
993

1,747

2,256

15,804

15,959

16,123

 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
43

102

112

165

190

 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
34

64

65

66

 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
9

13

13

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
13

17

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
516,554

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
85,005

 
 
 


181
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
37,554

$
33,315

$
23,192

$
20,933

$
22,105

$
21,089

$
19,229

 
$
72

6,363

2010
104,408

100,017

100,345

133,784

119,430

115,341

122,063

 
10,628

6,454

2011
73,942

128,979

153,910

133,521

135,540

140,845

143,664

 
9,369

6,693

2012
140,683

146,060

177,122

185,261

178,247

165,223

162,068

 
11,175

5,086

2013
86,920

75,762

93,936

82,344

86,798

86,393

84,590

 
13,971

3,171

2014
—

12,826

9,503

13,817

7,420

5,765

5,589

 
1,731

1,113

2015
—

 
33,545

15,529

20,709

18,616

17,799

 
73

186

2016
—

 
 
330

1,075

4,607

773

 
89

44

2017
—

 
 
 
5,074

3,920

8,196

 
423

37

2018
—

 
 
 
 
6

5

 
—

17

2019
—

 
 
 
 
 
—

 
899

5

 
$
443,507

 
 
 
 
 
$
563,976

 
$
48,430

29,169

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
7,044

$
13,090

$
15,652

$
16,337

$
16,884

$
16,934

 
 
 
2010
 
$
29,424

69,414

87,233

102,138

102,128

103,753

 
 
 
2011
 
84,042

109,574

110,338

113,406

120,564

126,650

 
 
 
2012
 
47,495

89,618

119,807

128,692

127,958

132,508

 
 
 
2013
 
21,752

40,237

47,537

55,882

63,256

62,009

 
 
 
2014
 
1,462

2,494

3,280

3,975

5,994

7,671

 
 
 
2015
 
 
1,739

4,295

11,465

13,487

12,774

 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
20

556

571

601

 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
537

1,553

1,237

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
5

5

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
464,142

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
99,834

 
 
 


182
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2015
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2015
(unaudited)
2016
(unaudited)
2017
(unaudited)
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
953,149

$
877,641

$
585,616

$
536,452

$
508,471

$
467,530

 
$
51,305

11,285

2010
49,049

53,914

52,889

55,761

51,348

49,031

 
6,860

2,349

2011
124,400

137,102

130,994

129,386

127,098

127,673

 
18,940

5,379

2012
178,936

187,288

197,716

200,749

192,896

192,338

 
23,706

4,714

2013
229,182

189,430

196,205

199,593

188,572

184,189

 
16,027

5,182

2014
143,623

142,425

137,061

142,332

136,403

151,243

 
18,617

10,707

2015
22,540

69,067

68,034

65,243

63,776

68,388

 
5,125

21,014

2016
—

 
14,172

12,504

12,750

13,837

 
2,053

3,365

2017
—

 
 
4,056

4,497

5,194

 
453

900

2018
—

 
 
 
2,965

1,845

 
997

270

2019
—

 
 
 
 
1,804

 
1,775

3

 
$
1,700,879

 
 
 
 
$
1,263,072

 
$
145,858

65,168

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2015
(unaudited)
2016
(unaudited)
2017
(unaudited)
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
23,605

$
67,899

$
114,682

$
140,691

$
165,931

 
 
 
2010
 
$
9,191

15,301

19,665

25,625

28,455

 
 
 
2011
 
33,826

55,077

70,975

86,324

97,842

 
 
 
2012
 
52,728

94,767

119,382

142,165

158,417

 
 
 
2013
 
46,761

89,868

120,429

145,659

159,626

 
 
 
2014
 
30,747

64,353

90,738

109,149

125,226

 
 
 
2015
 
20,653

38,193

46,067

51,315

59,247

 
 
 
2016
 
 
5,325

7,038

8,298

9,405

 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
2,311

3,909

4,691

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
558

835

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
42

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
809,717

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
453,355

 
 
 


183
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2015 - Workers' Compensation
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
921,259

$
834,148

$
538,290

$
488,356

$
462,612

$
418,931

 
$
43,677

8,129

2010
31,919

34,360

31,402

30,407

27,922

26,913

 
1,877

471

2011
76,789

73,723

69,009

68,013

66,781

67,236

 
5,836

1,238

2012
120,298

110,007

108,251

106,625

100,187

98,532

 
5,774

1,804

2013
146,237

124,726

122,238

121,010

113,056

112,199

 
6,789

2,379

2014
82,141

86,852

82,038

83,095

78,389

78,457

 
2,633

3,680

2015
4,089

18,647

12,623

13,488

12,295

11,125

 
545

2,900

2016
—

 
873

955

583

536

 
72

38

2017
—

 
 
358

61

41

 
21

10

2018
—

 
 
 
—

5

 
3

1

2019
—

 
 
 
 
1

 
—

1

 
$
1,382,732

 
 
 
 
$
813,976

 
$
67,228

20,651

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
16,278

$
56,563

$
96,000

$
115,884

$
137,417

 
 
 
2010
 
$
4,352

8,446

11,906

16,141

17,912

 
 
 
2011
 
16,032

30,462

39,635

50,470

55,595

 
 
 
2012
 
25,103

52,851

66,092

79,367

88,369

 
 
 
2013
 
27,737

55,675

75,065

91,559

100,890

 
 
 
2014
 
17,824

38,051

53,308

65,561

72,696

 
 
 
2015
 
3,034

5,672

7,917

9,169

9,248

 
 
 
2016
 
 
134

363

417

447

 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
2

10

18

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
—

1

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
482,593

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
331,383

 
 
 


184
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2016
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
1,263,726

$
1,274,524

$
1,302,307

$
1,282,385

$
1,287,000

 
$
303,592

22,892

2010
32,571

32,451

32,866

28,093

25,710

 
5,047

706

2011
17,291

17,291

19,920

19,754

18,829

 
2,830

789

2012
13,717

13,717

17,020

14,765

12,717

 
2,012

776

2013
373

373

1,312

1,237

1,120

 
827

112

2014
391

391

1,380

1,056

869

 
485

50

2015
—

—

—

—

—

 
—

—

2016
—

—

—

—

—

 
—

—

2017
—

 
—

—

—

 
—

—

2018
—

 
 
—

—

 
—

—

2019
—

 
 
 
—

 
—

—

 
$
1,328,069

 
 
 
$
1,346,245

 
$
314,793

25,325

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
96,937

$
213,509

$
317,309

$
428,904

 
 
 
2010
 
$
2,757

7,111

10,001

14,236

 
 
 
2011
 
2,758

6,647

8,218

9,691

 
 
 
2012
 
2,734

5,206

6,461

7,587

 
 
 
2013
 
145

191

278

285

 
 
 
2014
 
178

207

284

366

 
 
 
2015
 
—

—

—

—

 
 
 
2016
 
—

—

—

—

 
 
 
2017
 
 
—

—

—

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
—

—

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
461,069

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
885,176

 
 
 


185
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2016 - Workers' Compensation
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
413,381

$
412,474

$
377,285

$
369,093

$
362,905

 
$
26,747

9,092

2010
24,075

25,330

26,034

22,383

19,541

 
3,660

323

2011
15,376

15,376

16,399

16,501

16,327

 
1,456

476

2012
13,074

13,074

15,465

13,276

11,379

 
1,093

608

2013
—

—

—

—

—

 
—

—

2014
—

—

—

—

—

 
—

—

2015
—

—

—

—

—

 
—

—

2016
—

—

—

—

—

 
—

—

2017
—

 
—

—

—

 
—

—

2018
—

 
 
—

—

 
—

—

2019
—

 
 
 
—

 
—

—

 
$
465,906

 
 
 
$
410,152

 
$
32,956

10,499

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
33,610

$
59,725

$
83,273

$
117,191

 
 
 
2010
 
$
1,908

5,539

7,326

9,891

 
 
 
2011
 
2,631

5,871

7,305

8,756

 
 
 
2012
 
2,638

5,028

6,247

7,382

 
 
 
2013
 
—

—

—

—

 
 
 
2014
 
—

—

—

—

 
 
 
2015
 
—

—

—

—

 
 
 
2016
 
—

—

—

—

 
 
 
2017
 
 
—

—

—

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
—

—

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
143,220

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
266,932

 
 
 


186
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2017
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
1,449,663

$
1,374,191

$
1,304,002

$
1,313,517

 
$
776,522

11,481

2010
34,561

28,737

18,908

21,021

 
8,209

36

2011
36,184

29,273

25,390

27,315

 
8,573

7

2012
39,449

35,467

31,240

29,452

 
6,389

11

2013
36,320

30,335

28,140

24,703

 
1,242

11

2014
31,474

20,315

16,984

15,996

 
2,195

20

2015
9,207

6,494

7,002

6,295

 
931

8

2016
1,484

(4
)
125

919

 
86

3

2017
95

174

—

—

 
416

1

2018
—

 
—

—

 
—

—

2019
—

 
 
—

 
—

—

 
$
1,638,437

 
 
$
1,439,218

 
$
804,563

11,578

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
80,189

$
165,471

$
243,621

 
 
 
2010
 
$
4,287

7,394

9,121

 
 
 
2011
 
4,125

9,257

12,971

 
 
 
2012
 
10,348

15,371

18,603

 
 
 
2013
 
9,508

15,711

21,277

 
 
 
2014
 
6,482

8,987

11,559

 
 
 
2015
 
1,361

3,720

4,687

 
 
 
2016
 
(56
)
66

434

 
 
 
2017
 
4

—

—

 
 
 
2018
 
 
—

—

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
322,273

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
1,116,945

 
 
 


187
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2018
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
559,105

$
383,948

$
355,392

 
$
106,822

209,846

2010
88,147

108,810

94,273

 
23,039

13,799

2011
159,362

147,341

142,391

 
21,380

14,100

2012
225,177

219,807

211,156

 
20,218

14,055

2013
263,008

267,132

255,973

 
54,609

16,251

2014
408,726

453,181

423,289

 
90,111

18,887

2015
354,692

474,678

467,650

 
97,189

23,421

2016
170,311

172,245

174,845

 
55,384

2,094

2017
207,035

207,172

205,460

 
79,430

4,163

2018
315,659

315,659

285,038

 
88,411

4,929

2019
—

 
68,271

 
19,774

1,634

 
$
2,751,222

 
$
2,683,738

 
$
656,367

323,179

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
41,953

$
36,359

 
 
 
2010
 
$
11,109

23,761

 
 
 
2011
 
26,998

47,261

 
 
 
2012
 
31,845

74,768

 
 
 
2013
 
42,312

90,716

 
 
 
2014
 
93,536

181,166

 
 
 
2015
 
100,598

191,150

 
 
 
2016
 
6,258

62,658

 
 
 
2017
 
52

72,794

 
 
 
2018
 
—

139,815

 
 
 
2019
 
 
39,099

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
959,547

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
1,724,191

 
 
 


188
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2018 - General Casualty
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
97,189

$
48,898

$
42,901

 
$
3,969

45,895

2010
30,895

23,086

23,059

 
7,004

1,885

2011
17,518

15,854

15,532

 
2,086

1,404

2012
36,536

31,901

27,774

 
3,716

1,567

2013
42,528

54,061

44,782

 
5,123

1,571

2014
65,355

80,316

72,333

 
16,793

2,210

2015
77,011

91,825

102,399

 
28,926

3,430

2016
28,825

28,825

36,585

 
14,377

253

2017
37,209

37,209

41,664

 
20,392

230

2018
39,888

39,888

40,753

 
20,480

182

2019
—

 
6,767

 
2,802

34

 
$
472,954

 
$
454,549

 
$
125,668

58,661

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
3,496

$
7,146

 
 
 
2010
 
$
5,345

7,835

 
 
 
2011
 
2,236

6,621

 
 
 
2012
 
1,104

11,097

 
 
 
2013
 
10,015

19,756

 
 
 
2014
 
13,427

28,071

 
 
 
2015
 
15,163

32,244

 
 
 
2016
 
—

14,109

 
 
 
2017
 
—

11,048

 
 
 
2018
 
—

8,879

 
 
 
2019
 
 
2,373

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
149,179

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
305,370

 
 
 


189
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2018 - Workers' Compensation
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
106,230

$
101,016

$
108,435

 
$
30,391

1,742

2010
24,838

25,149

24,102

 
8,642

355

2011
29,795

24,877

26,179

 
12,202

401

2012
28,788

29,174

27,723

 
12,633

468

2013
37,716

38,309

37,866

 
16,786

866

2014
65,000

66,305

57,128

 
24,865

1,335

2015
38,734

39,336

34,649

 
16,909

1,437

2016
44,686

44,686

38,945

 
21,267

892

2017
52,360

52,360

49,156

 
28,222

998

2018
65,075

65,075

60,923

 
24,137

886

2019
—

 
20,889

 
5,472

383

 
$
493,222

 
$
485,995

 
$
201,526

9,763

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
3,633

$
10,643

 
 
 
2010
 
$
317

4,542

 
 
 
2011
 
(1,517
)
1,825

 
 
 
2012
 
521

5,513

 
 
 
2013
 
1,532

7,743

 
 
 
2014
 
3,248

14,666

 
 
 
2015
 
1,355

4,066

 
 
 
2016
 
—

3,666

 
 
 
2017
 
—

5,900

 
 
 
2018
 
—

28,725

 
 
 
2019
 
 
13,483

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
100,772

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
385,223

 
 
 


190
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2018 - Marine, Aviation & Transit
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
26,321

$
28,798

$
20,641

 
$
(1,842
)
57,002

2010
3,324

2,062

(6,710
)
 
(1,049
)
3,243

2011
8,676

9,472

10,345

 
1,486

3,966

2012
16,069

12,297

10,151

 
(6,037
)
4,280

2013
43,798

35,462

29,464

 
2,404

5,720

2014
62,766

81,126

82,479

 
14,668

5,862

2015
26,007

65,209

72,055

 
8,758

6,606

2016
—

—

—

 
—

—

2017
—

—

—

 
—

—

2018
—

—

—

 
—

—

2019
—

 
—

 
—

—

 
$
186,961

 
$
218,425

 
$
18,388

86,679

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
3,211

$
(3,789
)
 
 
 
2010
 
$
(3,689
)
(7,715
)
 
 
 
2011
 
4,953

5,901

 
 
 
2012
 
1,180

3,482

 
 
 
2013
 
5,642

11,734

 
 
 
2014
 
22,990

40,926

 
 
 
2015
 
21,956

27,978

 
 
 
2016
 
—

—

 
 
 
2017
 
—

—

 
 
 
2018
 
—

—

 
 
 
2019
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
78,517

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
139,908

 
 
 


191
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2018 - Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
200,658

$
92,577

$
100,687

 
$
(1,316
)
52,393

2010
25,474

39,710

33,765

 
8,220

4,259

2011
44,476

50,663

46,111

 
2,837

3,745

2012
55,366

68,004

65,180

 
12,943

3,263

2013
56,251

60,010

74,018

 
9,407

3,223

2014
84,795

106,888

101,771

 
16,922

3,563

2015
45,515

97,288

79,028

 
19,285

3,903

2016
—

—

—

 
—

—

2017
—

—

—

 
—

—

2018
—

—

—

 
—

—

2019
—

 
—

 
—

—

 
$
512,535

 
$
500,560

 
$
68,298

74,349

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
24,232

$
33,585

 
 
 
2010
 
$
3,644

12,243

 
 
 
2011
 
12,453

19,732

 
 
 
2012
 
15,706

22,837

 
 
 
2013
 
10,599

18,601

 
 
 
2014
 
21,640

40,189

 
 
 
2015
 
13,696

27,216

 
 
 
2016
 
—

—

 
 
 
2017
 
—

—

 
 
 
2018
 
—

—

 
 
 
2019
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
174,403

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
326,157

 
 
 


192
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2018 - Motor
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
17,648

$
15,490

$
10,781

 
$
(291
)
356

2010
23,548

13,937

15,187

 
1,015

922

2011
46,015

36,282

35,843

 
1,477

1,209

2012
62,432

55,338

60,620

 
6,949

1,594

2013
74,615

68,022

61,396

 
14,105

626

2014
111,418

99,140

86,887

 
10,440

1,140

2015
129,271

127,187

126,345

 
15,912

1,274

2016
90,166

92,100

93,824

 
19,439

644

2017
100,316

100,453

99,129

 
30,312

2,797

2018
180,471

180,471

157,556

 
42,546

3,731

2019
—

 
39,757

 
11,457

1,200

 
$
835,900

 
$
787,325

 
$
153,361

15,493

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2018
(unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
2,398

$
5,112

 
 
 
2010
 
$
4,437

6,911

 
 
 
2011
 
5,631

12,112

 
 
 
2012
 
11,520

23,284

 
 
 
2013
 
10,226

27,839

 
 
 
2014
 
20,746

46,359

 
 
 
2015
 
19,857

58,433

 
 
 
2016
 
6,258

42,527

 
 
 
2017
 
52

48,655

 
 
 
2018
 
—

86,861

 
 
 
2019
 
 
22,687

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
380,780

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
406,545

 
 
 


193
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2019
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
604,631

$
598,841

 
$
330,575

81,869

2010
35,515

24,353

 
3,586

21,945

2011
47,718

38,961

 
1,506

21,380

2012
70,661

51,937

 
27,520

15,532

2013
110,426

87,708

 
36,879

19,223

2014
135,465

131,000

 
76,169

21,224

2015
182,991

186,727

 
99,838

35,276

2016
238,798

308,254

 
179,237

39,815

2017
116,386

116,386

 
116,386

2

2018
162,744

162,744

 
162,744

2

2019
—

54,601

 
12,706

85

 
$
1,705,335

$
1,761,512

 
$
1,047,146

256,353

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
21,678

 
 
 
2010
 
4,923

 
 
 
2011
 
4,649

 
 
 
2012
 
6,455

 
 
 
2013
 
12,893

 
 
 
2014
 
26,910

 
 
 
2015
 
34,610

 
 
 
2016
 
68,179

 
 
 
2017
 
—

 
 
 
2018
 
—

 
 
 
2019
 
25,595

 
 
 
 
 
$
205,892

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
1,555,620

 
 
 



194
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2019 - General Casualty
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
4,396

$
4,415

 
$
670

693

2010
7,704

5,426

 
1,509

1,213

2011
11,381

8,817

 
2,347

1,148

2012
16,910

13,592

 
5,262

688

2013
22,355

16,934

 
7,515

448

2014
32,883

30,337

 
15,387

456

2015
58,563

45,594

 
30,556

346

2016
50,518

62,866

 
44,899

475

2017
32,188

32,188

 
32,188

1

2018
45,010

45,010

 
45,010

1

2019
—

1,709

 
475

3

 
$
281,908

$
266,888

 
$
185,818

5,472

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
1,163

 
 
 
2010
 
1,031

 
 
 
2011
 
896

 
 
 
2012
 
3,136

 
 
 
2013
 
3,472

 
 
 
2014
 
4,103

 
 
 
2015
 
4,552

 
 
 
2016
 
6,193

 
 
 
2017
 
—

 
 
 
2018
 
—

 
 
 
2019
 
801

 
 
 
 
 
$
25,347

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
241,541

 
 
 



195
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2019 - Workers' Compensation
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
5,143

$
3,609

 
$
1,270

11,136

2010
713

726

 
642

1,352

2011
2,470

2,410

 
2,334

1,476

2012
6,274

6,173

 
6,090

2,102

2013
16,686

16,223

 
14,578

3,726

2014
34,945

35,252

 
30,998

3,956

2015
57,027

56,158

 
48,794

6,158

2016
84,171

85,396

 
73,087

6,612

2017
84,197

84,197

 
84,197

1

2018
117,734

117,734

 
117,734

1

2019
—

—

 
—

—

 
$
409,360

$
407,878

 
$
379,724

36,520

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
577

 
 
 
2010
 
38

 
 
 
2011
 
24

 
 
 
2012
 
24

 
 
 
2013
 
451

 
 
 
2014
 
3,076

 
 
 
2015
 
3,635

 
 
 
2016
 
7,599

 
 
 
2017
 
—

 
 
 
2018
 
—

 
 
 
2019
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
$
15,424

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
392,454

 
 
 



196
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Business Acquired and Contracts Incepting in the Year Ended December 31, 2019 - Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
Accident Year
Total Net Reserves Acquired
2019
 
IBNR
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
$
6,696

$
4,052

 
$
812

10,399

2010
7,245

4,448

 
838

5,300

2011
18,093

10,292

 
1,947

6,511

2012
30,127

18,012

 
4,348

3,472

2013
46,758

35,881

 
9,945

4,411

2014
46,557

46,982

 
17,975

5,361

2015
29,527

32,577

 
7,665

5,856

2016
2,892

52,708

 
28,916

5,053

2017
—

—

 
—

—

2018
—

—

 
—

—

2019
—

3,251

 
961

3

 
$
187,895

$
208,203

 
$
73,407

46,366

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
1,323

 
 
 
2010
 
326

 
 
 
2011
 
3,403

 
 
 
2012
 
3,216

 
 
 
2013
 
3,924

 
 
 
2014
 
14,955

 
 
 
2015
 
7,193

 
 
 
2016
 
8,067

 
 
 
2017
 
—

 
 
 
2018
 
—

 
 
 
2019
 
1,525

 
 
 
 
 
$
43,932

 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
164,271

 
 
 


197
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Annual Historical Duration of Claims
The following is unaudited supplementary information, which presents the annual percentage payout since the year of acquisition, by year of acquisition and significant line of business within each acquisition year:
 
Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses since Year of Acquisition, Net of Reinsurance
Year of Acquisition
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 7
Year 8
Year 9
Year 10
2010 - All lines of business
12.95
%
20.21
%
21.16
 %
10.49
 %
5.42
 %
1.75
%
2.12
 %
3.58
%
2.30
%
2.10
%
2011 - All lines of business
25.48
%
15.94
%
(2.22
)%
(29.82
)%
(2.70
)%
3.79
%
(3.32
)%
4.38
%
10.83
%
 
2012 - All lines of business
1.18
%
25.49
%
16.08
 %
12.00
 %
9.56
 %
4.26
%
5.22
 %
4.02
%
 
 
2013 - All lines of business
25.64
%
21.47
%
15.78
 %
10.91
 %
6.08
 %
3.86
%
2.14
 %
 
 
 
2014 - All lines of business
33.91
%
23.93
%
10.99
 %
7.95
 %
3.44
 %
2.08
%
 
 
 
 
2015 - All lines of business
17.22
%
16.89
%
12.71
 %
9.69
 %
7.60
 %
 
 
 
 
 
2015 - Workers' compensation
13.56
%
16.89
%
12.58
 %
9.62
 %
6.64
 %
 
 
 
 
 
2016 - All lines of business
7.84
%
9.46
%
8.15
 %
8.80
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
2016 - Workers' Compensation
9.94
%
8.63
%
6.82
 %
9.53
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017 - All lines of business
8.08
%
7.62
%
6.69
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018 - All lines of business
13.22
%
22.54
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018 - General Casualty
11.17
%
21.65
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018 - Workers' Compensation
1.87
%
18.87
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018 - Marine, Aviation & Transit
25.75
%
10.20
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018 - Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers
20.37
%
14.47
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018 - Motor
10.30
%
38.06
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019 - All lines of business
11.69
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019 - General Casualty
9.50
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019 - Workers' Compensation
3.78
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019 - Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers
21.10
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The negative payout percentages in the table above for years 3, 4, 5 and 7 within the 2011 year of acquisition line were primarily due to ceded paid losses exceeding the assumed paid losses as a result of commutations completed with several reinsurers covering the exposures assumed by one of our reinsurance subsidiaries that we acquired in 2011. For the specific years referenced above, we collected more paid recoveries from our reinsurers than the losses we paid on the assumed exposures, and as such, the calculated annual payout percentages were negative.

198
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Atrium
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Balance as at January 1
$
241,284

 
$
240,873

 
$
212,122

Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable
38,768

 
40,531

 
30,009

Net balance as at January 1
202,516

 
200,342

 
182,113

Net incurred losses and LAE:
 
 
 
 
 
  Current period
85,027

 
83,627

 
90,359

  Prior periods
(7,751
)
 
(13,817
)
 
(20,940
)
  Total net incurred losses and LAE
77,276

 
69,810

 
69,419

Net paid losses:
 
 
 
 
 
  Current period
(34,617
)
 
(35,537
)
 
(24,571
)
  Prior periods
(43,572
)
 
(28,969
)
 
(31,107
)
  Total net paid losses
(78,189
)
 
(64,506
)
 
(55,678
)
Effect of exchange rate movement
1,253

 
(3,130
)
 
4,488

Net balance as at December 31
202,856

 
202,516

 
200,342

Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable
28,816

 
38,768

 
40,531

Balance as at December 31
$
231,672

 
$
241,284

 
$
240,873


Net incurred losses and LAE in the Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
Net losses paid
$
43,572

 
$
34,617

 
$
78,189

 
$
28,969

 
$
35,537

 
$
64,506

 
$
31,107

 
$
24,571

 
$
55,678

Net change in case and LAE reserves
(13,278
)
 
16,812

 
3,534

 
(10,161
)
 
16,492

 
6,331

 
(13,324
)
 
21,662

 
8,338

Net change in IBNR reserves
(38,380
)
 
33,598

 
(4,782
)
 
(27,507
)
 
31,598

 
4,091

 
(35,650
)
 
43,329

 
7,679

Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
(8,086
)
 
85,027

 
76,941

 
(8,699
)
 
83,627

 
74,928

 
(17,867
)
 
89,562

 
71,695

Increase in provisions for bad debt
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
89

 
70

 
159

Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(442
)
 
727

 
285

Amortization of fair value adjustments
335

 
—

 
335

 
(5,118
)
 
—

 
(5,118
)
 
(2,720
)
 
—

 
(2,720
)
Net incurred losses and LAE
$
(7,751
)
 
$
85,027

 
$
77,276

 
$
(13,817
)
 
$
83,627

 
$
69,810

 
$
(20,940
)
 
$
90,359

 
$
69,419




199
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The following tables provide a breakdown of the gross and net losses and LAE by line of business and the fair value adjustments resulting from business acquisitions and ULAE as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 for the Atrium segment:
 
2019
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Marine, Aviation and Transit
$
24,668

 
$
34,156

 
$
58,824

 
$
21,012

 
$
24,829

 
$
45,841

Binding Authorities
31,507

 
54,039

 
85,546

 
29,590

 
51,984

 
81,574

Reinsurance
18,385

 
29,533

 
47,918

 
16,209

 
23,338

 
39,547

Accident and Health
5,460

 
7,880

 
13,340

 
4,735

 
7,469

 
12,204

Non-Marine Direct and Facultative
9,121

 
10,935

 
20,056

 
8,584

 
9,637

 
18,221

Total
$
89,141

 
$
136,543

 
$
225,684

 
$
80,130

 
$
117,257

 
$
197,387

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
3,700

 
 
 
 
 
3,181

ULAE
 
 
 
 
2,288

 
 
 
 
 
2,288

Total
 
 
 
 
$
231,672

 
 
 
 
 
$
202,856

 
2018
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Marine, Aviation and Transit
$
32,999

 
$
36,011

 
$
69,010

 
$
21,460

 
$
24,207

 
$
45,667

Binding Authorities
28,512

 
59,302

 
87,814

 
26,601

 
57,016

 
83,617

Reinsurance
18,547

 
27,653

 
46,200

 
15,180

 
24,823

 
40,003

Accident and Health
4,972

 
6,348

 
11,320

 
4,225

 
5,837

 
10,062

Non-Marine Direct and Facultative
9,855

 
11,207

 
21,062

 
8,529

 
9,389

 
17,918

Total
$
94,885

 
$
140,521

 
$
235,406

 
$
75,995

 
$
121,272

 
$
197,267

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
3,476

 
 
 
 
 
2,847

ULAE
 
 
 
 
2,402

 
 
 
 
 
2,402

Total
 
 
 
 
$
241,284

 
 
 
 
 
$
202,516


The Atrium segment comprises only 2% of the total consolidated gross liability for losses and LAE as of December 31, 2019 and therefore has not been disaggregated further for purposes of presenting the accident year disclosures below.

200
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The following tables set forth information about incurred and paid loss development information for the Atrium segment as of December 31, 2019. The information related to incurred and paid loss development for the years ended December 31, 2010 through 2018 is presented as supplementary information and is therefore unaudited. Information about total IBNR reserves and cumulative loss frequency as of December 31, 2019, including expected development on reported losses included within the net incurred losses and allocated LAE amounts for the Atrium segment, are set forth in the table below.
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
As of December 31, 2019
Accident Year
2010 (unaudited)
2011 (unaudited)
2012 (unaudited)
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
IBNR(1)
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
546,446

609,275

593,467

573,576

569,959

564,128

560,524

558,768

556,252

553,325

 
2,839

1,381

2010
26,782

64,985

57,835

51,698

47,558

46,024

45,540

44,289

43,739

43,723

 
518

201

2011
 
86,326

84,661

72,898

71,104

69,385

68,083

67,358

66,904

66,534

 
991

252

2012
 
 
70,259

57,279

55,903

53,723

51,930

51,012

50,541

50,352

 
601

385

2013
 
 
 
58,326

63,710

57,798

54,472

51,706

52,049

50,638

 
1,441

566

2014
 
 
 
 
69,253

69,500

66,104

60,542

57,667

56,737

 
3,104

932

2015
 
 
 
 
 
69,646

71,498

63,530

60,210

58,785

 
6,018

1,515

2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
73,190

75,318

70,179

67,031

 
10,449

2,803

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
90,247

94,984

91,109

 
20,400

5,053

2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
85,044

91,621

 
37,297

6,644

2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
86,269

 
33,598

5,362

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

$
1,216,124

 
$
117,257

25,094

(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
Accident Year
2010 (unaudited)
2011 (unaudited)
2012 (unaudited)
2013 (unaudited)
2014 (unaudited)
2015 (unaudited)
2016 (unaudited)
2017 (unaudited)
2018 (unaudited)
2019
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
$
491,683

$
510,113

$
521,740

$
531,928

$
536,706

$
541,597

$
543,591

$
544,954

$
543,253

$
544,625

 
 
 
2010
11,442

25,127

32,223

36,530

39,022

40,049

40,650

41,223

41,386

41,631

 
 
 
2011
 
17,138

39,997

52,450

58,627

62,560

63,914

65,199

64,669

65,040

 
 
 
2012
 
 
11,228

31,474

37,991

42,152

44,430

45,321

46,901

47,598

 
 
 
2013
 
 
 
14,579

32,064

40,443

43,511

45,387

46,099

46,637

 
 
 
2014
 
 
 
 
17,596

34,368

41,595

46,879

48,542

51,263

 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
12,029

29,687

38,987

44,544

47,704

 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
13,729

34,606

44,273

47,962

 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14,371

47,723

56,057

 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13,130

34,166

 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
36,054

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

$
1,018,737

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
$
197,387

 
 
 


201
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the Atrium segment for the year ended December 31, 2019 is set forth below:
 
2019
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance
$
197,387

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses
28,297

Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments
$
225,684


The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims within the Atrium segment:
 
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
 
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 7
Year 8
Year 9
Year 10
Atrium
24.69
%
32.30
%
14.57
%
8.25
%
4.69
%
2.47
%
1.88
%
0.63
%
0.47
%
0.56
%

StarStone
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Balance as at January 1
$
1,608,697

 
$
1,207,743

 
$
1,059,382

Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable
462,950

 
452,017

 
357,231

Net balance as at January 1
1,145,747

 
755,726

 
702,151

Net incurred losses and LAE:
 
 
 
 
 
  Current period
598,468

 
578,892

 
341,628

  Prior periods
129,168

 
94,491

 
(26,822
)
  Total net incurred losses and LAE
727,636

 
673,383

 
314,806

Net paid losses:
 
 
 
 
 
  Current period
(96,261
)
 
(150,778
)
 
(54,867
)
  Prior periods
(435,372
)
 
(326,352
)
 
(252,926
)
  Total net paid losses
(531,633
)
 
(477,130
)
 
(307,793
)
Effect of exchange rate movement
87

 
(9,481
)
 
15,169

Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries
—

 
192,981

 
—

Assumed business
—

 
10,268

 
31,393

Ceded business
—

 
—

 
—

Net balance as at December 31
1,341,837

 
1,145,747

 
755,726

Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable
537,291

 
462,950

 
452,017

Balance as at December 31
$
1,879,128

 
$
1,608,697

 
$
1,207,743


Net incurred losses and LAE in the StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
 
Prior
Period
 
Current
Period
 
Total
Net losses paid
$
435,372

 
$
96,261

 
$
531,633

 
$
326,352

 
$
150,778

 
$
477,130

 
$
252,926

 
$
54,867

 
$
307,793

Net change in case and LAE reserves
(85,983
)
 
111,950

 
25,967

 
(81,491
)
 
157,378

 
75,887

 
(63,785
)
 
95,470

 
31,685

Net change in IBNR reserves
(214,787
)
 
381,214

 
166,427

 
(144,212
)
 
258,091

 
113,879

 
(208,244
)
 
184,704

 
(23,540
)
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses
134,602

 
589,425

 
724,027

 
100,649

 
566,247

 
666,896

 
(19,103
)
 
335,041

 
315,938

Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE
(5,602
)
 
9,043

 
3,441

 
(5,892
)
 
12,645

 
6,753

 
(6,774
)
 
6,587

 
(187
)
Amortization of fair value adjustments
168

 
—

 
168

 
(266
)
 
—

 
(266
)
 
(945
)
 
—

 
(945
)
Net incurred losses and LAE
$
129,168

 
$
598,468

 
$
727,636

 
$
94,491

 
$
578,892

 
$
673,383

 
$
(26,822
)
 
$
341,628

 
$
314,806


Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the year in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims. Net change in IBNR represents the gross change in our actuarial estimates of IBNR, less amounts recoverable.
Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The following tables provide a breakdown of the gross and net losses and LAE reserves by line of business and the fair value adjustments resulting from business acquisitions and ULAE as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Casualty
$
191,317

 
$
481,473

 
$
672,790

 
$
156,086

 
$
422,186

 
$
578,272

Marine
195,068

 
173,319

 
368,387

 
162,073

 
138,586

 
300,659

Property
367,258

 
152,514

 
519,772

 
158,156

 
92,655

 
250,811

Aerospace
79,249

 
33,000

 
112,249

 
47,796

 
22,862

 
70,658

Workers' Compensation
55,902

 
122,047

 
177,949

 
36,673

 
74,661

 
111,334

Total
$
888,794

 
$
962,353

 
$
1,851,147

 
$
560,784

 
$
750,950

 
$
1,311,734

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
(522
)
 
 
 
 
 
1,600

ULAE
 
 
 
 
28,503

 
 
 
 
 
28,503

Total
 
 
 
 
$
1,879,128

 
 
 
 
 
$
1,341,837


202
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 
2018
 
Gross
 
Net
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
OLR
 
IBNR
 
Total
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Casualty
$
177,432

 
$
331,432

 
$
508,864

 
$
137,828

 
$
282,026

 
$
419,854

Marine
185,084

 
182,453

 
367,537

 
163,889

 
133,426

 
297,315

Property
317,102

 
123,511

 
440,613

 
151,774

 
65,522

 
217,296

Aerospace
67,203

 
40,416

 
107,619

 
45,879

 
36,167

 
82,046

Workers' Compensation
49,373

 
110,082

 
159,455

 
33,759

 
68,969

 
102,728

Total
$
796,194

 
$
787,894

 
$
1,584,088

 
$
533,129

 
$
586,110

 
$
1,119,239

Fair value adjustments
 
 
 
 
(467
)
 
 
 
 
 
1,432

ULAE
 
 
 
 
25,076

 
 
 
 
 
25,076

Total
 
 
 
 
$
1,608,697

 
 
 
 
 
$
1,145,747


The following tables set forth information about incurred and paid loss development, total IBNR reserves and cumulative loss frequency related to all the individual lines of business within the StarStone segment as of December 31, 2019. The information related to incurred and paid loss development for the years ended December 31, 2014 through 2018 is presented as supplementary information and is therefore unaudited. The information within the tables below is presented on a prospective basis from the date of our acquisition of StarStone on April 1, 2014 since providing pre-acquisition incurred and paid losses by accident year for years prior to 2014 was determined to be impracticable due to significant data limitations.

203
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Casualty
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
As of December 31, 2019
Accident Year
 
2014
(Unaudited)
 
2015
(Unaudited)
 
2016 (unaudited)
 
2017 (unaudited)
 
2018 (unaudited)
 
2019
 
IBNR(1)
 
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
 
$
82,278

 
$
82,329

 
$
82,400

 
$
82,324

 
$
82,535

 
$
82,574

 
$
—

 
2,543

2010
 
16,623

 
17,769

 
17,856

 
18,538

 
18,556

 
18,612

 
119

 
729

2011
 
21,101

 
25,435

 
25,745

 
24,971

 
25,422

 
26,159

 
765

 
2,035

2012
 
56,891

 
48,251

 
43,936

 
40,095

 
39,477

 
42,055

 
3,059

 
3,128

2013
 
72,771

 
66,888

 
77,756

 
76,172

 
78,788

 
87,575

 
9,817

 
4,998

2014
 
91,369

 
92,793

 
92,812

 
90,335

 
90,588

 
101,748

 
19,074

 
5,734

2015
 
 
 
105,135

 
111,067

 
110,179

 
123,208

 
131,156

 
22,056

 
4,744

2016
 
 
 
 
 
125,367

 
129,130

 
140,601

 
169,207

 
39,548

 
4,467

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
137,614

 
162,599

 
194,259

 
64,639

 
4,830

2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
159,324

 
181,499

 
90,672

 
3,902
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
198,218

 
172,437

 
2,780
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
1,233,062

 
$
422,186

 
39,890

(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.

Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2014
(Unaudited)
 
2015 (unaudited)
 
2016 (unaudited)
 
2017 (unaudited)
 
2018 (unaudited)
 
2019
 
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
82,257

 
$
82,319

 
$
82,395

 
$
82,318

 
$
82,534

 
$
82,546

 
 
 
 
2010
 
15,555

 
17,768

 
17,855

 
18,537

 
18,555

 
18,466

 
 
 
 
2011
 
15,745

 
21,088

 
23,731

 
24,294

 
24,925

 
25,389

 
 
 
 
2012
 
18,412

 
29,503

 
32,694

 
33,943

 
36,162

 
36,076

 
 
 
 
2013
 
23,054

 
30,448

 
50,137

 
54,688

 
60,389

 
69,703

 
 
 
 
2014
 
5,769

 
21,911

 
37,607

 
50,767

 
64,672

 
68,827

 
 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
8,088

 
27,292

 
49,014

 
68,194

 
92,327

 
 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
4,642

 
42,935

 
74,921

 
97,715

 
 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9,997

 
50,705

 
107,625

 
 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20,649

 
47,973

 
 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8,143

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
654,790

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
 
$
578,272

 
 
 
 


204
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2019 is set forth below:
 
2019
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance
$
578,272

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses
94,518

Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments
$
672,790


The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
 
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
 
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 7
Year 8
Year 9
Year 10
Casualty
5.87
%
17.83
%
17.73
%
17.98
%
13.06
%
5.94
%
3.72
%
1.44
%
0.71
%
(0.23
)%


205
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Marine
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
As of December 31, 2019
Accident Year
 
2014
(unaudited)
 
2015 (unaudited)
 
2016 (unaudited)
 
2017 (unaudited)
 
2018 (unaudited)
 
2019
 
IBNR(1)
 
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
 
$
27,070

 
$
27,002

 
$
27,018

 
$
27,050

 
$
27,076

 
$
27,100

 
$
—

 
1,991
2010
 
22,347

 
19,270

 
19,114

 
19,176

 
19,040

 
19,050

 
144

 
1,029
2011
 
29,527

 
27,753

 
27,330

 
27,371

 
27,715

 
33,538

 
514

 
1,961
2012
 
47,957

 
51,418

 
51,074

 
49,813

 
50,618

 
59,597

 
405

 
2,422
2013
 
62,904

 
55,154

 
52,938

 
53,913

 
57,224

 
46,309

 
243

 
2,226
2014
 
50,079

 
53,452

 
48,450

 
54,958

 
50,576

 
50,026

 
833

 
4,003
2015
 
 
 
71,004

 
70,033

 
79,494

 
81,088

 
82,698

 
1,082

 
5,742
2016
 
 
 
 
 
82,486

 
83,070

 
87,169

 
86,774

 
4,214

 
6,904
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
130,700

 
158,785

 
166,042

 
10,802

 
8,524
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
167,902

 
167,565

 
33,836

 
9,881
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
163,412

 
86,513

 
5,219
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
902,111

 
$
138,586

 
49,902
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2014
(unaudited)
 
2015 (unaudited)
 
2016 (unaudited)
 
2017 (unaudited)
 
2018 (unaudited)
 
2019
 
 
 
 
2008 and Prior
 
$
26,939

 
$
26,990

 
$
27,015

 
$
27,042

 
$
27,077

 
$
27,092

 
 
 
 
2009
 
16,300

 
18,324

 
18,403

 
18,372

 
18,437

 
18,539

 
 
 
 
2010
 
29,395

 
31,152

 
32,397

 
32,643

 
32,803

 
32,558

 
 
 
 
2011
 
49,727

 
53,711

 
55,446

 
56,589

 
57,206

 
57,711

 
 
 
 
2012
 
12,529

 
21,213

 
25,135

 
27,237

 
29,071

 
38,733

 
 
 
 
2013
 
10,878

 
24,813

 
32,332

 
36,773

 
42,420

 
43,789

 
 
 
 
2014
 
 
 
10,871

 
30,562

 
50,062

 
56,154

 
59,478

 
 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
12,131

 
41,696

 
57,265

 
72,475

 
 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25,258

 
68,952

 
108,000

 
 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
41,427

 
104,825

 
 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
38,252

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
601,452

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
 
$
300,659

 
 
 
 


206
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2019 is set forth below:
 
2019
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance
$
300,659

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses
67,728

Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments
$
368,387


The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
 
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
 
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 7
Year 8
Year 9
Year 10
Marine
18.70
%
29.98
%
19.76
%
9.79
%
5.60
%
3.86
%
4.63
%
0.32
%
(0.09
)%
0.30
%


207
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Property
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
As of December 31, 2019
Accident Year
 
2014
(unaudited)
 
2015 (unaudited)
 
2016 (unaudited)
 
2017 (unaudited)
 
2018 (unaudited)
 
2019
 
IBNR(1)
 
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
 
$
113,828

 
$
113,118

 
$
113,206

 
$
113,696

 
$
114,633

 
$
114,991

 
$
—

 
2,901
2010
 
74,893

 
73,437

 
72,072

 
72,134

 
72,146

 
72,088

 
—

 
1,557
2011
 
91,161

 
89,708

 
89,752

 
89,441

 
89,359

 
89,708

 
4

 
1,621
2012
 
65,824

 
61,707

 
60,683

 
61,637

 
58,721

 
58,985

 
12

 
1,501
2013
 
78,145

 
65,152

 
64,804

 
63,959

 
62,177

 
60,582

 
13

 
1,959
2014
 
58,975

 
43,848

 
43,169

 
43,603

 
41,563

 
40,818

 
1,082

 
2,094
2015
 
 
 
78,993

 
76,550

 
70,359

 
70,244

 
71,189

 
3,964

 
5,720
2016
 
 
 
 
 
87,562

 
95,557

 
95,151

 
95,038

 
2,672

 
6,791
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
155,484

 
171,665

 
183,584

 
6,554

 
8,034
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
165,311

 
178,800

 
8,433

 
6,653
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
122,118

 
69,922

 
3,277
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
1,087,901

 
$
92,656

 
42,108
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2014
(unaudited)
 
2015 (unaudited)
 
2016 (unaudited)
 
2017 (unaudited)
 
2018 (unaudited)
 
2019
 
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
112,693

 
$
112,957

 
$
112,987

 
$
113,237

 
$
113,143

 
$
113,338

 
 
 
 
2010
 
69,070

 
71,958

 
72,069

 
72,131

 
72,148

 
71,969

 
 
 
 
2011
 
87,411

 
88,608

 
89,113

 
89,366

 
89,345

 
89,387

 
 
 
 
2012
 
48,103

 
52,168

 
54,308

 
55,274

 
55,474

 
57,753

 
 
 
 
2013
 
30,880

 
46,285

 
51,086

 
53,172

 
59,277

 
60,416

 
 
 
 
2014
 
5,500

 
18,830

 
31,617

 
34,563

 
36,106

 
37,240

 
 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
10,433

 
28,652

 
55,372

 
63,880

 
64,764

 
 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
26,838

 
58,035

 
75,387

 
85,023

 
 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
37,410

 
98,267

 
139,555

 
 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
59,187

 
98,065

 
 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19,580

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
837,090

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
 
$
250,811

 
 
 
 

208
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2019 is set forth below:
 
2019
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance
$
250,811

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses
268,961

Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments
$
519,772


The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
 
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
 
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 7
Year 8
Year 9
Year 10
Property
20.98
%
29.19
%
27.01
%
8.82
%
2.69
%
3.22
%
0.54
%
1.04
%
—
 %
0.20
%


209
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Aerospace
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
As of December 31, 2019
Accident Year
 
2014
(unaudited)
 
2015 (unaudited)
 
2016 (unaudited)
 
2017 (unaudited)
 
2018 (unaudited)
 
2019
 
IBNR(1)
 
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
—

2010
 
18,441

 
18,073

 
18,382

 
18,896

 
18,970

 
18,772

 
17

 
579

2011
 
58,786

 
57,257

 
57,681

 
58,114

 
59,647

 
58,770

 
61

 
2,197

2012
 
55,675

 
55,370

 
56,212

 
56,159

 
57,450

 
57,185

 
125

 
2,421

2013
 
72,098

 
70,180

 
70,511

 
74,900

 
77,393

 
76,964

 
274

 
2,568

2014
 
65,208

 
53,541

 
53,553

 
52,341

 
54,408

 
48,657

 
464

 
2,861

2015
 
 
 
66,335

 
69,499

 
72,519

 
73,183

 
71,196

 
1,318

 
2,975

2016
 
 
 
 
 
37,741

 
45,019

 
48,180

 
45,380

 
1,714

 
2,880

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31,380

 
35,075

 
56,354

 
3,142

 
3,100

2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
59,498

 
55,986

 
3,980

 
2,891

2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
45,483

 
11,766

 
1,232

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
534,747

 
$
22,861

 
23,704

(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2014
(unaudited)
 
2015 (unaudited)
 
2016 (unaudited)
 
2017 (unaudited)
 
2018 (unaudited)
 
2019
 
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
2010
 
15,396

 
16,539

 
17,145

 
18,209

 
18,494

 
18,548

 
 
 
 
2011
 
53,821

 
55,179

 
55,858

 
56,435

 
57,028

 
57,555

 
 
 
 
2012
 
45,897

 
49,332

 
52,142

 
53,622

 
54,812

 
55,585

 
 
 
 
2013
 
50,842

 
59,850

 
63,439

 
68,775

 
72,770

 
73,511

 
 
 
 
2014
 
17,297

 
31,147

 
38,426

 
40,678

 
43,801

 
43,779

 
 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
32,388

 
52,185

 
60,820

 
64,000

 
66,293

 
 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
11,815

 
31,858

 
37,037

 
39,361

 
 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10,398

 
28,221

 
45,946

 
 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25,552

 
40,304

 
 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23,207

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
464,089

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
 
$
70,658

 
 
 
 


210
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2019 is set forth below:
 
2019
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance
$
70,658

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses
41,591

Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments
$
112,249


The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
 
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
 
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 7
Year 8
Year 9
Year 10
Aerospace
37.03
%
31.40
%
16.33
%
4.98
%
4.76
%
3.00
%
1.81
%
2.68
%
1.21
%
0.29
%
    

211
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Workers' Compensation
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
As of December 31, 2019
Accident Year
 
2014
(unaudited)
 
2015
(unaudited)
 
2016
(unaudited)
 
2017
(unaudited)
 
2018
(unaudited)
 
2019
 
IBNR(1)
 
Cumulative Number of Claims
2009 and Prior
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
—

2010
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

2011
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

2012
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

2013
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

2014
 
15,607

 
17,199

 
18,290

 
15,662

 
15,203

 
14,873

 
1,421

 
1,062

2015
 
 
 
54,977

 
55,505

 
50,103

 
47,338

 
45,812

 
4,905

 
2,522

2016
 
 
 
 
 
62,942

 
54,121

 
54,793

 
55,150

 
9,101

 
2,507

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
43,366

 
39,089

 
29,676

 
6,037

 
2,110

2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
44,615

 
39,247

 
13,672

 
2,820

2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
56,754

 
39,525

 
2,860

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
241,512

 
$
74,661

 
13,881

(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
Accident Year
 
2014
(unaudited)
 
2015
(unaudited)
 
2016
(unaudited)
 
2017
(unaudited)
 
2018
(unaudited)
 
2019
 
 
 
 
2009 and Prior
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
2010
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
2011
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
2012
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
2013
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
2014
 
1,491

 
6,079

 
9,279

 
11,431

 
12,243

 
12,617

 
 
 
 
2015
 
 
 
6,361

 
20,194

 
30,439

 
35,311

 
37,385

 
 
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
7,953

 
23,428

 
32,739

 
39,333

 
 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5,477

 
13,509

 
18,899

 
 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,508

 
15,064

 
 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6,880

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total

 
$
130,178

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance
 
$
111,334

 
 
 
 

The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2019 is set forth below:
 
2019
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance
$
111,334

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses
66,615

Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments
$
177,949



212
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
 
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance
 
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 7
Year 8
Year 9
Year 10
Workers' compensation
13.40
%
28.61
%
19.73
%
12.35
%
4.99
%
2.51
%
—
%
—
%
—
%
—
%


213
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

11. DEFENDANT ASBESTOS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES
We acquired DCo on December 30, 2016, and Morse TEC on October 30, 2019, as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions". DCo and Morse TEC hold liabilities associated with personal injury asbestos claims and environmental claims arising from their legacy manufacturing operations. These companies continue to process asbestos personal injury claims in the normal course of business. Defendant asbestos liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets include amounts for loss payments and defense costs for pending and future asbestos-related claims, determined using standard actuarial techniques for asbestos exposures. Defendant environmental liabilities include estimated clean-up costs associated with the acquired companies' former operations based on engineering reports.
Insurance balances recoverable on our consolidated balance sheets include estimated insurance recoveries relating to these liabilities. The recorded asset represents our assessment of the capacity of the insurance agreements to indemnify our subsidiaries for the anticipated defense and loss payments for pending claims and projected future claims. The recognition of these recoveries is based on an assessment of the right to recover under the respective contracts and on the financial strength of the insurers. The recorded asset does not represent the limits of our insurance coverage, but rather the amount we would expect to recover if the accrued and projected loss and defense costs were paid in full.
Included within insurance balances recoverable and defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities are the fair value adjustments that were initially recognized upon acquisition. These fair value adjustments are amortized in proportion to the actual payout of claims and recoveries. The carrying value of the asbestos and environmental liabilities, insurance recoveries, future estimated expenses and the fair value adjustments related to DCo and Morse TEC as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities:
 
 
 
Defendant asbestos liabilities
$
1,100,593

 
$
265,975

Defendant environmental liabilities
10,279

 
2,152

Estimated future expenses
51,637

 
19,843

Fair value adjustments
(314,824
)
 
(84,650
)
Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
847,685

 
203,320

 
 
 
 
Insurance balances recoverable:
 
 
 
Insurance recoveries related to defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities
549,593

 
183,676

Fair value adjustments
(100,738
)
 
(47,868
)
Insurance balances recoverable
448,855

 
135,808

 
 
 
 
Net liabilities relating to defendant asbestos and environmental exposures
$
398,830

 
$
67,512



214
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The table below provides a consolidated reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for defendant asbestos and environmental exposures for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Balance as at January 1
203,320

 
219,164

 
234,020

Less: Insurance balances recoverable
135,808

 
122,326

 
133,032

Net balance as at January 1
67,512

 
96,838

 
100,988

Total net paid claims
(13,708
)
 
(6,351
)
 
(6,927
)
Amounts recorded in other income (expense):
 
 
 
 
 
Net change in actuarial estimates
(4,263
)
 
(23,221
)
 
2,800

Amortization of fair value adjustments
13,500

 
246

 
(23
)
Total other expense (income)
9,237

 
(22,975
)
 
2,777

Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries
335,789

 
—

 
—

Net balance as at December 31
398,830

 
67,512

 
96,838

Plus: Insurance balances recoverable
448,855

 
135,808

 
122,326

Balance as at December 31
847,685

 
203,320

 
219,164


Methodologies for determining liabilities
Defendant Asbestos Liabilities
DCo and Morse TEC review, on an ongoing basis, their own experience in handling asbestos-related claims and trends affecting asbestos-related claims in the U.S. tort system generally, for the purposes of assessing the value of pending asbestos-related claims and the number and value of those that may be asserted in the future, as well as potential recoveries from DCo and Morse TEC’s insurance carriers with respect to such claims and defense costs. The actuarial analysis for these asbestos-related exposures utilizes data resulting from the claim review process, including input from national coordinating counsel and local counsel, and includes the development of an estimate of the potential value of asbestos-related claims asserted but not yet resolved as well as the number and potential value of asbestos-related claims not yet asserted. In developing the estimate of liability for potential future claims, the actuarial analysis projects the potential number of future claims based on DCo and Morse TEC’s historical claim filings and epidemiological studies. The actuarial analysis also utilizes assumptions based on the DCo and Morse TEC’s historical proportion of claims resolved without payment, historical claim resolution costs for those claims that result in a payment, and historical defense costs. The liabilities are then estimated by multiplying the pending and projected future claim filings by projected payments rates and average claim resolution amounts and then adding an estimate for defense costs.
DCo and Morse TEC determine, based on the factors described above, including the actuarial analysis, that their best estimate of the aggregate liability both for asbestos-related claims asserted but not yet resolved and potential asbestos-related claims not yet asserted, including estimated defense costs, was $1,100.6 million and $266.0 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. This liability reflects the actuarial central estimate, which is intended to represent an expected value of the most probable outcome.
Defendant Environmental Liabilities
As a result of our acquisition of DCo and Morse TEC, we have been identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and certain U.S. state environmental agencies and private parties as potentially responsible parties ("PRP") at various hazardous waste disposal sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("Superfund") and equivalent U.S. state laws. The PRPs may currently be liable for the cost of clean-up and other remedial activities at 22 such sites. Responsibility for clean-up and other remedial activities at a Superfund site is typically shared among PRPs based on an allocation formula.
We have a liability for defendant environmental liabilities of $10.3 million and $2.2 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The estimate for defendant environmental liabilities is based on information available to us, including an estimate of the allocation of liability among PRPs, the probability that other PRPs will pay the cost apportioned to them, currently available information from PRPs and/or federal or state environmental agencies concerning the scope of contamination and estimated remediation and consulting costs, and remediation alternatives.

215
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

12. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy
Fair value is defined as the price at which to sell an asset or transfer a liability (i.e. the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants. We use a fair value hierarchy that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels as follows:
•
Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments.
•
Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.
•
Level 3 - Valuations based on unobservable inputs where there is little or no market activity. Unadjusted third party pricing sources or management's assumptions and internal valuation models may be used to determine the fair values.
In addition, certain of our other investments are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified within the fair value hierarchy above. We have categorized our assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis among levels based on the observability of inputs, or at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as follows:

216
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
Fair Value Based on NAV as Practical Expedient
 
Total Fair
Value
Investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agency
 
$
—

 
$
736,043

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
736,043

U.K. government
 
—

 
161,772

 
—

 
—

 
161,772

Other government
 
—

 
702,857

 
—

 
—

 
702,857

Corporate
 
—

 
5,697,067

 
—

 
—

 
5,697,067

Municipal
 
—

 
167,882

 
—

 
—

 
167,882

Residential mortgage-backed
 
—

 
471,836

 
—

 
—

 
471,836

Commercial mortgage-backed
 
—

 
900,029

 
—

 
—

 
900,029

Asset-backed
 
—

 
775,402

 
—

 
—

 
775,402

 
 
$
—

 
$
9,612,888

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
9,612,888

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other assets included within funds held - directly managed
 
—

 
14,207

 
—

 
—

 
14,207

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Publicly traded equity investments
 
$
297,310

 
$
30,565

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
327,875

Exchange-traded funds
 
133,047

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
133,047

Privately held equity investments
 
—

 
—

 
268,799

 
—

 
268,799

 
 
$
430,357

 
$
30,565

 
$
268,799

 
$
—

 
$
729,721

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hedge funds
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,121,904

 
$
1,121,904

Fixed income funds
 
—

 
398,143

 
—

 
82,896

 
481,039

Equity funds
 
—

 
111,040

 
—

 
299,109

 
410,149

Private equity funds
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
329,885

 
329,885

CLO equities
 
—

 
—

 
87,555

 
—

 
87,555

CLO equity funds
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
87,509

 
87,509

Other
 
—

 
34

 
314

 
6,031

 
6,379

 
 
$
—

 
$
509,217

 
$
87,869

 
$
1,927,334

 
$
2,524,420

Total Investments
 
$
430,357

 
$
10,166,877

 
$
356,668

 
$
1,927,334

 
$
12,881,236

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
173,892

 
$
222,191

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
396,083

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses:
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
695,518

 
$
—

 
$
695,518

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives qualifying as hedging
 
$
—

 
$
642

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
642

Derivatives not qualifying as hedges
 
$
—

 
$
1,369

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,369

Derivative instruments
 
$
—

 
$
2,011

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2,011

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Losses and LAE:
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2,621,122

 
$
—

 
$
2,621,122

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives qualifying as hedging
 
$
—

 
$
11,452

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
11,452

Derivatives not qualifying as hedges
 
$
—

 
$
4,106

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
4,106

Derivative instruments
 
$
—

 
$
15,558

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
15,558


217
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
Fair Value Based on NAV as Practical Expedient
 
Total Fair
Value
Investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agency
 
$
—

 
$
510,245

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
510,245

U.K government
 
—

 
300,631

 
—

 
—

 
300,631

Other government
 
—

 
793,810

 
—

 
—

 
793,810

Corporate
 
—

 
4,802,454

 
37,386

 
—

 
4,839,840

Municipal
 
—

 
130,265

 
—

 
—

 
130,265

Residential mortgage-backed
 
—

 
773,557

 
—

 
—

 
773,557

Commercial mortgage-backed
 
—

 
705,674

 
7,389

 
—

 
713,063

Asset-backed
 
—

 
627,360

 
9,121

 
—

 
636,481

 
 
$
—

 
$
8,643,996

 
$
53,896

 
$
—

 
$
8,697,892

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other assets included within funds held - directly managed
 
$
—

 
$
14,780

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
14,780

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Publicly traded equity investments
 
$
102,102

 
$
36,313

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
138,415

Privately held equity investments
 
—

 
—

 
228,710

 
—

 
228,710

 
 
$
102,102

 
$
36,313

 
$
228,710

 
$
—

 
$
367,125

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hedge funds
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
852,584

 
$
852,584

Fixed income funds
 
—

 
290,864

 
—

 
112,994

 
403,858

Equity funds
 
—

 
100,440

 
—

 
233,241

 
333,681

Private equity funds
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
248,628

 
248,628

CLO equities
 
—

 
—

 
39,052

 
—

 
39,052

CLO equity funds
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
37,260

 
37,260

Private credit funds
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
33,381

 
33,381

Other
 
—

 
578

 
315

 
8,420

 
9,313

 
 
$
—

 
$
391,882

 
$
39,367

 
$
1,526,508

 
$
1,957,757

Total Investments
 
$
102,102

 
$
9,086,971

 
$
321,973

 
$
1,526,508

 
$
11,037,554

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
243,839

 
$
21,146

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
264,985

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance recoverable:
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
739,591

 
$
—

 
$
739,591

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives qualifying as hedging
 
$
—

 
$
1,615

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,615

Derivatives not qualifying as hedges
 
—

 
5,086

 
—

 
—

 
5,086

Derivative instruments
 
$
—

 
$
6,701

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
6,701

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Losses and LAE:
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2,874,055

 
$
—

 
$
2,874,055

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives qualifying as hedging
 
$
—

 
$
300

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
300

Derivatives not qualifying as hedges
 
—

 
683

 
—

 
—

 
683

Derivative instruments
 
$
—

 
$
983

 
$
—

 
$
—


$
983



218
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)


Valuation Methodologies of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value
Fixed Maturity Investments
The fair values for all securities in the fixed maturity investments and funds held - directly managed portfolios are independently provided by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. We record the unadjusted price provided by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers or investment custodians and validate this price through a process that includes, but is not limited to: (i) comparison of prices against alternative pricing sources; (ii) quantitative analysis (e.g. comparing the quarterly return for each managed portfolio to its target benchmark); (iii) evaluation of methodologies used by external parties to estimate fair value, including a review of the inputs used for pricing; and (iv) comparing the price to our knowledge of the current investment market. Our internal price validation procedures and review of fair value methodology documentation provided by independent pricing services have not historically resulted in adjustment in the prices obtained from the pricing service.
The independent pricing services used by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians obtain actual transaction prices for securities that have quoted prices in active markets. Where we utilize single unadjusted broker-dealer quotes, they are generally provided by market makers or broker-dealers who are recognized as market participants in the markets for which they are providing the quotes. For determining the fair value of securities that are not actively traded, in general, pricing services use "matrix pricing" in which the independent pricing service uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates and other such inputs as are available from market sources to determine a reasonable fair value. In addition, pricing services use valuation models, using observable data, such as an Option Adjusted Spread model, to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The Option Adjusted Spread model is commonly used to estimate fair value for securities such as mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities.
The following describes the techniques generally used to determine the fair value of our fixed maturity investments by asset class, including the investments underlying the funds held - directly managed.
•
U.S. government and agency securities consist of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and mortgage pass-through agencies such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and other agencies. Non-U.S. government securities consist of bonds issued by non-U.S. governments and agencies along with supranational organizations. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades and broker-dealer quotes. These are considered to be observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2.
•
Corporate securities consist primarily of investment-grade debt of a wide variety of corporate issuers and industries. The fair values of these securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, benchmark yields, and industry and market indicators. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, such as in periods of low trading activity or when transactions are not orderly, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. Where significant inputs are unable to be corroborated with market observable information, we classify the securities as Level 3.
•
Municipal securities consist primarily of bonds issued by U.S.-domiciled state and municipal entities. The fair values of these securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes and benchmark yields. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2.
•
Asset-backed securities consist primarily of investment-grade bonds backed by pools of loans with a variety of underlying collateral. Residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities include both agency and non-agency originated securities. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds and default rates. The fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2 if the significant inputs are

219
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

market observable. Where significant inputs are unable to be corroborated with market observable information, we classify the securities as Level 3.
Equities
Our investments in equities consist of a combination of publicly and privately traded investments. Our publicly traded equity investments in common and preferred stocks predominantly trade on major exchanges and are managed by our external advisors. Our publicly traded equities are widely diversified and there is no significant concentration in any specific industry. Our exchange-traded funds trade on major exchanges. We use an internationally recognized pricing service to estimate the fair value of our publicly traded equities and exchange-traded funds. We have categorized the majority of our publicly traded equity investments, other than preferred stock, and our exchange-traded funds as Level 1 investments because the fair values of these investments are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. One equity security is trading in an inactive market and, as a result has been classified as Level 2. The fair value estimates of our investments in publicly traded preferred stock are based on observable market data and, as a result, have been categorized as Level 2.
Our privately held equity investments in common and preferred stocks are direct investments in companies that we believe offer attractive risk adjusted returns and/or offer other strategic advantages. Each investment may have its own unique terms and conditions and there may be restrictions on disposals. The market for these investments is illiquid and there is no active market. We use a combination of cost, internal models, reported values from co-investors/managers and observable inputs, such as capital raises and capital transactions between new and existing shareholders to calculate the fair value of the privately held equity investments. The fair value estimates of our investments in privately held equities are based on unobservable market data and, as a result, have been categorized as Level 3.
Other investments, at fair value
We have ongoing due diligence processes with respect to the other investments carried at fair value in which we invest and their managers. These processes are designed to assist us in assessing the quality of information provided by, or on behalf of, each fund and in determining whether such information continues to be reliable or whether further review is warranted. Certain funds do not provide full transparency of their underlying holdings; however, we obtain the audited financial statements for funds annually, and regularly review and discuss the fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values ("NAV").
The use of NAV as an estimate of the fair value for investments in certain entities that calculate NAV is a permitted practical expedient. Due to the time lag in the NAV reported by certain fund managers we adjust the valuation for capital calls and distributions. Other investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investments for which we do not use NAV as a practical expedient have been valued using prices from independent pricing services, investment managers and broker-dealers.
The following describes the techniques generally used to determine the fair value of our other investments.
•
For our investments in hedge funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
•
Our investments in fixed income funds and equity funds are valued based on a combination of prices from independent pricing services, external fund managers or third-party administrators. For the publicly available prices we have classified the investments as Level 2. For the non-publicly available prices we are using NAV as a practical expedient and therefore these have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
•
For our investments in private equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
•
We measure the fair value of our direct investment in CLO equities based on valuations provided by independent pricing services, our external CLO equity manager, and valuations provided by the broker or lead underwriter of the investment (the "broker"). Our CLO equity investments have been classified as Level 3 due to the use of unobservable inputs in the valuation and the limited number of relevant trades in secondary markets.

220
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

In providing valuations, the independent pricing service providers, CLO equity manager and brokers use observable and unobservable inputs. Of the significant unobservable market inputs used, the default and loss severity rates involve the most judgment and create the most sensitivity. A significant increase or decrease in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in lower or higher fair value estimates for direct investments in CLO equities and, in general, a change in default rate assumptions will be accompanied by a directionally similar change in loss severity rate assumptions. Collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates are less subjective inputs because they are based on the historical average of actual spreads and the weighted average life of the current underlying portfolios, respectively. A significant increase or decrease in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in higher or lower fair value estimates for direct investments in CLO equities. In general, these inputs have no significant interrelationship with each other or with default and loss severity rates.
On a quarterly basis, we receive the valuation from the independent pricing providers, external CLO manager and brokers and then review the underlying cash flows and key assumptions used by them. We review and update the significant unobservable inputs based on information obtained from secondary markets. These inputs are our responsibility and we assess the reasonableness of the inputs (and if necessary, update the inputs) through communicating with industry participants, monitoring of the transactions in which we participate (for example, to evaluate default and loss severity rate trends), and reviewing market conditions, historical results, and emerging trends that may impact future cash flows.
If valuations from the independent pricing service providers, external CLO equity manager or brokers are not available, we use an income approach based on certain observable and unobservable inputs to value these investments. An income approach is also used to corroborate the reasonableness of the valuations provided by the pricing providers, external manager and brokers. Where an income approach is followed, the valuation is based on available trade information, such as expected cash flows and market assumptions on default and loss severity rates. Other inputs used in the valuation process include asset spreads, loan prepayment speeds, collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates.
•
For our investments in the CLO equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third party administrator. The fair value of these investments is measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
•
For our investments in private credit funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
•
Included within other is an investment in a real estate debt fund, for which we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair value of this investment is measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore has not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
Insurance Contracts - Fair Value Option
The Company uses an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses for certain retroactive reinsurance contracts where we have elected the fair value option in our Non-life Run-off segment. The fair value was calculated as the aggregate of discounted cash flows plus a risk margin. The discounted cash flow approach uses (i) estimated nominal cash flows based upon an appropriate payment pattern developed in accordance with standard actuarial techniques and (ii) a discount rate based upon a high quality rated corporate bond plus a credit spread for non-performance risk. The model uses corporate bond rates across the yield curve depending on the estimated timing of the future cash flows and specific to the currency of the risk. The risk margin was calculated using the present value of the cost of capital. The cost of capital approach uses (i) projected capital requirements, (ii) multiplied by the risk cost of capital representing the return required for non-hedgeable risk based upon the weighted average cost of capital less investment income and (iii) discounted using the weighted average cost of capital.

221
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Derivative Instruments
The fair values of our foreign currency exchange contracts, as described in Note 7 - "Derivatives and Hedging Instruments" are classified as Level 2. The fair values are based upon prices in active markets for identical contracts.
Level 3 Measurements and Changes in Leveling
Transfers into or out of levels are recorded at their fair values as of the end of the reporting period, consistent with the date of determination of fair value.
Investments
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
2019
 
 
Fixed maturity investments
 
Privately-held Equities
 
Other Investments
 
Total
 
 
Corporate
 
Residential mortgage-backed
 
Commercial mortgage-backed
 
Asset-backed
 
 
 
Beginning fair value
 
$
37,386

 
$
—

 
$
7,389

 
$
9,121

 
$
228,710

 
$
39,367

 
$
321,973

Purchases
 
184

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
33,713

 
56,908

 
90,805

Sales
 
(3,520
)
 
—

 
(784
)
 
(5,088
)
 
(2,016
)
 
(590
)
 
(11,998
)
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)
 
90

 
(1
)
 
64

 
241

 
8,392

 
(7,816
)
 
970

Transfer into Level 3 from Level 2
 
3,535

 
102

 
1,515

 
22,771

 
—

 
—

 
27,923

Transfer out of Level 3 into Level 2
 
(37,675
)
 
(101
)
 
(8,184
)
 
(27,045
)
 
—

 
—

 
(73,005
)
Ending fair value
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
268,799

 
$
87,869

 
$
356,668

 
 
2018
 
 
Fixed maturity investments
 
Privately-held Equities
 
Other Investments
 
Total
 
 
Corporate
 
Residential mortgage-backed
 
Commercial mortgage-backed
 
Asset-backed
 
 
 
Beginning fair value
 
$
67,178

 
$
3,080

 
$
21,494

 
$
27,892

 
$
—

 
$
57,079

 
$
176,723

Purchases
 
14,391

 
—

 
3,749

 
46,074

 
227,000

 
13,173

 
304,387

Sales
 
(65,700
)
 
(1,184
)
 
(5,781
)
 
(49,020
)
 
—

 
(12,091
)
 
(133,776
)
Total realized and unrealized losses
 
(57
)
 
(28
)
 
(645
)
 
(1,843
)
 
(2
)
 
(18,794
)
 
(21,369
)
Transfer into Level 3 from Level 2
 
28,339

 
1,795

 
4,897

 
9,890

 
1,712

 
—

 
46,633

Transfer out of Level 3 into Level 2
 
(6,765
)
 
(3,663
)
 
(16,325
)
 
(23,872
)
 
—

 
—

 
(50,625
)
Ending fair value
 
$
37,386

 
$
—

 
$
7,389

 
$
9,121

 
$
228,710

 
$
39,367

 
$
321,973


Net realized and unrealized gains related to Level 3 assets in the table above are included in net realized and unrealized (losses) gains in our consolidated statements of earnings.
The securities transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 were transferred due to insufficient market observable inputs for the valuation of the specific assets. The transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 were based upon obtaining market observable information regarding the valuations of the specific assets.

222
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Valuations Techniques and Inputs
The table below presents the quantitative information related to the fair value measurements for investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs for the year ended December 31, 2019:
Qualitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value at December 31, 2019

Valuation Techniques

Unobservable Input

Range (Average) (1)

(in millions of U.S. dollars)






CLO equities
$87.6

Consensus pricing

Offered quotes

14-87 (48)

Discounted Cash Flow method

Discount rate (%) (2)
Recovery rate (3)
Prepayment rate (4)
Collateral reinvestment coupon floor (5)

10%-30% (19.5%)
50%-70% (60%)
20%-30% (25%)
1%
Privately held equity investments
268.8

Transactional value

Implied price at recent purchase transaction

13.50 - 13.85

Cost as approximation of fair value

Cost as approximation of fair value


(1) The average represents the arithmetic average of the inputs and is not weighted by the relative fair value.
(2) Implied yields were determined from recent market color of comparable subordinated notes, as well as unique characteristics for each investment.
(3) For collateral which has already defaulted, a recovery rate equal to the current market value of the collateral was assumed.
(4) An assumed constant prepayment rate (CPR) was applied to the CLOs. CPRs are the annualized percentage of loans in the collateral pool that prepay.
(5) It was assumed that the collateral manager would reinvest into collateral with a similar weighted-average spread and a similar ratings composition to the current collateral pool.

Insurance Contracts - Fair Value Option
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all insurance contracts measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Liability for losses and LAE
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
 
Net
 
Liability for losses and LAE
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
 
Net
Beginning fair value
$
2,874,055

 
$
739,591

 
$
2,134,464

 
$
1,794,669

 
$
542,224

 
$
1,252,445

Assumed business
9,218

 
—

 
9,218

 
1,890,061

 
372,780

 
1,517,281

Incurred losses and LAE:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reduction in estimates of ultimate losses
(32,690
)
 
(2,958
)
 
(29,732
)
 
(108,429
)
 
(30,041
)
 
(78,388
)
Reduction in unallocated LAE
(19,915
)
 
—

 
(19,915
)
 
(20,656
)
 
—

 
(20,656
)
Change in fair value
160,630

 
43,449

 
117,181

 
27,845

 
21,181

 
6,664

Total incurred losses and LAE
108,025

 
40,491

 
67,534

 
(101,240
)
 
(8,860
)
 
(92,380
)
Paid losses
(416,770
)
 
(92,145
)
 
(324,625
)
 
(576,949
)
 
(148,175
)
 
(428,774
)
Effect of exchange rate movements
46,594

 
7,581

 
39,013

 
(132,486
)
 
(18,378
)
 
(114,108
)
Ending fair value
$
2,621,122

 
$
695,518

 
$
1,925,604

 
$
2,874,055

 
$
739,591

 
$
2,134,464


223
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Changes in fair value in the table above are included in net incurred losses and LAE in our consolidated statements of earnings.
The following table presents the components of the net change in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Changes in fair value due to changes in:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Duration
 
$
22,719

 
$
74,011

 
$
41,332

Corporate bond yield
 
94,462

 
(71,031
)
 
(11,076
)
Risk cost of capital
 
—

 
3,684

 
—

Change in fair value
 
$
117,181

 
$
6,664

 
$
30,256


Below is a summary of the quantitative information regarding the significant observable and unobservable inputs used in the internal model to determine fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
 
2019
 
2018
Valuation Technique
Unobservable (U) and Observable (O) Inputs
Weighted Average
 
Weighted Average
Internal model
Corporate bond yield (O)
A rated
 
A rated
Internal model
Credit spread for non-performance risk (U)
0.2%
 
0.2%
Internal model
Risk cost of capital (U)
5.1%
 
5.0%
Internal model
Weighted average cost of capital (U)
8.5%
 
8.5%
Internal model
Duration - liability (U)
7.82 years
 
7.33 years
Internal model
Duration - reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (U)
8.68 years
 
7.98 years

The fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses may increase or decrease due to changes in the corporate bond rate, the credit spread for non-performance risk, the risk cost of capital, the weighted average cost of capital and the estimated payment pattern as described below:
•
An increase in the corporate bond rate or credit spread for non-performance risk would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Conversely, a decrease in the corporate bond rate or credit spread for non-performance risk would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
•
An increase in the weighted average cost of capital would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Conversely, a decrease in the weighted average cost of capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
•
An increase in the risk cost of capital would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Conversely, a decrease in the risk cost of capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
•
The duration of the liability and recoverable is adjusted every period to reflect actual net payments during the period and expected future payments. An acceleration of the estimated payment pattern, a decrease in duration, would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. Conversely, a deceleration of the estimated payment pattern, an increase in duration, would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
In addition, the estimate of the capital required to support the liabilities is based upon current industry standards for capital adequacy. If the required capital per unit of risk increases, then the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses would increase. Conversely, a decrease in required capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.
Disclosure of Fair Values for Financial Instruments Carried at Cost
Senior Notes
As of December 31, 2019, our 4.50% Senior Notes due 2022 (the "2022 Senior Notes") and our 4.95% Senior Notes due 2029 (the "2029 Senior Notes" and, together with the 2022 Senior Notes, the "Senior Notes") were carried at amortized cost of $348.6 million and $493.6 million, respectively, while the fair value based on observable market pricing from a third party pricing service was $362.5 million and $537.4 million, respectively. The Senior Notes are classified as Level 2.
Insurance Contracts
Disclosure of fair value of amounts relating to insurance contracts is not required, except those for which we elected the fair value option, as described above.
Remaining Assets and Liabilities
Our remaining assets and liabilities were generally carried at cost or amortized cost, which due to their short-term nature approximates fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

224
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

13. PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND EARNED
The following tables provide a summary of net premiums written and earned for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
Premiums
Written
 
Premiums
Earned
 
Premiums
Written
 
Premiums
Earned
 
Premiums
Written
 
Premiums
Earned
Non-life Run-off
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross
$
(25,069
)
 
$
197,009

 
$
(8,910
)
 
$
25,230

 
$
14,102

 
$
23,950

Ceded
(269
)
 
(28,513
)
 
(307
)
 
(15,803
)
 
(7,620
)
 
(9,788
)
Net
$
(25,338
)
 
$
168,496

 
$
(9,217
)
 
$
9,427

 
$
6,482

 
$
14,162

Atrium
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross
$
192,373

 
$
182,678

 
$
171,494

 
$
164,428

 
$
153,472

 
$
152,278

Ceded
(20,017
)
 
(18,619
)
 
(18,006
)
 
(18,113
)
 
(19,258
)
 
(17,531
)
Net
$
172,356

 
$
164,059

 
$
153,488

 
$
146,315

 
$
134,214

 
$
134,747

StarStone
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross
$
917,555

 
$
1,021,827

 
$
1,121,135

 
$
1,010,816

 
$
895,160

 
$
865,159

Ceded
(182,126
)
 
(219,901
)
 
(315,573
)
 
(295,857
)
 
(430,259
)
 
(405,756
)
Net
$
735,429

 
$
801,926

 
$
805,562

 
$
714,959

 
$
464,901

 
$
459,403

Other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross
$
18,534

 
$
20,544

 
$
32,378

 
$
25,237

 
$
5,719

 
$
5,900

Ceded
(22
)
 
(164
)
 
(311
)
 
(363
)
 
(926
)
 
(1,091
)
Net
$
18,512

 
$
20,380

 
$
32,067

 
$
24,874

 
$
4,793

 
$
4,809

Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross
$
1,103,393

 
$
1,422,058

 
$
1,316,097

 
$
1,225,711

 
$
1,068,453

 
$
1,047,287

Ceded
(202,434
)
 
(267,197
)
 
(334,197
)
 
(330,136
)
 
(458,063
)
 
(434,166
)
Net
$
900,959

 
$
1,154,861

 
$
981,900

 
$
895,575

 
$
610,390

 
$
613,121


Gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $1,103.4 million and $1,316.1 million, respectively, a decrease of $212.7 million. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in gross written premiums in our StarStone segment due to our strategy to exit certain lines of business, and reductions in gross written premiums in our Non-life Run-off segment due to unearned premium acquired in various transactions.

225
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

14. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending goodwill and intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
 
 
Intangible assets
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
Intangible
assets with
a definite life
 
Intangible 
assets with
an indefinite life
 
Total
 
Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017
$
73,071

 
$
20,487

 
$
87,031

 
$
107,518

 
$
180,589

Acquired during the year
41,736

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
41,736

Amortization
—

 
(3,600
)
 
—

 
(3,600
)
 
(3,600
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
$
114,807

 
$
16,887

 
$
87,031

 
$
103,918

 
$
218,725

Amortization
—

 
(2,257
)
 
—

 
(2,257
)
 
(2,257
)
Balance as of December 31, 2019
$
114,807

 
$
14,630

 
$
87,031

 
$
101,661

 
$
216,468


Goodwill
Goodwill as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, related to our Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone segments, was as follows:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Non-life Run-Off
 
$
62,959

 
$
62,959

Atrium
 
38,848

 
38,848

StarStone
 
13,000

 
13,000

 
 
$
114,807

 
$
114,807


For the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed our assessment for impairment of goodwill and concluded that there had been no impairment of our carried goodwill amount. For the year ended December 31, 2018 the increase in the goodwill balance in the Non-life Run-off segment was due to the acquisition of KaylaRe as discussed in Note 3 - "Acquisitions", which resulted in the recognition of goodwill of $41.7 million, none of which is amortizable for tax purposes.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets with a definite life includes the distribution channel, technology and brand related to our acquisitions of Atrium and StarStone. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period ranging from four to fifteen years. The following table provides a summary of the amortization recorded on the intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Intangible asset amortization
$
2,257

 
$
3,600

 
$
4,266


Intangible assets with an indefinite life includes assets associated with the Lloyd’s syndicate capacity for StarStone and Atrium, StarStone's U.S. insurance licenses, and Atrium’s management contract with Syndicate 609 in relation to underwriting, actuarial and support services it provides.

226
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The gross carrying value, accumulated amortization and net carrying value of intangible assets by type as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Gross
Carrying
Value
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Value
 
Gross
Carrying
Value
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Value
Intangible assets with a definite life:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Distribution channel
$
20,000

 
$
(8,111
)
 
$
11,889

 
$
20,000

 
$
(6,776
)
 
$
13,224

Technology
15,000

 
(15,000
)
 
—

 
15,000

 
(14,778
)
 
222

Brand
7,000

 
(4,259
)
 
2,741

 
7,000

 
(3,559
)
 
3,441

Total
$
42,000

 
$
(27,370
)
 
$
14,630

 
$
42,000

 
$
(25,113
)
 
$
16,887

Intangible assets with an indefinite life:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lloyd’s syndicate capacity
$
37,031

 
$
—

 
$
37,031

 
$
37,031

 
$
—

 
$
37,031

Licenses
19,900

 
—

 
19,900

 
19,900

 
—

 
19,900

Management contract
30,100

 
—

 
30,100

 
30,100

 
—

 
30,100

Total
$
87,031

 
$
—

 
$
87,031

 
$
87,031

 
$
—

 
$
87,031

The net carrying value of intangible assets by segment and by type as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Total
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Total
Intangible assets with a definite life:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Distribution channel
$
11,889

 
$
—

 
$
11,889

 
$
13,224

 
$
—

 
$
13,224

Technology
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
222

 
222

Brand
2,741

 
—

 
2,741

 
3,441

 
—

 
3,441

Total
$
14,630

 
$
—

 
$
14,630

 
$
16,665

 
$
222

 
$
16,887

Intangible assets with an indefinite life:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lloyd’s syndicate capacity
$
33,031

 
$
4,000

 
$
37,031

 
$
33,031

 
$
4,000

 
$
37,031

Licenses
—

 
19,900

 
19,900

 
—

 
19,900

 
19,900

Management contract
30,100

 
—

 
30,100

 
30,100

 
—

 
30,100

Total
$
63,131

 
$
23,900

 
$
87,031

 
$
63,131

 
$
23,900

 
$
87,031

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total intangible assets
$
77,761

 
$
23,900

 
$
101,661

 
$
79,796

 
$
24,122

 
$
103,918


The estimated future amortization expense related to our intangible assets with a definite life is as follows:
Year
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Total
2020
 
$
2,033

 
$
—

 
$
2,033

2021
 
2,033

 
—

 
2,033

2022
 
2,033

 
—

 
2,033

2023
 
1,975

 
—

 
1,975

2024
 
1,333

 
—

 
1,333

2025 and thereafter
 
5,223

 
—

 
5,223

Total amortization
 
$
14,630

 
$
—

 
$
14,630



227
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

15. DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND CREDIT FACILITIES
We primarily utilize debt facilities for funding acquisitions and significant new business, investment activities and, from time to time, for general corporate purposes. Our debt obligations are as follows:
Facility
 
Origination Date
 
Term
 
December 31,
2019
 
December 31,
2018
4.50% Senior Notes due 2022
 
March 10, 2017
 
5 years
 
$
348,616

 
$
348,054

4.95% Senior Notes due 2029
 
May 28, 2019
 
10 years
 
493,600

 
—

Total senior notes
 
 
 
 
 
842,216

 
348,054

EGL Revolving Credit Facility
 
August 16, 2018
 
5 years
 
—

 
15,000

2018 EGL Term Loan Facility
 
December 27, 2018
 
3 years
 
348,991

 
498,485

Total debt obligations
 
 
 
$
1,191,207

 
$
861,539


During the year ended December 31, 2019, we utilized $1,070.5 million and repaid $742.6 million under our facilities. The facilities were primarily utilized for funding acquisitions as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions", significant new business as described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business", and investing activities.
The table below provides a summary of the total interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Interest expense on debt obligations
$
51,245

 
$
25,205

 
$
25,619

Amortization of debt issuance costs
953

 
537

 
416

Funds withheld balances and other
343

 
475

 
2,067

Total interest expense
$
52,541

 
$
26,217

 
$
28,102


Senior Notes
4.50% Senior Notes due 2022
On March 10, 2017, we issued the 2022 Senior Notes for an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million. The 2022 Senior Notes pay 4.5% interest semi-annually and mature on March 10, 2022. The 2022 Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations that rank equal to any of our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations, senior to any future obligations that are expressly subordinated to the 2022 Senior Notes, effectively subordinate to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinate to all liabilities of our subsidiaries.
The 2022 Senior Notes are rated BBB- and are redeemable at our option on a make whole basis at any time prior to the date that is one month prior to the maturity of the 2022 Senior Notes. On or after the date that is one month prior to the maturity of the 2022 Senior Notes, the notes are redeemable at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2022 Senior Notes to be redeemed.
We incurred costs of $2.9 million in issuing the 2022 Senior Notes. These costs included underwriters’ fees, legal and accounting fees, and other fees, and are capitalized and presented as a direct deduction from the principal amount of debt obligations in the consolidated balance sheets. These costs are amortized over the term of the 2022 Senior Notes and are included in interest expense in our consolidated statements of earnings. The unamortized costs as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $1.4 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

228
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

4.95% Senior Notes due 2029
On May 28, 2019, we issued the 2029 Senior Notes for an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million. The 2029 Senior Notes pay 4.95% interest semi-annually and mature on June 1, 2029. The 2029 Senior Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations that rank equal to any of our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations, senior to any future obligations that are expressly subordinated to the 2029 Senior Notes, effectively subordinate to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and contractually subordinate to all liabilities of our subsidiaries.
The 2029 Senior Notes are rated BBB- and are redeemable at our option on a make whole basis at any time prior to the date that is three months prior to the maturity of the 2029 Senior Notes. On or after the date that is three months prior to the maturity of the 2029 Senior Notes, the notes are redeemable at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed.
We incurred costs of $6.8 million in issuing the 2029 Senior Notes. These costs included underwriters’ fees, legal and accounting fees, and other fees, and are capitalized and presented as a direct deduction from the principal amount of debt obligations in the consolidated balance sheets. These costs are amortized over the term of the 2029 Senior Notes and are included in interest expense in our consolidated statements of earnings. The unamortized costs as of December 31, 2019 were $6.4 million.
EGL Revolving Credit Facility
On August 16, 2018, we and certain of our subsidiaries, as borrowers and guarantors, entered into a new five-year unsecured $600.0 million revolving credit agreement. The revolving credit agreement expires in August 2023 and we have the option to increase the commitments under the facility by up to an aggregate amount of $400.0 million from the existing lenders, or through the addition of new lenders subject to the terms of the agreement. Borrowings under the facility will bear interest at a rate based on the Company's long term senior unsecured debt ratings.
As of December 31, 2019, we were permitted to borrow up to an aggregate of $600.0 million under the facility. As of December 31, 2019, there was $600.0 million of available unutilized capacity under the facility. Subsequent to December 31, 2019, we drew down $5.0 million bringing the unutilized capacity under this facility to $595.0 million.
Interest is payable at least every three months at either the alternate base rate ("ABR") or LIBOR plus a margin as set forth in the revolving credit agreement. The margin could vary based upon any change in our long term senior unsecured debt rating assigned by S&P or Fitch. We also pay a commitment fee based on the average daily unutilized portion of the facility. If an event of default occurs, the interest rate may increase and the agent may, and at the request of the required lenders shall, cancel lender commitments and demand early repayment.
Financial and business covenants imposed on us in relation to the new revolving credit facility include certain limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to dispositions of stock and assets, and limitations on liens. Generally, the financial covenants require us to maintain a gearing ratio of consolidated indebtedness to total capitalization of not greater than 0.35 to 1.0 and to maintain a consolidated net worth of not less than the aggregate of (i) $2.3 billion, (ii) 50% of net income available for distribution to our ordinary shareholders at any time after August 16, 2018, and (iii) 50% of the proceeds of any common stock issuance made after August 16, 2018. In addition, we must maintain eligible capital in excess of the enhanced capital requirement imposed on us by the Bermuda Monetary Authority pursuant to the Insurance (Group Supervision) Rules 2011 of Bermuda. We are in compliance with the covenants of the EGL Revolving Credit Facility.
2018 EGL Term Loan Facility
On December 27, 2018, we entered into and fully utilized a three-year $500.0 million unsecured term loan (the "2018 EGL Term Loan Facility"). The proceeds were partially used to fund the acquisition of Maiden Re North America. We have the option to increase the principal amount of the term loan credit facility up to an aggregate amount of $150.0 million from the existing lenders or through the addition of new lenders, subject to the terms of the term loan credit agreement. During 2019, we repaid $150.0 million of principal on the facility, bringing the outstanding loan amount to $349.0 million, which includes unamortized issuance costs of $1.0 million, as of December 31, 2019.

229
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Interest is payable at least every three months at either ABR or LIBOR plus a margin set forth in the term loan credit agreement. The margin could vary based upon any change in our long term senior unsecured debt rating assigned by S&P or Fitch. During the existence of an event of default, the interest rate may increase and the agent may, and at the request of the required lenders shall, demand early repayment.
Financial and business covenants relating to this facility are similar to the EGL revolving credit facility. We are in compliance with the covenants of the 2018 EGL Term Loan Facility.
We incurred costs of $1.5 million associated with closing the 2018 EGL Term Loan Facility. These costs included bank, legal and accounting fees, and other fees, and are capitalized and presented as a direct deduction from the principal amount of debt obligations in the consolidated balance sheets. These costs are amortized over the term of the facility and are included in interest expense in our consolidated statements of earnings. The unamortized costs as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $1.0 million and $1.5 million, respectively.
Unsecured Letters of Credit
We utilize unsecured letters of credit to support certain of our insurance and reinsurance performance obligations.
Funds at Lloyd's
We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement for Funds at Lloyd's ("FAL Facility") to issue up to $375.0 million of letters of credit, with provision to increase the facility by an additional $25.0 million up to an aggregate amount of $400.0 million, subject to lenders approval. On November 6, 2019, we amended and restated the FAL Facility to extend its term by one year. The FAL Facility is available to satisfy our Funds at Lloyd's requirements and expires in 2023. As of December 31, 2019, our combined Funds at Lloyd's were comprised of cash and investments of $639.3 million and unsecured letters of credit of $252.0 million.
$120.0 million Letter of Credit Facility
We use this facility to support certain reinsurance collateral obligations of our subsidiaries. On December 6, 2019, we reduced the facility size from $170.0 million to $120.0 million. Pursuant to the facility agreement, we have the option to increase commitments under the facility by an additional $60.0 million. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had issued an aggregate amount of letters of credit under this facility of $115.3 million and $78.4 million, respectively.
$760.0 million Syndicated Letter of Credit Facility
During 2019, we entered into an unsecured $760.0 million letter of credit facility agreement, most recently amended on December 9, 2019. We may increase the commitments by an aggregate amount of $40.0 million. The facility is used to post letters of credit to collateralize reinsurance performance obligations to various parties, including $445.0 million relating to the reinsurance transaction with Maiden Re Bermuda, as described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business". As of December 31, 2019, we had issued an aggregate amount of letters of credit under this facility of $608.0 million.

230
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

16. NONCONTROLLING INTEREST
We have both redeemable noncontrolling interest and noncontrolling interest on our consolidated balance sheets. Redeemable noncontrolling interest with redemption features that are not solely within our control are classified within temporary equity in the consolidated balance sheets and carried at redemption value, which is fair value. The change in fair value is recognized through retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date. In addition, we also have noncontrolling interest, which does not have redemption features and is classified within equity in the consolidated balance sheets.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Redeemable noncontrolling interest ("RNCI") as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 comprises the ownership interests held by the Trident V Funds ("Trident") (39.3%) and Dowling Capital Partners, L.P. ("Dowling") (1.7%) in our subsidiary North Bay Holdings Limited ("North Bay"). North Bay owns our investments in Atrium and StarStone.
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amount of the equity attributable to the RNCI for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: 
 
 
2019
 
2018
Balance at beginning of year
 
$
458,543

 
$
479,606

Capital contributions
 
13,127

 
55,377

Dividends paid
 
(11,556
)
 
(3,852
)
Net loss attributable to RNCI
 
(12,029
)
 
(64,794
)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to RNCI
 
(116
)
 
(240
)
Change in redemption value of RNCI
 
(9,178
)
 
(7,554
)
Balance at end of year
 
$
438,791

 
$
458,543


We carried the RNCI at its estimated redemption value, which is fair value, as of December 31, 2019. The fair value is based on tangible book value and a valuation multiple derived from a combination of comparable company market valuations, recent comparable transaction multiples and discounted cash flow models. The decrease in the fair value of the RNCI during 2019 was primarily attributable to a decrease in tangible net assets due to net losses relating to StarStone during 2019 and the distribution of Atrium dividends during the year ended December 31, 2019, which were partially offset by net earnings from Atrium. The valuation multiples did not change significantly.
Refer to Note 2 - "Significant Accounting Policies", Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" and Note 23 - "Commitments and Contingencies" for additional information regarding RNCI.
Noncontrolling Interest
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had $14.2 million and $12.1 million, respectively, of noncontrolling interest ("NCI") primarily related to an external interest in two of our non-life run-off subsidiaries. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amount of the equity attributable to NCI is included in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders Equity.

231
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

17. SHARE CAPITAL
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the authorized share capital was 111,000,000 ordinary shares ("Voting Ordinary Shares") and non-voting convertible ordinary shares ("Non-Voting Ordinary Shares"), each of par value $1.00 per share, and 45,000,000 preferred shares of par value $1.00 per share.
Voting Ordinary Shares
Our Voting Ordinary Shares are listed and trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Each Voting Ordinary Share entitles the holder thereof to one vote.
On May 14, 2018, 1,501,778 Voting Ordinary Shares were issued as consideration for the acquisition of KaylaRe Holdings Ltd, as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions".
On January 21, 2020, 565,630 Voting Ordinary Shares were issued to the trustee of the Enstar Group Limited Employee Benefit Trust (the "EB Trust"). Shares held in the EB Trust are classified as treasury shares. The EB Trust supports awards made under the Joint Share Ownership Plan, a sub-plan to our Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the "JSOP"). Voting rights in respect of shares held in the EB Trust have been contractually waived.
Non-Voting Ordinary Shares
The Non-Voting Ordinary Shares are comprised of several different series as of December 31, 2019:
•
the Series A shares were canceled in June 2016 in an internal reorganization as described below.
•
the Series C shares were originally issued in connection with investment transactions in April and December of 2011. In addition, there were 66,520 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares issued in March 2017 in connection with the exercise of warrants as described below. The Series C shares: (i) have all of the economic rights (including dividend rights) attaching to Voting Ordinary Shares but are non-voting except in certain limited circumstances; (ii) will automatically convert at a one-for-one exchange ratio (subject to adjustment for share splits, dividends, recapitalizations, consolidations or similar transactions) into Voting Ordinary Shares if the registered holder transfers them in a widely dispersed offering; (iii) may only vote on certain limited matters that would constitute a variation of class rights and as required under Bermuda law, provided that the aggregate voting power of the Series C shares with respect to any merger, consolidation or amalgamation will not exceed 0.01% of the aggregate voting power of our issued share capital; and (iv) require the registered holders’ written consent in order to vary the rights of the shares in a significant and adverse manner. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, 192,485 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares were converted into Voting Ordinary Shares in a widely dispersed offering by their registered holders.
•
the Series B and Series D shares were created in connection with the 2011 investment transactions, but no shares in these series are issued and outstanding. Holders of the Series C shares have the right to convert such shares, on a share-for-share basis, subject to certain adjustments, into Series D shares at their option. There is no economic difference in Series B, C or D shares, but there are slight differences in the conversion rights and the limited voting rights of each series.
•
there were 910,010 Series E shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019. On May 14, 2018, 505,239 Series E non-voting shares were issued as consideration for the acquisition of KaylaRe Holdings Ltd, as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions". The Series E shares have substantially the same rights as the Series C shares, except that (i) they are convertible only into Voting Ordinary Shares and (ii) they may only vote as required under Bermuda law. The Series E shares include all other Non-Voting Ordinary Shares authorized under our bye-laws but not classified as Series A, B, C or D Non-Voting Ordinary Shares.
Warrants
As of December 31, 2019, there were warrants outstanding to acquire 175,901 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares for an exercise price of $115.00 per share, subject to certain adjustments (the "Warrants"). The Warrants were issued in April 2011 and expire in April 2021. The Warrant holder may, at its election, satisfy the exercise price of the Warrants on a cashless basis by surrender of shares otherwise issuable upon exercise of the Warrants in accordance with a formula set forth in the Warrants.

232
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Series C Preferred Shares
As of December 31, 2019, there were 388,571 Series C Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Shares ("Series C Preferred Shares") issued and held by one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Series C Preferred Shares were issued in June 2016 in an internal reorganization transaction that resulted in the cancellation of all of the Series A Shares. The Series C Preferred Shares (i) upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, entitle their holders to a preference over holders of our ordinary voting and non-voting shares of an amount equal to $0.001 per share with respect to surplus assets and (ii) are non-voting except in certain limited circumstances. The Series C Preferred shares have dividend rights equal to those of the ordinary voting shares, subject to certain limitations and in an amount determined by a "participation rate" that is generally reflective of the reduction in the number of Series C Preferred Shares issued in exchange for the previously outstanding Series A Shares. The Series C Preferred Shares otherwise rank on parity with the ordinary voting and non-voting shares, and they rank senior to each other class or series of share capital, unless the terms of any such class or series shall expressly provide otherwise.
Series D Preferred Shares
On June 28, 2018, the Company raised $400.0 million of gross proceeds through the public offering of 16,000 shares of its 7.00% non-cumulative fixed-to-floating rate Series D perpetual preferred shares ("Series D Preferred Shares") (equivalent to 16,000,000 depositary shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest in a Series D Preferred Share), $1.00 par value and $25,000 liquidation preference (the "Liquidation Preference") per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share). The Company received net proceeds of $389.2 million which was used to repay debt obligations. The depositary shares are listed and trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. The Series D Preferred Shares are not redeemable prior to September 1, 2028, except in specified circumstances relating to certain tax, corporate, capital or rating agency events as described in the prospectus supplement relating to the offering. On and after September 1, 2028, the Series D Preferred Shares, represented by the depositary shares, will be redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per Series D Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share), plus any declared and unpaid dividends.
Series E Preferred Shares
On November 21, 2018, the Company raised $110.0 million of gross proceeds through the public offering of 4,400 shares of its 7.00% fixed rate non-cumulative Series E perpetual preferred shares ("Series E Preferred Shares") (equivalent to 4,400,000 depositary shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest in a Series E Preferred Share), $1.00 par value and $25,000 liquidation preference (the "Series E Liquidation Preference") per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share). The Company received net proceeds of $106.1 million which was used to fund operations within our Non-life Run-off segment. The depositary shares are listed and trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. The Series E Preferred Shares are not redeemable prior to March 1, 2024, except in specified circumstances relating to certain tax, corporate, capital or rating agency events as described in the prospectus supplement relating to the offering. On and after March 1, 2024, the Series E Preferred Shares, represented by the depositary shares, will be redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per Series E Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share), plus any declared and unpaid dividends.
Dividends on Preferred Shares
Holders of Series D and Series E Preferred Shares are entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared, non-cumulative cash dividends, paid quarterly in arrears on the 1st day of March, June, September and December of each year, commencing on September 1, 2018 for the Series D Preferred Shares and March 1, 2019 for the Series E Preferred Shares, of 7.00% per annum. Commencing on September 1, 2028, the Series D Preferred Shares will convert to a floating rate basis and dividends will be payable on a non-cumulative basis, when, as and if declared, at three-month LIBOR plus 4.015% per annum. Dividends that are not declared will not accumulate and will not be payable. During 2019, we declared and paid $28.0 million of dividends on the Series D Preferred Shares, and declared and paid $7.9 million of dividends on the Series E Preferred Shares. During 2018, we declared and paid $12.1 million of dividends on the Series D Preferred Shares. During February 2020, we declared $7.0 million and $1.9 million of dividends on the Series D and E Preferred Shares, respectively, to be paid on March 2, 2020 to shareholders of record as of February 15, 2020.
Any payment of dividends must be approved by our Board of Directors. Our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions, as described in Note 22 - "Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information".

233
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

18. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Numerator:
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations
$
902,175

 
$
(162,354
)
 
$
300,465

Net earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
10,993

Net earnings (loss) attributable to Enstar Group Limited
$
902,175

 
$
(162,354
)
 
$
311,458

Denominator:
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding — basic
21,482,617

 
20,698,310

 
19,388,621

Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation plans
227,878

 
129,746

 
62,732

Warrants
64,571

 
76,120

 
76,238

Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding — diluted
21,775,066

 
20,904,176

 
19,527,591

Earnings per share attributable to Enstar Group Limited:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic:
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations
$
42.00

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.50

Net earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
0.56

Net earnings (loss) per ordinary share
$
42.00

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
16.06

Diluted(1):
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations
$
41.43

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.39

Net earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
0.56

Net earnings (loss) per ordinary share
$
41.43

 
$
(7.84
)
 
$
15.95

(1) During a period of loss, the basic weighted average ordinary shares outstanding is used in the denominator of the diluted loss per ordinary share computation as the effect of including potentially dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive.


234
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

19. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION AND PENSIONS
Share-based compensation
The 2016 and 2006 Equity Incentive Plans are our primary share-based compensation plans. We also maintain other share-based compensation plans as discussed below. The table below provides a summary of the compensation costs for all of our share-based compensation plans for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Share-based compensation plans:
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted shares and restricted share units
$
6,564

 
$
7,641

 
$
7,302

Performance share units
23,582

 
1,968

 
5,832

Cash-settled stock appreciation rights
2,575

 
(3,316
)
 
8,875

Other share-based compensation plans:
 
 
 
 
 
Northshore incentive plan
3,652

 
2,792

 
3,156

StarStone incentive plan
223

 
—

 
—

Deferred compensation and ordinary share plan for non-employee directors
992

 
1,155

 
758

Employee share purchase plan
411

 
430

 
403

Total share-based compensation
$
37,999

 
$
10,670

 
$
26,326


Restricted Shares and Restricted Share Units
Restricted shares and restricted share units are service awards that typically vest over three years. These awards are share-settled and are recorded in additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of these awards is measured at the grant date and expensed over the service period. The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted shares and restricted share awards during 2019:
 
Number of
Shares
 
Weighted-Average Share Price
Nonvested — January 1
59,936

 
$191.89
Granted
50,054

 
176.16
Vested
(42,462
)
 
189.98
Forfeited
(2,956
)
 
206.85
Nonvested — December 31
64,572

 
180.49

The unrecognized compensation cost related to our unvested restricted share and restricted share unit awards as of December 31, 2019 was $6.0 million. This cost is recognizable over the next 2.10 years, which is the weighted average contractual life.
Performance Share Units ("PSUs")
PSUs are share-settled and vest on the third anniversary of the grant date. The number of shares to vest will be determined by a performance adjustment based on either (i) the change in fully diluted book value per share ("FDBVPS") over three years, or (ii) average annual non-GAAP operating income return on equity, excluding StarStone.
Performance Share Units based on FDBVPS
The following table summarizes the awards granted, the unvested PSU awards at December 31, 2019, and the performance criteria and associated performance multipliers at various levels of achievement.
Grant Year
 
Inception-to-date Activity Roll-forward
 
Performance Criteria:
Change in FDBVPS (3 year)
 
Performance Multiplier
Levels Per Award Agreements
PSUs Granted
at Target
 
Forfeited
 
Estimated Change in Multiplier
 
Nonvested at December 31, 2019
 
Threshold
 
Target
 
Maximum
 
Threshold
 
Target
 
Maximum
2017
 
36,321

 
(12,176
)
 
9,560

 
33,705

 
20.00
%
 
30.00
%
 
40.00
%
 
50.00
%
 
100.00
%
 
150.00
%
2017
 
91,875

 
—

 
18,081

 
109,956

 
30.30
%
 
35.65
%
 
41.00
%
 
50.00
%
 
100.00
%
 
150.00
%
2018
 
39,682

 
(11,414
)
 
—

 
28,268

 
25.00
%
 
32.50
%
 
40.00
%
 
50.00
%
 
100.00
%
 
150.00
%
2019
 
18,308

 
(798
)
 
—

 
17,510

 
20.00
%
 
30.00
%
 
40.00
%
 
60.00
%
 
100.00
%
 
150.00
%
 
 
186,186

 
(24,388
)
 
27,641

 
189,439

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


235
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

An increase of Target to Maximum or more in FDBVPS results in a settlement of 100% to a maximum of 150% of the units granted, respectively. An increase of Threshold to Target in FDBVPS results in a settlement of 50% to 100% of the units granted, respectively for 2017 and 2018 awards, and settlement of 60% to 100% for the 2019 awards. Straight-line interpolation applies within these ranges, and no settlement occurs if the increase in FDBVPS is less than the Threshold.
Performance Share Units based on Average Annual Non-GAAP Operating Income Return on Equity ("Operating ROE")
The following table summarizes the awards granted, the unvested units at December 31, 2019, and the performance criteria and associated performance multipliers at various levels of achievement.
Grant Year
 
Inception-to-date Activity Roll-forward
 
Performance Criteria:
Average Annual Operating ROE
 
Performance Multiplier
Levels Per Award Agreements
PSUs Granted
at Target
 
Forfeited
 
Estimated Change in Multiplier
 
Nonvested at December 31, 2019
 
Threshold
 
Target
 
Maximum
 
Threshold
 
Target
 
Maximum
2019
 
18,308

 
(798
)
 
—

 
17,510

 
9.60
%
 
12.00
%
 
14.40
%
 
60.00
%
 
100.00
%
 
150.00
%

Annual Operating ROE is calculated based upon the non-GAAP operating income return on opening shareholder's equity, excluding StarStone. Average Annual Operating ROE is the sum of the three individual year annual operating ROE %'s divided by three. An Average Annual Operating ROE of Target to Maximum or more results in a settlement of 100% to a maximum of 150% of the units granted, respectively. An Average Annual Operating ROE of Threshold to Target results in a settlement of 60% to 100%. Straight-line interpolation applies within these ranges and no settlement occurs if the Average Annual Operating ROE is less than the Threshold.
Performance Multipliers
For expense purposes we assume a Target vesting at the initial time of award. At the end of each reporting period, we estimate the expected performance multiplier, as shown in the table below:
Award Description
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
2017 FDBVPS Type I (30.00% Target Change)
 
139%
 
50%
 
100%
2017 FDBVPS Type II (35.65% Target Change)
 
120%
 
50%
 
100%
2018 FDBVPS
 
100%
 
50%
 
n/a
2019 FDBVPS
 
100%
 
n/a
 
n/a
2019 Average Operating ROE
 
100%
 
n/a
 
n/a

The unrecognized compensation cost related to our unvested PSU share awards as of December 31, 2019 was $7.9 million. This cost is recognizable over the next 1.51 years, which is the weighted average contractual life.
Roll-forward of Performance Share Units
The following table summarizes the activity related to PSUs during 2019:
 
Number of
Shares
 
Weighted-Average Share Price
Nonvested — January 1
159,168

 
$190.77
Granted
36,616

 
166.42
Increase for above target vest
27,641

 
188.62
Vested
(2,631
)
 
195.60
Forfeited
(13,845
)
 
198.37
Nonvested — December 31
206,949

 
185.61


236
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Cash-Settled Stock Appreciation Rights
Cash-settled stock appreciation right awards ("SARs") give the holder the right, upon exercise, to receive in cash the difference between the market price per share of our ordinary shares at the time of exercise and the exercise price of the SARs. The exercise price of each SAR is equal to the market price of our ordinary shares on the date of the grant. Vested SARs are exercisable for periods not to exceed either 4 years or 10 years from the date of grant. We have not granted any new SAR awards since 2015.
The following table summarizes the activity related to SARs during 2019:
 
Number of
SARs
 
Weighted-Average Exercise Price of SARs
 
Weighted-Average Expected Term (in years)
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic  Value(1)
Balance, beginning of year
109,081

 
$
142.37

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(19,854
)
 
138.07

 
 
 
 
Balance, end of year
89,227

 
143.33

 
2.39
 
$
6,133

(1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the pre-tax difference between the exercise price of the underlying share awards and the closing price per share of our ordinary shares of $206.86 on December 31, 2019.
Compensation expense for SARs is based on the estimated fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions related to the expected stock price volatility, expected term, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rate. SARs are liability-classified awards for which compensation expense and the liability are re-measured using the then-current Black Scholes assumptions at each interim reporting date based upon the portion of the requisite service period rendered. The unrecognized compensation cost related to our SARs as of December 31, 2019 was less than $0.1 million.
The following table sets forth the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the SARs using the Black-Scholes option valuation model as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Weighted-average fair value per SAR
$
76.03

 
$
45.85

 
$
75.38

Weighted-average volatility
19.75
%
 
18.94
%
 
19.44
%
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate
1.64
%
 
2.72
%
 
1.65
%
Dividend yield
0.00
%
 
0.00
%
 
0.00
%

Joint Share Ownership Plan
Under the JSOP, we have the ability to make equity awards to our U.K.-based staff through which a recipient acquires jointly held interests in a set number of our Voting Ordinary Shares together with the independent trustee of the EB Trust at fair market value, pursuant to the terms of a joint ownership agreement. The Voting Ordinary Shares underlying any JSOP award remain in the EB Trust, and the recipient ultimately receives the value of the appreciation above a threshold on those shares, measured between date of grant and a pre-set measuring date that follows a vesting period (typically three years). JSOP awards are generally settled in Voting Ordinary Shares and may include performance and other conditions, typically related to share price appreciation above a hurdle, that must be met in order for the award to vest. Voting rights in respect of shares held in the EB Trust are contractually waived. Shares held in the EB Trust are classified as treasury shares.
No awards under the JSOP were made during 2019. Subsequent to December 31, 2019, a JSOP award comprising 565,630 underlying Voting Ordinary Shares was made to our Chief Executive Officer (the "CEO JSOP Award"). The CEO JSOP Award was granted on January 21, 2020 and cliff-vests after 3 years. The ultimate value of the CEO JSOP Award at vesting, if any, is determined based on the price of a Voting Ordinary Share appreciating above a certain threshold between the date of grant and the vesting date. If the higher of the closing price per Share on January 20, 2023 and the 10-day volume weighted average price per Share for the ten consecutive trading days ending on January 20, 2023 (each, the "Market Price") is $266.00 or greater (the "Hurdle"), the award will have a value equal to the applicable Market Price per Share, less $205.89, multiplied by 565,630. If the higher of the Market Price per Voting Ordinary Share is less than $266.00 on such date, the award will have no value. Subject to the terms of the agreement governing the award, 20% of the ultimate value of the CEO JSOP Award is subject to a performance condition to vesting, in addition to the Hurdle, based on growth in our fully diluted book value per share between January

237
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

1, 2020 and December 31, 2022. The grant date fair value of the award was approximately $13.6 million.

Other share-based compensation plans
Northshore Incentive Plan
Our subsidiary, Northshore, has long-term incentive plans that award time-based restricted shares of Northshore to certain Atrium employees. Shares generally vest over two to three years. These share awards have been classified as liability awards. The unrecognized compensation cost related to the Northshore incentive plan at December 31, 2019 was $0.9 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over the next 0.36 years, which is the weighted average contractual life of the awards.
StarStone Incentive Plan
Our subsidiary, StarStone, has long-term incentive plans that are cash-settled plans for StarStone employees. The awards are based on StarStone's performance over two to three years. These share awards have been classified as liability awards. The unrecognized compensation cost related to the StarStone incentive plan at December 31, 2019 was $1.8 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over the next 2 years.
Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors
The following table summarizes the number of units outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 under the Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors (the "Deferred Compensation Plan"):
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Restricted share units credited to the accounts of non-employee directors
5,976

 
5,691

 
3,852


Employee Share Purchase Plan
We provide an Employee Share Purchase Plan whereby eligible employees may purchase Enstar shares at a 15% discount to market price, in an amount of share value limited to the lower of $21,250 or 15% of the employee's base salary. The 15% discount is expensed as compensation cost.
The following table summarizes the number of shares issued to employees under the Employee Share Purchase Plan for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Number of shares issued to employees
15,269

 
14,183

 
12,401


Pension Plans
We provide retirement benefits to eligible employees through various plans that we sponsor. Pension expense can be affected by changes in our employee headcount. The table below summarizes the pension expenses related to our Defined Contribution Plans and our Defined Benefit Plan for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Defined contribution plans
$
11,798

 
$
11,434

 
$
12,247

Defined benefit plan
684

 
2,243

 
1,988

Total pension expense
$
12,482

 
$
13,677

 
$
14,235


Defined Benefit Plan
During 2019, an actuarial review was performed on the defined benefit plan, which determined that the plan’s unfunded liability, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $8.9 million and $8.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had an accrued liability of $8.9 million and $8.4 million, respectively, for this plan.

238
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

20. INCOME TAXATION
Enstar Group Limited is incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and under Bermuda law is not required to pay taxes in Bermuda based upon income or capital gains. The Company, under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act of 1966, is protected against any legislation that may be enacted in Bermuda which would impose any tax on profits, income, or gain until March 31, 2035.
We have foreign operating subsidiaries and branch operations principally located in the United States, United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Australia that are subject to federal, foreign, state and local taxes in those jurisdictions. Deferred tax liabilities have not been accrued with respect to the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. If the earnings were to be distributed, as dividends or other distributions, withholding taxes may be imposed by the jurisdiction of the paying subsidiary. For our U.S. subsidiaries, we have not currently accrued any withholding taxes with respect to unremitted earnings as management has indefinitely reinvested these earnings. For our United Kingdom subsidiaries, there are no withholding taxes imposed. For our other foreign subsidiaries, it would not be practicable to compute such amounts due to a variety of factors, including the amount, timing, and manner of any repatriation. Because we operate in many jurisdictions, our net earnings are subject to risk due to changing tax laws and tax rates around the world. The current, rapidly changing economic environment may increase the likelihood of substantial changes to tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate.
The following table presents earnings (loss) before income taxes by jurisdiction from continuing operations, including earnings (loss) from equity method investments, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Domestic (Bermuda)
$
576,339

 
$
(232,743
)
 
$
167,263

Foreign
356,317

 
14,347

 
147,148

Total earnings (loss) before income tax on continuing operations
$
932,656

 
$
(218,396
)
 
$
314,411


The following table presents our current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations by jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Current:
 
 
 
 
 
Domestic (Bermuda)
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

Foreign
18,433

 
(3,632
)
 
10,299

 
18,433

 
(3,632
)
 
10,299

Deferred:
 
 
 
 
 
Domestic (Bermuda)
—

 
—

 
—

Foreign
(13,996
)
 
(2,492
)
 
(16,694
)
 
(13,996
)
 
(2,492
)
 
(16,694
)
Total income tax expense (benefit) on continuing operations
$
4,437

 
$
(6,124
)
 
$
(6,395
)

The actual effective income tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 0% under Bermuda law to earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes, including earnings (loss) from equity method investments for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 as shown in the following reconciliation:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Earnings (loss) before income tax
$
932,656

 
$
(218,396
)
 
$
314,411

Bermuda income taxes at statutory rate
0.0
 %
 
0.0
 %
 
0.0
 %
Foreign income tax rate differential
8.6
 %
 
0.7
 %
 
13.1
 %
Change in valuation allowance
(8.2
)%
 
(0.3
)%
 
(34.9
)%
Effect of change in foreign (U.S.) tax rate
—
 %
 
—
 %
 
20.3
 %
U.S. base erosion and anti-abuse tax
0.5
 %
 
(0.6
)%
 
—
 %
Other
(0.4
)%
 
3.0
 %
 
(0.5
)%
Effective tax rate
0.5
 %
 
2.8
 %
 
(2.0
)%

Our effective tax rate is generally driven by the geographical distribution of our pre-tax net earnings between our taxable and non-taxable jurisdictions.

239
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the tax effect of the differences between the financial statement carrying amount and the income tax bases of assets and liabilities. Significant components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Net operating loss carryforwards
$
159,436

 
$
183,633

Insurance reserves
14,104

 
18,677

Unearned premiums
7,131

 
11,314

Lloyd's underwriting losses taxable in future periods
—

 
6,201

Provisions for bad debt
6,172

 
2,594

Unrealized losses on investments
—

 
5,160

Defendant asbestos and environmental liabilities (1)
140,000

 
—

Other deferred tax assets
—

 
183

Gross deferred tax assets
326,843

 
227,762

Valuation allowance
(117,390
)
 
(212,113
)
Deferred tax assets
209,453

 
15,649

 
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Unrealized gains on investments
(10,107
)
 
—

Lloyd's underwriting profit taxable in future periods
(8,852
)
 
—

Deferred policy acquisition cost
(8,267
)
 
—

Other deferred tax liabilities
(27,317
)
 
(16,067
)
Deferred tax liabilities
(54,543
)
 
(16,067
)
 
 
 
 
Net deferred tax asset (liability)
$
154,910

 
$
(418
)

(1) Relates to the Morse TEC acquisition as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions".
Net Deferred Tax Asset (Liability) Balance by Major Jurisdiction:
 
December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
Net Deferred Tax
Asset
 
Net Deferred Tax
Liability
United States
$
169,891

 
$
5,151

United Kingdom
(16,074
)
 
(8,377
)
Other
1,093

 
2,808

Total
$
154,910

 
$
(418
)

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards:
As of December 31, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards that could be available to offset future taxable income, as follows:
Tax Jurisdiction
Loss Carryforwards
 
Tax effect
 
Expiration
Operating and Capital Loss Carryforwards:
 
 
 
 
 
United States - Net operating loss
$
513,476

 
$
107,830

 
2024-2038
United Kingdom
224,150

 
38,106

 
Indefinitely
Other
52,484

 
13,500

 
Various

The U.S. net operating loss carryforwards are also subject to certain utilization limitations based upon their nature and the specific legal entity that holds them.

240
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Assessment of Valuation Allowance on Deferred Tax Assets
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had deferred tax asset valuation allowances of $117.4 million and $212.1 million, respectively, related to foreign subsidiaries. We recorded a decrease of $94.7 million in our deferred tax valuation allowance primarily due to utilization of deferred tax asset in the amount of $69.7 million as well as a partial deferred tax asset valuation allowance release in the amount of $25.0 million during 2019.
The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in future periods in which the tax benefits are deductible or creditable. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be revised in the future if estimates of future taxable income change. Taxes are determined and assessed jurisdictionally by legal entity or by filing group. Certain jurisdictions require or allow combined or consolidated tax filings. We have estimated future taxable income of our foreign subsidiaries and provided a valuation allowance in respect of those assets where we do not expect to realize a benefit. We have considered all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard in determining the amount of the valuation allowance. We considered the following evidence: (i) net earnings or losses in recent years; (ii) the future sustainability and likelihood of positive net earnings of our subsidiaries; (iii) the carryforward periods of tax losses including the effect of reversing temporary differences; and (iv) tax planning strategies, in making our determination. The assumptions used in determining future taxable income require significant judgment and any changes in these assumptions could have an impact on earnings.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, there were no unrecognized tax benefits. There were no accruals for the payment of interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Our operating subsidiaries may be subject to audit by various tax authorities and may have different statutes of limitations expiration dates. Tax authorities may propose adjustments to our income taxes. Listed below are the tax years that remain subject to examination by a major tax jurisdiction as of December 31, 2019:
Major Tax Jurisdiction
 
Open Tax Years
United States
 
2016-2019
United Kingdom
 
2016-2019
Australia
 
2014-2019

Impact of U.S. Tax Reform
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act"). The Tax Act resulted in a reduction of the U.S. Federal Tax rate to 21% from 35% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Consequently, we recorded a $63.8 million reduction of our U.S. deferred tax asset fully offset by a reduction in our valuation allowance in 2017. The Tax Act also repealed the corporate AMT. Taxpayers with AMT credit carryovers in excess of their tax liability may have the credits refunded over multiple years between 2018 and 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we had recorded a reduction to our valuation allowance of $7.4 million and reclassified our AMT credit carryforward to other assets on our consolidated balance sheet. The AMT carryforward has been refunded 50% each tax year beginning in 2018 with any remaining balance expected to be fully refunded in 2021.

241
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

21. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Stone Point Capital LLC
Through several private transactions occurring from May 2012 to July 2012 and an additional private transaction that closed in May 2018, investment funds managed by Stone Point Capital LLC ("Stone Point") have acquired an aggregate of 1,635,986 of our Voting Ordinary Shares (which constitutes approximately 9.1% of our outstanding Voting Ordinary Shares). On November 6, 2013, we appointed James D. Carey to our Board of Directors. Mr. Carey is the sole member of an entity that is one of four general partners of the entities serving as general partners for Trident, is a member of the investment committees of such general partners, and is a member and senior principal of Stone Point, the manager of the Trident funds.
In addition, we have entered into certain agreements with Trident with respect to Trident’s co-investments in the Atrium, Arden, and StarStone acquisitions. These include investors’ agreements and shareholders’ agreements, which provide for, among other things: (i) our right to redeem Trident’s equity interest in the Atrium/Arden and StarStone transactions in cash at fair market value within the 90 days following September 6, 2018 and April 1, 2019, respectively, and at any time following September 6, 2020 and April 1, 2021, respectively; and (ii) Trident’s right to have its equity co-investment interests in the Atrium/Arden and StarStone transactions redeemed by us at fair market value (which we may satisfy in either cash or our ordinary shares) following September 6, 2020 and April 1, 2021, respectively. We did not exercise our right to redeem Trident's equity interest in Atrium/Arden during the 90 days following September 6, 2018, nor did we exercise our right to redeem Trident's equity interest in StarStone during the 90 days following April 1, 2019. Pursuant to the terms of the shareholders’ agreements, Mr. Carey serves as a Trident representative on the boards of the holding companies, including North Bay Holdings Limited ("North Bay"), established in connection with the Atrium/Arden and StarStone co-investment transactions. Trident also has a second representative on these boards who is a Stone Point employee.
We, in partnership with StarStone's other shareholders, have recently completed transactions to provide capital support to StarStone in the form of:
(i) a contribution to its contributed surplus account and a loss portfolio transfer, effective October 1, 2018. To fund the transaction, the North Bay shareholders contributed an aggregate amount of $135.0 million to North Bay in proportion to their ownership interests. Trident’s proportionate contribution of $53.1 million was temporarily funded by North Bay and was reimbursed in the first quarter of 2019; and
(ii) a loss portfolio transfer, effective April 1, 2019, for which shareholders agreed to contribute an aggregate amount of $48.0 million.
In addition, Enstar has separately entered into a loss portfolio transfer and adverse development cover with StarStone effective October 1, 2019, whereby StarStone transferred $189.4 million in loss reserves and unearned premium to a wholly-owned Enstar subsidiary in exchange for premium of $189.4 million. Enstar also provided an additional $59.0 million adverse development cover in excess of the $189.4 million.
As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the RNCI on our balance sheet relating to these Trident co-investment transactions was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
$
420,499

 
$
439,428


As of December 31, 2019, we had the following additional relationships with Stone Point and its affiliates:
•
Investments in funds (carried within other investments) managed by Stone Point, with respect to which we recognized net unrealized gains (losses);
•
Investments in registered investment companies affiliated with entities owned by Trident or otherwise affiliated with Stone Point, with respect to which we recognized net unrealized gains (losses) and interest income;
•
Separate accounts managed by Eagle Point Credit Management, PRIMA Capital Advisors and SKY Harbor Capital Management, which are affiliates of entities owned by Trident, with respect to which we incurred management fees;

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

•
Investments in funds (carried within other investments) managed by Sound Point Capital, an entity in which Mr. Carey has an indirect minority ownership interest and serves as a director, with respect to which we recognized net unrealized gains (losses);
•
Sound Point Capital has acted as collateral manager for certain of our direct investments in CLO debt and equity securities, with respect to which we recognized net unrealized gains (losses) and interest income;
•
Marble Point Capital, which is an affiliate of an entity owned by Trident, has acted as collateral manager for certain of our direct investments in CLO debt and equity securities, with respect to which we recognized net unrealized gains (losses) and interest income;
•
A separate account managed by Sound Point Capital, with respect to which we incurred management fees in prior periods; and
•
In the fourth quarter of 2018, we invested $25.0 million in Mitchell TopCo Holdings, the parent company of Mitchell International and Genex Services, as a co-investor alongside certain Trident funds.
The following table presents the amounts included in our consolidated balance sheet related to our related party transactions with Stone Point and its affiliated entities:
 
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value
$
1,431

 
$
—

Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value
269,131

 
176,193

Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value
160,303

 
—

Equities, at fair value
121,794

 
57,319

Other investments, at fair value:

 

Hedge funds
18,993

 
19,535

Fixed income funds
381,449

 
324,561

Private equity funds
34,858

 
52,925

CLO equities
32,560

 
15,372

CLO equity funds
87,509

 
37,260

Private Debt
16,312

 
10,387

Real estate fund
18,106

 
8,025

Cash and cash equivalents
54,080

 
11,739

Other assets
10

 
5,216

Other liabilities
4,710

 
4,240

The following table presents the amounts included in net earnings related to our related party transactions with Stone Point and its affiliated entities:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Net investment income
$
8,733

 
$
7,424

 
$
5,990

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
26,631

 
207

 
24,684

Total net earnings
$
35,364

 
$
7,631

 
$
30,674


KaylaRe
On December 15, 2016, KaylaRe completed an initial capital raise of $620.0 million. We originally owned approximately 48.2% of KaylaRe's common shares and recorded our investment in KaylaRe using the equity method basis of accounting, pursuant to the conclusion that we were not required to consolidate following an analysis based on the guidance in ASC 810 - Consolidation.
On May 14, 2018, we completed a transaction to acquire all of the outstanding shares and warrants of KaylaRe, following the receipt of all required regulatory approvals. In consideration for the acquired shares and warrants of

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

KaylaRe, we issued an aggregate of 2,007,017 ordinary shares, comprising 1,501,778 voting ordinary shares and 505,239 Series E non-voting ordinary shares to the shareholders of KaylaRe as follows: (i) 1,204,353 voting ordinary shares and 505,239 Series E Shares to a fund managed by Hillhouse Capital Management, Ltd.; (ii) 285,986 voting ordinary shares to Trident; and (iii) 11,439 voting ordinary shares to the minority shareholder. In addition, the Shareholders Agreement between Enstar and the other KaylaRe shareholders was effectively terminated. Effective May 14, 2018 we consolidated KaylaRe into our consolidated financial statements and any balances between KaylaRe and Enstar are now eliminated upon consolidation. Refer to Note 3 - "Acquisitions" for additional information. Effective September 30, 2019, KaylaRe and KaylaRe Ltd. merged with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited as the surviving company.
Through a Quota Share Agreement dated December 15, 2016 (the "KaylaRe-StarStone QS"), several of our StarStone affiliates entered into a Quota Share Treaty with KaylaRe Ltd. pursuant to which KaylaRe Ltd. reinsured 35% of all business written by these StarStone affiliates for risks attaching from January 1, 2016, net of the StarStone affiliates’ external reinsurance programs. The reinsurance of StarStone's U.S. affiliates was non-renewed as of January 1, 2018, and the reinsurance of its U.K. and European affiliates was non-renewed as of January 1, 2019. In addition, Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited ("Fitzwilliam"), one of our non-life run-off subsidiaries, ceded $177.2 million of loss reserves to KaylaRe Ltd. in 2016, on a funds held basis. Under the terms of this reinsurance agreement, Fitzwilliam is entitled to receive a profit commission calculated with reference to reserve savings made during the term of this agreement. Our Non-life Run-off subsidiaries did not cede any new business to KaylaRe Ltd. during years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Our consolidated statement of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 included the following balances related to transactions between us and KaylaRe and KaylaRe Ltd. up until May 14, 2018, the date of acquisition:
 
2018
 
2017
Fee income due to Enstar Limited
$
1,453

 
$
2,679

 
 
 
 
Transactions under KaylaRe-StarStone QS:
 
 
 
Ceded premium earned
(52,651
)
 
(234,079
)
Net incurred losses
31,654

 
155,433

Acquisition costs
18,774

 
99,500

 
 
 
 
Transactions under Fitzwilliam reinsurance agreement:
 
 
 
Profit Commission
—

 
18,843

 
 
 
 
Total net earnings (loss)
$
(770
)
 
$
42,376


Hillhouse
Investment funds managed by Hillhouse Capital Advisors, Ltd. ("Hillhouse Capital") collectively own approximately 9.7% of Enstar’s voting ordinary shares. These funds also own non-voting ordinary shares and warrants to purchase additional non-voting ordinary shares, which together with their voting ordinary shares, represent an approximate 17.0% economic interest in Enstar. In February 2017, Jie Liu, a Partner of Hillhouse Capital, was appointed to our Board.
We have direct investments in funds managed by Hillhouse Capital and its affiliate, AnglePoint Asset Management Ltd. ("AnglePoint"), (together with such parties' affiliates, "Hillhouse"). As of December 31, 2019, the carrying value of our direct investment in the InRe Fund, L.P. (the "InRe Fund"), which is managed by AnglePoint, was $918.6 million with the fund's assets being invested in approximately 18% in fixed income securities, 6% in North American equities, 96% in international equities and (20)% in financing, derivatives and other items.
As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our equity method investee, Enhanzed Re, had investments in a fund managed by AnglePoint, as set forth in the table below.

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the following balances related to transactions with Hillhouse:
 
2019
 
2018
Investments in funds managed by AnglePoint, held by Enhanzed Re
$
327,799

 
$
75,192

Our ownership of equity method investments
47.4
%
 
47.4
%
Our share of Enhanzed Re's funds managed by AnglePoint
$
155,377

 
$
35,641

 
 
 
 
Investment in other funds managed by Hillhouse:
 
 
 
InRe Fund
$
918,633

 
$
678,420

Other funds
232,968

 
166,646

 
$
1,151,601

 
$
845,066


On January 1, 2020 Enhanzed Re invested an additional $54.0 million into funds managed by Hillhouse.
The increase in the investment in funds managed by Hillhouse was primarily due to unrealized gains for the year ended December 31, 2019. We incurred fees of approximately $89.0 million, included within the funds' reported NAV, for the year ended December 31, 2019 in relation to the direct investment in funds managed by Hillhouse as described above.
Monument
Monument Insurance Group Limited ("Monument") was established in October 2016 and Enstar has invested a total of $26.6 million in the common and preferred shares of Monument. We have approximately a 26.6% interest in Monument. In connection with our investment in Monument, we entered into a Shareholders Agreement with the other shareholders. We recorded the investment in Monument using the equity method basis of accounting, as we concluded that we are not required to consolidate based on the guidance in ASC 810 - Consolidation.
On August 29, 2017, we sold our wholly-owned subsidiary, Laguna, to a subsidiary of Monument for a total consideration of €25.6 million (approximately $30.8 million). The total loss recorded on the sale of Laguna, for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $16.3 million, which has been included in earnings from continuing operations before taxes in our consolidated statement of earnings. This loss includes a cumulative currency translation adjustment balance of $6.3 million, which has been reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income and included in earnings as a component of the loss on sale of Laguna during the year ended December 31, 2017, following the closing of the sale.
On May 31, 2019, we completed the transfer of our remaining life assurance policies written by our wholly-owned subsidiary Alpha Insurance SA to a subsidiary of Monument. In this transaction, we transferred policy benefits for life and annuity contracts with a carrying value of €88.8 million (or approximately $99.1 million) and total assets with a fair value of €91.1 million (or approximately $101.6 million) to a subsidiary of Monument.
Our investment in the common and preferred shares of Monument, carried in equity method investments on our consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Investment in Monument
$
60,598

 
$
42,193



Clear Spring (formerly SeaBright)
Effective January 1, 2017, we sold SeaBright Insurance Company (“SeaBright Insurance”) and its licenses to Delaware Life Insurance Company ("Delaware Life"), a subsidiary of Guggenheim Partners, LLC. Following the sale, SeaBright Insurance was renamed Clear Spring Property and Casualty Company (“Clear Spring”). Clear Spring was subsequently capitalized with $56.0 million of equity, with Enstar retaining a 20% indirect equity interest in Clear Spring. We have accounted for our equity interest in Clear Spring as an equity method investment as we have significant influence over its operating and financial policies.

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

We have recorded the investment in Clear Spring using the equity method basis of accounting, pursuant to the conclusion that we are not required to consolidate following an analysis based on the guidance in ASC 810 - Consolidation. Our investment in the common shares of Clear Spring, carried in equity method investments on our consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Investment in Clear Spring
$
10,645

 
$
10,070


Effective January 1, 2017, StarStone National Insurance Company (“StarStone National”) entered into a ceding quota share treaty with Clear Spring pursuant to which Clear Spring reinsures 33.3% of core workers' compensation business written by StarStone National. This agreement was terminated as of December 31, 2018.
Effective January 1, 2017, we also entered into an assuming quota share treaty with Clear Spring pursuant to which an Enstar subsidiary reinsures 25% of all workers' compensation business written by Clear Spring. This is recorded as other activities.
Our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the following balances between us and Clear Spring:
 
2019
 
2018
Balances under StarStone ceding quota share:
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses
$
22,812

 
$
23,718

Prepaid insurance premiums
51

 
13,821

Ceded payable
3,616

 
14,153

Ceded acquisition costs
21

 
3,233

 
 
 
 
Balances under assuming quota share:
 
 
 
Losses and LAE
6,135

 
5,778

Unearned reinsurance premiums
13

 
3,455

Funds held
8,611

 
10,242

Our consolidated statement of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the following amounts between us and Clear Spring:
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Amounts under StarStone ceding quota share:
 
 
 
 
 
Ceded premium earned
$
(14,994
)
 
$
(29,520
)
 
(14,256
)
Net incurred losses and LAE
6,567

 
18,143

 
9,533

Acquisition costs
356

 
7,035

 
6,718

 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts under assuming quota share:
 
 
 
 
 
Premium earned
3,749

 
7,380

 
3,564

Net incurred losses and LAE
(2,202
)
 
(4,536
)
 
(1,181
)
Acquisition costs
(92
)
 
(1,836
)
 
(1,753
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total net earnings (loss)
$
(6,616
)
 
$
(3,334
)
 
$
2,625




246
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

AmTrust
In November 2018, pursuant to a Subscription Agreement with Evergreen Parent L.P. ("Evergreen"), K-Z Evergreen, LLC and Trident Pine Acquisition LP ("Trident Pine"), we purchased equity in Evergreen in the aggregate amount of $200.0 million. Evergreen is an entity formed by private equity funds managed by Stone Point and the Karfunkel-Zyskind family that acquired the approximately 45% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of AmTrust that the Karfunkel-Zyskind Family and certain of its affiliates and related parties did not already own or control. The equity interest was in the form of three separate classes of equity securities issued at the same price and in the same proportion as the equity interest purchased by Trident Pine. In a second transaction in December 2019, Enstar acquired an additional $25.9 million of Evergreen securities from another investor.
Following the closing of the second transaction, Enstar owns approximately 8.5% of the equity interest in Evergreen and Trident Pine owns approximately 21.8%. Evergreen owns all of the equity interest in AmTrust. In addition, upon the successful closing of the transaction we received a fee of $3.3 million, half of which was payable upon closing and the other on the first anniversary of the closing. The fee has been recorded in full in other income within our consolidated statements of earnings for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Our indirect investment in the shares of AmTrust, carried in equities on our consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2019 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Investment in AmTrust
$
240,115

 
$
200,000


During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 we recorded net investment income of $7.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and net realized and unrealized gains of $10.1 million and $nil, respectively, related to our indirect equity investment in AmTrust.
Citco
In June 2018, we made a $50.0 million indirect investment in the shares of Citco III Limited ("Citco"), a fund administrator with global operations. Pursuant to an investment agreement and in consideration for participation therein, a related party of Hillhouse provided us with investment support. In a private transaction that preceded our co-investment opportunity, certain Citco shareholders, including Trident, agreed to sell all or a portion of their interests in Citco. As of December 31, 2019, Trident owned an approximate 3.4% interest in Citco. Mr. Carey currently serves as an observer to the board of directors of Citco in connection with Trident's investment therein.
Our indirect investment in the shares of Citco, carried in equity method investments on our consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Investment in Citco
$
51,742

 
$
50,812


Enhanzed Re
Enhanzed Reinsurance Ltd. ("Enhanzed Re") is a joint venture between Enstar, Allianz SE and Hillhouse that was capitalized in December 2018. Enhanzed Re is a Bermuda-based Class 4 and Class E reinsurer of life, non-life run-off, and property and casualty insurance business, initially sourced from Allianz SE and Enstar. Enstar, Allianz and Hillhouse affiliates have made equity investment commitments in aggregate of $470.0 million to Enhanzed Re. Enstar owns 47.4% of the entity, Allianz owns 24.9%, and an affiliate of Hillhouse owns 27.7%. As of December 31, 2019, Enstar contributed $154.1 million of its total capital commitment to Enhanzed Re and had an uncalled amount of $68.7 million. We have accounted for our equity interest in Enhanzed Re as an equity method investment as we have significant influence over its operating and financial policies.
Enstar acts as the (re)insurance manager for Enhanzed Re, for which it receives fee income recorded within other income, Hillhouse acts as primary investment manager, and an affiliate of Allianz SE provides investment management services. Enhanzed Re intends to write business from affiliates of its operating sponsors, Allianz SE and Enstar. It will seek to underwrite business to maximize diversification by risk and geography.

247
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Our investment in the common shares of Enhanzed Re, carried in equity method investments on our consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2019 was as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Investment in Enhanzed Re
$
182,856

 
$
94,800


We have ceded 10% of the Zurich transaction, as discussed in Note 4 - "Significant New Business", to Enhanzed Re on the same terms and conditions as those received by Enstar.
Our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the following balances between us and Enhanzed Re:
 
2019
Balances under ceding quota share:
 
Insurance balances payables
$
1,443

Reinsurance balances recoverable
59,601

Funds held
50,089

 
 
Other assets
1,033

Our consolidated statement of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the following amounts between us and Enhanzed Re:
 
2019
Amounts under ceding quota share:
 
Acquisition costs
$
73

 
 
Other income
749

 
 
Total net earnings (loss)
$
822



248
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

22. DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS AND STATUTORY FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Parent Company Dividend Restrictions
There were no significant restrictions on the Parent Company's ability to pay dividends from retained earnings as of December 31, 2019. Bermuda law permits the payment of dividends if (i) we are not, or would not be after payment, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due and (ii) the realizable value of our assets is in excess of our liabilities after taking such payment into account. We have not historically declared a dividend on our ordinary shares. The issuance of our Series D and E Preferred Shares have resulted in the declaration of dividends. Holders of Series D and Series E Preferred Shares are entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared, non-cumulative cash dividends, paid quarterly in arrears on the 1st day of March, June, September and December of each year of 7.0% per annum. Refer to Note 17 - "Share Capital" for details regarding dividends on preferred shares.
The Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA") acts as group supervisor to Enstar. On an annual basis, we are required to file group statutory financial statements, a group statutory financial return, a group capital and solvency return, audited group financial statements and a Group Solvency Self-Assessment ("GSSA") with the BMA. The GSSA is designed to document our perspective on the capital resources necessary to achieve our business strategies and remain solvent, and to provide the BMA with insights on our risk management, governance procedures and documentation related to this process. We are required to maintain available group statutory capital and surplus in an amount that is at least equal to the group enhanced capital requirement ("Group ECR"). The BMA has also established a group target capital level equal to 120% of the Group ECR. We are in compliance with these requirements.
Our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders is dependent upon the ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to distribute capital and pay dividends to us. Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory restrictions on the distribution of capital and payment of dividends in the jurisdictions in which they operate, as described below. The restrictions are generally based on net income or levels of capital and surplus as determined in accordance with the relevant statutory accounting practices. Failure of these subsidiaries to meet their applicable regulatory requirements could result in restrictions on any distributions of capital or retained earnings or stricter regulatory oversight of the subsidiaries.
Our ability to pay dividends and make other forms of distributions may also be limited by repayment obligations and financial covenants in our outstanding loan facility agreements.
Subsidiary Statutory Financial Information and Dividend Restrictions
Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries prepare their statutory financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by local regulators. Statutory accounting differs from U.S. GAAP, including in the treatment of investments, acquisition costs and deferred income taxes, amongst other items.
The statutory capital and surplus amounts for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and statutory net income amounts for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 for our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries based in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Continental Europe are summarized in the table below which includes information relating to acquisitions from the year of acquisition:
 
Statutory Capital and Surplus
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Required
 
Actual
 
Statutory Income
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Bermuda
$
2,138,395

 
$
1,591,991

 
$
4,016,663

 
$
3,701,825

 
$
643,683

 
$
29,486

 
$
390,752

U.K.
837,104

 
654,721

 
1,532,751

 
715,448

 
154,644

 
(52,936
)
 
77,900

U.S.
364,507

 
392,394

 
861,379

 
660,470

 
121,406

 
(75,005
)
 
(5,065
)
Europe
94,334

 
239,582

 
229,344

 
431,863

 
11,816

 
(17,611
)
 
(4,245
)
Australia
18,110

 
22,535

 
37,815

 
26,882

 
4,847

 
1,761

 
(874
)

As of December 31, 2019, the total amount of net assets of our consolidated subsidiaries that were restricted was $3.5 billion.
Certain material aspects of these laws and regulations as they relate to solvency, dividends and capital and surplus are summarized below.

249
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Bermuda
Our Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are registered under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (the "Insurance Act"). The Insurance Act imposes certain solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, require information and the production of documents and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies.
The Insurance Act requires that our Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries maintain certain solvency and liquidity standards. The minimum liquidity ratio requires that the value of relevant assets not be less than 75% of the amount of relevant liabilities. The minimum solvency margin, which varies depending on the class of the insurer, is determined as a percentage of either net reserves for losses and LAE or premiums or pursuant to a risk-based capital measure. Our Bermuda subsidiaries with commercial insurance licenses are required to maintain a minimum statutory capital and surplus (Enhanced Capital Requirement or "ECR") at least equal to the greater of a minimum solvency margin or the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("BSCR"). The BSCR is calculated based on a standardized risk-based capital model.
Each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if it were in breach of its minimum solvency margin or liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries is prohibited, without the prior approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital, or from reducing by 25% of more its total statutory capital and surplus, as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements. Our Bermuda insurance companies that are in run-off are required to seek BMA approval for any dividends or distributions.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, each of our Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries exceeded their respective minimum solvency and liquidity requirements. The Bermuda insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries in aggregate exceeded minimum solvency requirements by $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2019 (2018: $2.1 billion) and were in compliance with their liquidity requirements.
United Kingdom
U.K. Insurance Companies (non-Lloyd's)
Our U.K. based insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the U.K. Prudential Regulatory Authority (the "PRA") and the Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA", together with the PRA, the "U.K. Regulator").
Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain adequate financial resources in accordance with the requirements of the U.K. Regulator. Insurers must comply with a Solvency Capital Requirement ("SCR"), which is calculated using either the Solvency II standard formula or a bespoke internal model. Our non-Lloyd's U.K. companies use the standard formula.
The calculation of the minimum capital resources requirements in any particular case depends on, among other things, the type and amount of insurance business written and claims paid by the insurance company. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, all of our U.K. insurance subsidiaries maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements and complied with the relevant U.K. Regulator requirements. The U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries, in aggregate, maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements by $695.6 million and $60.7 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The U.K. Regulator’s rules require our U.K. insurance subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval for any proposed or actual payment of a dividend. The U.K. Regulator uses the SCR, among other tests, when assessing requests to make distributions.
Lloyd’s
As of December 31, 2019, we participated in the Lloyd’s market through our interests in: (i) Atrium’s Syndicate 609, which is managed by Atrium Underwriters Limited, a Lloyd's managing agent, and the Atrium corporate member; (ii) StarStone’s Syndicate 1301, which is managed by StarStone Underwriting Limited ("SUL"), a Lloyd’s managing agent, and the StarStone corporate member; and (iii) Syndicate 2008, a wholly aligned syndicate that has permission to underwrite RITC business and other run-off or discontinued business type transactions with other Lloyd’s syndicates, and its corporate member. During 2015, SUL assumed the role of managing agent for Syndicate 2008 in place of Shelbourne Syndicate Services Limited as we streamlined our organizational structure and combined Shelbourne and

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

StarStone resources into one agency. For the 2019 underwriting year, participation in all three syndicates has been through a common corporate member.
The underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd’s is supported by providing Funds at Lloyd’s, as described in Note 6 - "Investments". Business plans, including maximum underwriting capacity, for Lloyd’s syndicates requires annual approval by the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, which may require changes to any business plan or additional capital to support underwriting plans.
The Lloyd’s market has applied the Solvency II internal model under Lloyd’s supervision, and our Lloyd’s operations are required to meet Solvency II standards. Lloyd's has the approval of the PRA to use its internal model under the Solvency II regime.
United States
Our U.S. non-life run-off and active underwriting insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to the insurance laws and regulations of the states in which they are domiciled, licensed and/or eligible to conduct business. These laws restrict the amount of dividends the subsidiaries can pay to us. The restrictions are generally based on statutory net income and/or certain levels of statutory surplus as determined in accordance with the relevant statutory accounting requirements of the individual domiciliary states or states in which any of the insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled. Generally, prior regulatory approval must be obtained before an insurer may pay a dividend or make a distribution above a specified level.
The U.S. insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are also required to maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity as determined by law, and to comply with Risk-Based Capital ("RBC") requirements and licensing rules as specified by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). RBC is used to evaluate the adequacy of capital and surplus maintained by our life company in relation to risks associated with: (i) asset risk; (ii) insurance risk; (iii) interest rate risk and (iv) business risk. For all of our U.S. insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, with the exception of one subsidiary which has a permitted accounting practice to treat an adverse development cover reinsurance agreement as prospective reinsurance, there are no prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices that differ significantly from the statutory accounting principles established by NAIC.
As of December 31, 2019, all of our U.S. non-life insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries exceeded their required levels of risk-based capital. On an aggregate basis, our U.S. non-life insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries exceeded their minimum levels of risk-based capital as of December 31, 2019 by $488.3 million (December 31, 2018: $359.6 million).
Europe
Our Liechtenstein insurance subsidiary (StarStone Insurance SE) is regulated by the Liechtenstein Financial Market Authority ("FMA") pursuant to the Liechtenstein Insurance Supervisory Act. This subsidiary is obligated to maintain a minimum solvency margin based on the Solvency II regulations. As of December 31, 2019, this subsidiary exceeded the Solvency II requirements by $119.0 million (2018: $133.9 million). The amount of dividends that this subsidiary is permitted to distribute is restricted to freely distributable reserves, which consist of retained earnings, the current year profit and legal reserves. Any dividend exceeding the current year profit requires the FMA’s approval. Solvency and capital requirements for this subsidiary are based on the Solvency II framework and must continue to be met following any distribution.
Our Belgian insurance subsidiary files financial statements and returns with the National Bank of Belgium. This subsidiary was in compliance with its solvency and capital requirements under Solvency II.
Harper Insurance Limited, which was previously regulated in Switzerland, was re-domiciled to Bermuda on January 1, 2019. It is now required to file regulatory returns in both Bermuda and for its branch in the UK. The UK requirements are more constrictive then those in Bermuda thus these have been included in the "United Kingdom" section above.
Australia
The Company’s Australian insurance subsidiary is regulated and subject to prudential supervision by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (“APRA”). APRA is the primary regulatory body responsible for regulating compliance with the Insurance Act 1973. APRA’s prudential standards require that all insurers maintain and meet

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

prescribed capital adequacy requirements to enable their insurance obligations to be met under a wide range of circumstances.
A run-off insurer must obtain APRA’s written consent prior to making any capital releases, including any payment of dividends, not from current year profits. The Company’s insurance subsidiary must provide APRA a valuation prepared by its Appointed Actuary that demonstrates that the tangible assets of the insurer, after the proposed capital reduction, are sufficient to cover its insurance liabilities.

252
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

23. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Concentration of Credit Risk
We believe that there are no significant concentrations of credit risk associated with our cash and cash equivalents, fixed maturity investments, or other investments. Cash, cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments are managed pursuant to guidelines that follow prudent standards of diversification and limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuers. Other investments are managed pursuant to guidelines that emphasize diversification and liquidity. Pursuant to these guidelines, we manage and monitor risk across a variety of investment funds and vehicles, markets and counterparties. We are also subject to custodial credit risk on our investments, which we manage by diversifying our holdings amongst large financial institutions that are highly regulated.
We have exposure to credit risk on certain of our assets pledged to ceding companies under insurance contracts. In addition, we are potentially exposed should any insurance intermediaries be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations with respect to payments of balances owed to and by us.
Credit risk exists in relation to our insurance and reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses. We remain liable to the extent that counterparties do not meet their contractual obligations and, therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our insurers and reinsurers. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are described Note 8 - "Reinsurance Balances Recoverable on Paid and Unpaid Losses".
We are also subject to credit risk in relation to funds held by reinsured companies. Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. The funds may be placed into trust or subject to other security arrangements. The funds balance is credited with investment income and losses payable are deducted. We are subject to credit risk if the reinsured company is unable to honor the value of the funds held balances, such as in the event of insolvency. However, we generally have the contractual ability to offset any shortfall in the payment of the funds held balances with amounts owed by us to the reinsured for losses payable and other amounts contractually due. We routinely monitor the creditworthiness of reinsured companies with whom we have funds held arrangements. We have a significant funds held concentration of $1.0 billion to one reinsured company which has financial strength credit ratings of A+ from A.M. Best and AA from S&P.
We limit the amount of credit exposure to any one counterparty and none of our counterparty credit exposures, excluding U.S. Government instruments and the counterparty noted above, exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2019. Our credit exposure to the U.S. government was $1,082.2 million as of December 31, 2019.
Legal Proceedings
We are, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation and arbitration regarding claims. Estimated losses relating to claims arising in the ordinary course of business, including the anticipated outcome of any pending arbitration or litigation are included in the liability for losses and LAE in our consolidated balance sheets. In addition to claims litigation, we may be subject to other lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business, which may involve, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or omissions, employment claims or regulatory activity. We do not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We anticipate that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, we will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation generally related to the scope of coverage with respect to asbestos and environmental and other claims.
Unfunded Investment Commitments
As of December 31, 2019, we had unfunded commitments of $482.3 million and $93.1 million to private equity funds and equity method investments, respectively.
Guarantees
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, parental guarantees and capital instruments supporting subsidiaries' insurance obligations were $1,031.5 million and $614.5 million, respectively. We also have a FAL facility, which on February 12, 2019, we increased to issue an aggregate amount of $375.0 million of letters of credit, and we maintained the provision to further increase the facility up to $400.0 million. The FAL Facility is available to satisfy our Funds at

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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Lloyd’s requirements and expires in 2023. As of December 31, 2019 there were $252.0 million letters of credit issued under this facility which have a parental guarantee.
Significant New Business
We have entered into transaction agreements that are expected to become effective subsequent to December 31, 2019. Refer to Note 4 - "Significant New Business" above.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
We have the right to purchase the RNCI interests from the RNCI holders at certain times in the future (each such right, a "call right") and the RNCI holders have the right to sell their RNCI interests to us at certain times in the future (each such right, a "put right"). The RNCI rights held by Trident are described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions". Dowling has a right to participate if Trident exercises its put right.
Leases
2019 Disclosures under ASC 842 - Leases
We adopted the new leasing standard and the related amendments on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method as required by the standard, and based on the detailed analysis of our operating lease arrangements we have recognized a right-of-use asset and an offsetting lease liability on our consolidated balance sheet, relating primarily to office space and facilities that we have leased to conduct our business operations. On an ongoing basis we determine whether an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception and also complete an assessment to determine the classification of each lease as either a finance lease or an operating lease. Our leases are all currently classified as operating leases.
Our leases have remaining lease terms of one year to 37 years, some of which include options to extend the lease term for up to five years and some of which include options to terminate the lease within one year. We consider these options in determining the lease term used to establish our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Only those renewal options that we believe we are reasonably certain to exercise are taken into account when determining lease terms. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
Since a majority of our leases do not provide an implicit discount rate, we use our collateralized incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date of the lease in determining the present value of lease payments. The starting point for determining a collateralized incremental borrowing rate is our general unsecured borrowing rate, given the term of the lease and the amount of the related lease payments. This base rate is then adjusted to reflect the effect of collateral. Since adding collateral improves a lender’s level of security in a lending arrangement, it has the impact of lowering our implied borrowing rate that we use to determine the present value of lease payments.
We also adopt a portfolio approach as permitted by ASC 842 whereby we use attributes such as the lease term to determine the appropriate incremental borrowing rate to be used to determine the present value of lease payments. In this regard, we use the same incremental borrowing rate for leases with a similar term while ensuring that the use of this portfolio approach does not result in an outcome that would materially differ from applying the lease accounting guidance on a lease-by-lease basis.
We have lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components. For real estate leases, we account for lease components together with non-lease components such as common-area maintenance costs as a single lease component.
As part of our adoption of the new leasing standard, we elected the practical expedient package as well as the hindsight practical expedient permitted by the FASB in ASC 842. The practical expedient package covers the application of the new leasing standard to leases that commenced before January 1, 2019, the effective date of the standard and gives an entity the option of not reassessing, (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (3) initial direct costs for any existing leases. The hindsight practical expedient permits an entity to consider changes in facts and circumstances from commencement through to the effective date of the new standard when determining the lease term and assessing any potential impairment of the recorded right-of-use asset. All these practical expedients were consistently applied to our leases as required by the leasing standard.
The table below provides a summary of the components of our lease cost including the gross sublease income received under sublease arrangements related to certain office spaces that we have leased to conduct our business operations for the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
2019
Operating lease cost
$
13,627

Sublease income
(542
)
Total lease cost
$
13,085



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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The table below provides a summary of the cash flow information and non-cash activity related to our operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
2019
Operating cash flow information:
 
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
$
11,129

Non-cash activity:
 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
$
57,536


The table below provides a summary of the leases recorded on our consolidated balance sheets for the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
Balance sheet classification
 
2019
Right-of-use assets
Other assets
 
$
46,747

Current lease liabilities
Other liabilities
 
11,403

Non-current lease liabilities
Other liabilities
 
34,785


Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate used for our operating leases are as follows for the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
 
2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term
 
6.3 years

Weighted-average discount rate
 
6.3
%

The table below provides a summary of the maturity of the operating lease liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2019:
 
 
2019
2020
 
$
13,663

2021
 
9,854

2022
 
8,103

2023
 
7,044

2024
 
5,358

2025 and beyond
 
13,119

Total lease payments
 
57,141

Less: Imputed interest
 
(10,953
)
Present value of lease liabilities
 
$
46,188



255
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

2018 Comparative Disclosures under ASC 840 - Leases
As discussed in Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies, on adoption of ASU 2016-02 as codified in ASC 842 on January 1, 2019, we elected the transition option in ASU 2018-11 which amended ASU 2016-02 to allow entities not to apply the new leases standard in the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in the year of adoption. Under the transition option, entities can instead opt to continue to apply the legacy guidance in ASC 840 - Leases, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods presented in the year they adopt the new leases standard.
Pursuant to the transition option provided in ASU 2018-11 which we elected on adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 as discussed above, the following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments that were required under operating leases that had initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018:
2019
 
$
9,510

2020
 
10,754

2021
 
9,772

2022
 
7,500

2023
 
6,592

2024 and beyond
 
21,276

 
 
$
65,404


Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $11.3 million and $9.5 million, respectively, relating to office space and facilities that we leased to conduct our business operations.

256
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

24. SEGMENT INFORMATION
We have three reportable segments of business that are each managed, operated and separately reported: (i) Non-life Run-off; (ii) Atrium; and (iii) StarStone. Our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange and other miscellaneous items. These segments are described in Note 1 - "Description of Business".
The following tables set forth selected and consolidated statement of earnings results by segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017:
 
2019
 
Non-Life
Run-Off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
Gross premiums written
$
(25,069
)
 
$
192,373

 
$
917,555

 
$
18,534

 
$
1,103,393

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums written
$
(25,338
)
 
$
172,356

 
$
735,429

 
$
18,512

 
$
900,959

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
168,496

 
$
164,059

 
$
801,926

 
$
20,380

 
$
1,154,861

Net incurred losses and LAE
(51,625
)
 
(77,276
)
 
(727,636
)
 
(16,038
)
 
(872,575
)
Life and Annuity Policy Benefits
—

 
—

 
—

 
(91
)
 
(91
)
Acquisition costs
(73,642
)
 
(56,956
)
 
(174,711
)
 
(642
)
 
(305,951
)
Operating expenses
(199,756
)
 
(14,452
)
 
(120,629
)
 
—

 
(334,837
)
Underwriting income (loss)
(156,527
)
 
15,375

 
(221,050
)
 
3,609

 
(358,593
)
Net investment income
275,236

 
7,049

 
47,401

 
(8,410
)
 
321,276

Net realized and unrealized gains
968,350

 
6,195

 
50,957

 
5,849

 
1,031,351

Fees and commission income
18,293

 
10,160

 
—

 
—

 
28,453

Other income
34,809

 
140

 
338

 
1,883

 
37,170

Corporate expenses
(70,689
)
 
(13,825
)
 
(7,790
)
 
(45,945
)
 
(138,249
)
Interest income (expense)
(62,055
)
 
—

 
(475
)
 
9,989

 
(52,541
)
Net foreign exchange gains (losses)
9,918

 
(504
)
 
(1,538
)
 
3

 
7,879

EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
1,017,335

 
24,590

 
(132,157
)
 
(33,022
)
 
876,746

Income tax benefit (expense)
(7,250
)
 
(4,033
)
 
6,931

 
(85
)
 
(4,437
)
Earnings (losses) from equity method investments
56,128

 
—

 
(218
)
 
—

 
55,910

NET EARNINGS (LOSS)
1,066,213

 
20,557

 
(125,444
)
 
(33,107
)
 
928,219

Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest
(6,409
)
 
(8,432
)
 
24,711

 
—

 
9,870

NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
1,059,804

 
12,125

 
(100,733
)
 
(33,107
)
 
938,089

Dividends on preferred shares
—

 
—

 
—

 
(35,914
)
 
(35,914
)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
1,059,804

 
$
12,125

 
$
(100,733
)
 
$
(69,021
)
 
$
902,175

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Underwriting ratios:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loss ratio 
 
 
47.1
%
 
90.7
%
 
 
 
 
Acquisition expense ratio
 
 
34.7
%
 
21.8
%
 
 
 
 
Operating expense ratio 
 
 
8.8
%
 
15.1
%
 
 
 
 
Combined ratio
 
 
90.6
%
 
127.6
%
 
 
 
 


257
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 
2018
 
Non-Life
Run-Off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
Gross premiums written
$
(8,910
)
 
$
171,494

 
$
1,121,135

 
$
32,378

 
$
1,316,097

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums written
$
(9,217
)
 
$
153,488

 
$
805,562

 
$
32,067

 
$
981,900

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
9,427

 
$
146,315

 
$
714,959

 
$
24,874

 
$
895,575

Net incurred losses and LAE
306,067

 
(69,810
)
 
(673,383
)
 
(16,899
)
 
(454,025
)
Life and annuity policy benefits
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,003
)
 
(1,003
)
Acquisition costs
(4,006
)
 
(50,646
)
 
(135,452
)
 
(2,686
)
 
(192,790
)
Operating expenses
(158,731
)
 
(17,777
)
 
(156,726
)
 
—

 
(333,234
)
Underwriting income (loss)
152,757

 
8,082

 
(250,602
)
 
4,286

 
(85,477
)
Net investment income
226,287

 
5,686

 
35,973

 
2,725

 
270,671

Net realized and unrealized losses
(381,712
)
 
(3,251
)
 
(17,672
)
 
(10,249
)
 
(412,884
)
Fees and commission income
16,466

 
18,622

 
—

 
—

 
35,088

Other income (losses)
35,978

 
162

 
(541
)
 
(514
)
 
35,085

Corporate expenses
(39,093
)
 
(6,921
)
 
—

 
(28,127
)
 
(74,141
)
Interest income (expense)
(30,616
)
 
—

 
(624
)
 
5,023

 
(26,217
)
Net foreign exchange gains (losses)
2,534

 
(3,394
)
 
(2,856
)
 
1,048

 
(2,668
)
EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
(17,399
)
 
18,986

 
(236,322
)
 
(25,808
)
 
(260,543
)
Income tax benefit (expense)
3,581

 
(3,732
)
 
6,327

 
(52
)
 
6,124

Earnings from equity method investments
42,147

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
42,147

NET EARNINGS (LOSS)
28,329

 
15,254

 
(229,995
)
 
(25,860
)
 
(212,272
)
Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest
(3,107
)
 
(6,257
)
 
71,415

 
—

 
62,051

NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
25,222

 
8,997

 
(158,580
)
 
(25,860
)
 
(150,221
)
Dividends on preferred shares
—

 
—

 
—

 
(12,133
)
 
(12,133
)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
25,222

 
$
8,997

 
$
(158,580
)
 
$
(37,993
)
 
$
(162,354
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Underwriting ratios:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loss ratio
 
 
47.7
%
 
94.2
%
 
 
 
 
Acquisition expense ratio
 
 
34.6
%
 
18.9
%
 
 
 
 
Operating expense ratio
 
 
12.2
%
 
22.0
%
 
 
 
 
Combined ratio
 
 
94.5
%
 
135.1
%
 
 
 
 


258
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

 
2017
 
Non-Life
Run-Off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
Gross premiums written
$
14,102

 
$
153,472

 
$
895,160

 
$
5,719

 
$
1,068,453

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums written
$
6,482

 
$
134,214

 
$
464,901

 
$
4,793

 
$
610,390

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
14,162

 
$
134,747

 
$
459,403

 
$
4,809

 
$
613,121

Net incurred losses and LAE
190,674

 
(69,419
)
 
(314,806
)
 
—

 
(193,551
)
Life and annuity policy benefits
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,015
)
 
(4,015
)
Acquisition costs
(328
)
 
(47,688
)
 
(48,012
)
 
(878
)
 
(96,906
)
Operating expenses
(132,235
)
 
(17,444
)
 
(135,558
)
 
—

 
(285,237
)
Underwriting income (loss)
72,273

 
196

 
(38,973
)
 
(84
)
 
33,412

Net investment income
166,678

 
4,218

 
27,706

 
10,187

 
208,789

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
179,545

 
1,117

 
16,613

 
(6,941
)
 
190,334

Fees and commission income (expense)
43,849

 
22,788

 
632

 
(1,166
)
 
66,103

Other income
21,157

 
230

 
570

 
648

 
22,605

Corporate expenses
(101,592
)
 
(12,142
)
 
—

 
(37,014
)
 
(150,748
)
Interest income (expense)
(28,970
)
 
(559
)
 
(1,902
)
 
3,329

 
(28,102
)
Net foreign exchange gains
(7,347
)
 
(5,060
)
 
(926
)
 
(4,204
)
 
(17,537
)
Loss on sale of subsidiary
—

 
—

 
—

 
(16,349
)
 
(16,349
)
EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
345,593

 
10,788

 
3,720

 
(51,594
)
 
308,507

Income tax benefit (expense)
6,990

 
(1,593
)
 
988

 
10

 
6,395

Earnings from equity method investments
5,904

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,904

NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS
358,487

 
9,195

 
4,708

 
(51,584
)
 
320,806

Net earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
—

 
10,993

 
10,993

NET EARNINGS (LOSS)
358,487

 
9,195

 
4,708

 
(40,591
)
 
331,799

Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest
(14,687
)
 
(3,772
)
 
(1,882
)
 
—

 
(20,341
)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
343,800

 
$
5,423

 
$
2,826

 
$
(40,591
)
 
$
311,458

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Underwriting ratios:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loss ratio
 
 
51.5
%
 
68.5
%
 
 
 
 
Acquisition expense ratio
 
 
35.4
%
 
10.5
%
 
 
 
 
Operating expense ratio 
 
 
13.0
%
 
29.5
%
 
 
 
 
Combined ratio
 
 
99.9
%
 
108.5
%
 
 
 
 


259
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Gross Premiums Written by Geographical Area
The following table summarizes our gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2019 by geographic area. Geographic distribution in future years is subject to variation based upon market conditions and business strategies. 
 
Non-life Run-off
 
Atrium
 
StarStone
 
Other
 
Total
 
Total
 
%
 
Total
 
%
 
Total
 
%
 
Total
 
%
 
Total
 
%
 
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages)
United States
$
(25,012
)
 
99.7
 %
 
$
102,199

 
53.1
%
 
$
548,683

 
59.8
%
 
$
17,239

 
93.0
%
 
$
643,109

 
58.2
%
United Kingdom
350

 
(1.4
)%
 
12,972

 
6.7
%
 
114,822

 
12.5
%
 
—

 
—
%
 
128,144

 
11.6
%
Europe
(265
)
 
1.1
 %
 
17,677

 
9.2
%
 
115,481

 
12.6
%
 
1,295

 
7.0
%
 
134,188

 
12.2
%
Asia
(48
)
 
0.2
 %
 
5,700

 
3.0
%
 
75,773

 
8.3
%
 
—

 
—
%
 
81,425

 
7.4
%
Rest of World
(94
)
 
0.4
 %
 
53,825

 
28.0
%
 
62,796

 
6.8
%
 
—

 
—
%
 
116,527

 
10.6
%
Total
$
(25,069
)
 
100.0
 %
 
$
192,373

 
100.0
%
 
$
917,555

 
100.0
%
 
$
18,534

 
100.0
%
 
$
1,103,393

 
100.0
%

Assets by Segment
Invested assets are managed on a subsidiary by subsidiary basis, and investment income and realized and unrealized gains on investments are recognized in each segment as earned. Our total assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 by segment were as follows:
 
2019
 
2018
Assets by Segment:
 
 
 
Non-life Run-off
$
15,775,409

 
$
13,362,749

Atrium
580,405

 
591,722

StarStone
3,522,353

 
3,416,132

Other
(514,852
)
 
(814,333
)
Total assets
$
19,363,315

 
$
16,556,270



260
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

25. UNAUDITED CONDENSED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA
 
December 31,
 
September 30,
 
June 30,
 
March 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
INCOME
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums earned
$
272,686

 
$
231,947

 
$
270,325

 
$
264,597

 
$
276,563

 
$
228,812

 
$
335,287

 
$
170,219

Fees and commission income
9,007

 
11,455

 
6,587

 
6,950

 
6,178

 
8,352

 
6,681

 
8,331

Net investment income
79,376

 
68,453

 
85,472

 
69,430

 
77,732

 
66,469

 
78,696

 
66,319

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
152,664

 
(158,213
)
 
148,185

 
(57,223
)
 
269,711

 
(54,418
)
 
460,791

 
(143,030
)
Other income (losses)
19,502

 
34,267

 
826

 
8,226

 
11,030

 
(9,351
)
 
5,812

 
1,943

 
533,235

 
187,909

 
511,395

 
291,980

 
641,214

 
239,864

 
887,267

 
103,782

EXPENSES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses
121,416

 
187,698

 
222,417

 
153,974

 
216,338

 
92,819

 
312,404

 
19,534

Life and annuity policy benefits
(2,199
)
 
786

 
—

 
423

 
2,194

 
(160
)
 
96

 
(46
)
Acquisition costs
95,026

 
55,106

 
50,282

 
54,242

 
66,855

 
53,334

 
93,788

 
30,108

General and administrative expenses
129,569

 
106,950

 
113,924

 
102,553

 
117,519

 
102,612

 
112,074

 
95,260

Interest expense
13,519

 
4,644

 
14,950

 
4,640

 
13,036

 
8,922

 
11,036

 
8,011

Net foreign exchange losses (gains)
12,189

 
1,279

 
(13,631
)
 
1,040

 
(2,587
)
 
(5,519
)
 
(3,850
)
 
5,868

 
369,520

 
356,463

 
387,942

 
316,872

 
413,355

 
252,008

 
525,548

 
158,735

EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
163,715

 
(168,554
)
 
123,453

 
(24,892
)
 
227,859

 
(12,144
)
 
361,719

 
(54,953
)
Income tax benefit (expense)
22,427

 
10,688

 
(14,597
)
 
(746
)
 
(7,518
)
 
(3,646
)
 
(4,749
)
 
(172
)
Earnings from equity method investments
11,722

 
8,488

 
17,703

 
3,317

 
17,713

 
15,645

 
8,772

 
14,697

NET EARNINGS (LOSS)
197,864

 
(149,378
)
 
126,559

 
(22,321
)
 
238,054

 
(145
)
 
365,742

 
(40,428
)
Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest
4,900

 
42,955

 
109

 
11,489

 
2,713

 
8,389

 
2,148

 
(782
)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
202,764

 
(106,423
)
 
126,668

 
(10,832
)
 
240,767

 
8,244

 
367,890

 
(41,210
)
Dividends on preferred shares
(8,925
)
 
(7,000
)
 
(8,925
)
 
(5,133
)
 
(8,925
)
 
—

 
(9,139
)
 
—

NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
193,839

 
$
(113,423
)
 
$
117,743

 
$
(15,965
)
 
$
231,842

 
$
8,244

 
$
358,751

 
$
(41,210
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings Loss) per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
9.02

 
$
(5.29
)
 
$
5.48

 
$
(0.74
)
 
$
10.79

 
$
0.40

 
$
16.71

 
$
(2.12
)
Diluted(1):
$
8.89

 
$
(5.29
)
 
$
5.42

 
$
(0.74
)
 
$
10.70

 
$
0.40

 
$
16.57

 
$
(2.12
)

(1) During a period of loss, the basic weighted average ordinary shares outstanding is used in the denominator of the diluted loss per ordinary share computation as the effect of including potentially dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive.

261


SCHEDULE I
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES
As of December 31, 2019
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
 
Type of investment
 
Cost (1)
 
Fair Value
 
Amount at which shown in the balance sheet
Fixed maturity securities and short-term investments — Trading and fixed maturity investments within funds held - directly managed:(2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agency
 
$
319,554

 
$
325,731

 
$
325,731

U.K. government
 
140,194

 
146,423

 
146,423

Other government
 
600,001

 
617,710

 
617,710

Corporate
 
4,398,126

 
4,615,896

 
4,615,896

Municipal
 
141,905

 
152,010

 
152,010

Residential mortgage-backed
 
339,228

 
344,617

 
344,617

Commercial mortgage-backed
 
783,675

 
801,472

 
801,472

Asset-backed
 
562,020

 
558,217

 
558,217

Total
 
7,284,703

 
7,562,076

 
7,562,076

Fixed maturity securities and short-term investments — Available-for-sale:(2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and agency
 
410,842

 
410,312

 
410,312

U.K. government
 
15,067

 
15,349

 
15,349

Other government
 
84,116

 
85,147

 
85,147

Corporate
 
1,081,713

 
1,081,171

 
1,081,171

Municipal
 
15,963

 
15,872

 
15,872

Residential mortgage-backed
 
127,704

 
127,219

 
127,219

Commercial mortgage-backed
 
98,928

 
98,557

 
98,557

Asset-backed
 
202,136

 
202,117

 
202,117

Total
 
2,036,469

 
2,035,744

 
2,035,744

Equities(3)
 
312,407

 
367,812

 
367,812

Other investments, at fair value(4)
 
783,032

 
783,032

 
783,032

Total
 
$
10,416,611

 
$
10,748,664

 
$
10,748,664

(1) 
Original cost of fixed maturity securities is reduced by repayments and adjusted for amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts.
(2) 
The difference in the amount of fixed maturities shown at fair value and the fixed maturities shown in our consolidated balance sheet relates to the fair value of $15.1 million as of December 31, 2019 for our investment in fixed maturities issued by affiliates of Stone Point. Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
(3) 
The difference in the amount of equities shown at fair value and the equities shown in our consolidated balance sheet relates to the fair value of $96.8 million as of December 31, 2019 for our investment in a registered investment company affiliated with entities owned by Trident, $25.0 million as a co-investor alongside Stone Point and a $240.1 million investment in AmTrust. Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
(4) 
The difference in the amount of other investments shown at fair value and the other investments shown in our consolidated balance sheet relates to the fair value of $1,741.4 million as of December 31, 2019 for our other investments in funds or companies owned by or affiliated with certain related parties. Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements.


262

SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

Balance Sheets - Parent Company Only
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018

 
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
 
(in thousands of U.S.
dollars, except share data)
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
4,568

 
$
15,213

Balances due from subsidiaries
 
134,897

 
25,091

Investments in subsidiaries
 
6,050,197

 
4,843,913

Other assets
 
6,391

 
8,596

TOTAL ASSETS
 
$
6,196,053

 
$
4,892,813

LIABILITIES
 
 
 
 
Debt obligations
 
$
1,191,207

 
$
861,539

Balances due to subsidiaries
 
135,532

 
120,397

Other liabilities
 
27,131

 
8,944

TOTAL LIABILITIES
 
1,353,870

 
990,880

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 
 
 
 
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
 
Ordinary shares (par value $1 each, issued and outstanding 2019: 21,511,505; 2018: 21,459,997):
 
 
 
 
Voting Ordinary Shares (issued and outstanding 2019: 18,001,823; 2018: 17,950,315)
 
18,002

 
17,950

Non-voting convertible ordinary Series C Shares (issued and outstanding 2019 and 2018: 2,599,672)
 
2,600

 
2,600

Non-voting convertible ordinary Series E Shares (issued and outstanding 2019 and 2018: 910,010)
 
910

 
910

Preferred Shares:
 
 
 
 
Series C Preferred Shares (issued and held in treasury 2019 and 2018: 388,571)
 
389

 
389

Series D Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2019 and 2018: 16,000)
 
400,000

 
400,000

Series E Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2019 and 2018: 4,400)
 
110,000

 
110,000

Treasury shares, at cost (Series C Preferred Shares 2019 and 2018: 388,571)
 
(421,559
)
 
(421,559
)
Additional paid-in capital
 
1,836,778

 
1,804,664

Accumulated other comprehensive income
 
7,171

 
10,440

Retained earnings
 
2,887,892

 
1,976,539

Total Enstar Group Limited Shareholders’ Equity
 
4,842,183

 
3,901,933

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
$
6,196,053

 
$
4,892,813

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

263

SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT - CONTINUED

Statements of Earnings - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
INCOME
 
 
 
 
 
Net investment income
$
3,649

 
$
142

 
$
80

Other income
—

 
—

 
1,050

Dividend income from subsidiaries
—

 
—

 
249,055

 
3,649

 
142

 
250,185

EXPENSES
 
 
 
 
 
General and administrative expenses
44,964

 
68,977

 
87,596

Interest expense
51,508

 
27,353

 
23,138

Net foreign exchange losses (gains)
(21,516
)
 
7,655

 
6,135

 
74,956

 
103,985

 
116,869

EARNINGS (LOSSES) BEFORE EQUITY IN UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARIES
(71,307
)
 
(103,843
)
 
133,316

Equity in undistributed earnings (losses) of subsidiaries - continuing operations
1,009,396

 
(46,378
)
 
167,149

Equity in undistributed earnings (losses) of subsidiaries - discontinued operations
—

 
—

 
10,993

NET EARNINGS
938,089

 
(150,221
)
 
311,458

Dividends on preferred shares
(35,914
)
 
(12,133
)
 
—

NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS
$
902,175

 
$
(162,354
)
 
$
311,458

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Statements of Comprehensive Income - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
NET EARNINGS
$
938,089

 
$
(150,221
)
 
$
311,458

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) RELATING TO SUBSIDIARIES, NET OF TAX
(3,269
)
 
(27
)
 
34,016

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
$
934,820

 
$
(150,248
)
 
$
345,474

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

264

SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT - CONTINUED

Statements of Cash Flows - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities
$
(128,462
)
 
$
(128,382
)
 
$
97,898

INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends and return of capital from subsidiaries
65,500

 
101,000

 
217,450

Contributions to subsidiaries
(240,382
)
 
(660,339
)
 
(465,650
)
Net cash flows used in investing activities
(174,882
)
 
(559,339
)
 
(248,200
)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
Net proceeds from the issuance of preferred shares
—

 
495,357

 
—

Dividends on preferred shares
(35,914
)
 
(12,133
)
 
—

Repayment of loans
(219,000
)
 
(898,633
)
 
(696,640
)
Receipt of loans
547,613

 
1,115,885

 
844,516

Net cash flows provided by financing activities
292,699

 
700,476

 
147,876

NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
(10,645
)
 
12,755

 
(2,426
)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR
15,213

 
2,458

 
4,884

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR
$
4,568

 
$
15,213

 
$
2,458

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
The Condensed Financial Information of Registrant should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries are recorded based upon our proportionate share of our subsidiaries' net assets (similar to presenting them on the equity method).
Investing activities in the Condensed Statements of Cash Flows primarily represents the flow of funds to and from subsidiaries to provide cash on hand to fund acquisitions and significant new business. Net investment income relates to interest on loans to subsidiaries. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, interest paid was $46.5 million, $25.1 million, and $17.6 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, non-cash investing activities included $nil, $nil and $31.6 million, respectively, for dividends and return of capital from subsidiaries and $nil, $414.8 million and $148.1 million, respectively, for contributions to subsidiaries. In 2018, these transactions represented the contribution of the acquired outstanding shares and warrants of KaylaRe Holdings, Ltd to another subsidiary company. In 2017, these transactions were to settle intercompany balances, resulting in a net reduction in balances due from subsidiaries and an increase in investments in subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2019, parental guarantees and capital support instruments supporting subsidiaries' insurance obligations were $1,031.5 million. In addition, as of December 31, 2019 there were $252.0 million of unsecured letters of credit for Funds at Lloyd's which have a parental guarantee.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, retained earnings were $2,887.9 million and $1,976.5 million, respectively, an increase of $911.4 million. This increase was primarily attributable to the net earnings of $902.2 million.

265

SCHEDULE III
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
 
 
As of December 31,
 
Year ended December 31,
 
Deferred
Acquisition
Costs
 
Reserves
for Losses
and Loss
Adjustment
Expenses
 
Unearned
Premiums
 
Policy Benefits for Life and Annuity Contracts
 
Net
Premiums
Earned
 
Net
Investment
Income
 
Losses
and Loss
Expenses
and
Policy
Benefits
 
Amortization
of Deferred
Acquisition
Costs
 
Other Operating Expenses
 
Net
Premiums
Written
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-life run-off
$
41,753

 
$
8,295,361

 
$
129,715

 
$
—

 
$
168,496

 
$
275,236

 
$
51,625

 
$
73,642

 
$
270,445

 
$
(25,338
)
Atrium
22,184

 
231,672

 
80,863

 
—

 
164,059

 
7,049

 
77,276

 
56,956

 
28,277

 
172,356

StarStone
89,180

 
1,879,128

 
518,199

 
—

 
801,926

 
47,401

 
727,636

 
174,711

 
128,419

 
735,429

Other
388

 
23,077

 
17,998

 
—

 
20,380

 
(8,410
)
 
16,129

 
642

 
45,945

 
18,512

Total
$
153,505

 
$
10,429,238

 
$
746,775

 
$
—

 
$
1,154,861

 
$
321,276

 
$
872,666

 
$
305,951

 
$
473,086

 
$
900,959

2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-life run-off
$
4,378

 
$
7,540,662

 
$
136,023

 
$
—

 
$
9,427

 
$
226,287

 
$
(306,067
)
 
$
4,006

 
$
197,824

 
$
(9,217
)
Atrium
20,355

 
241,284

 
70,429

 
—

 
146,315

 
5,686

 
69,810

 
50,646

 
24,698

 
153,488

StarStone
96,004

 
1,608,697

 
619,164

 
—

 
714,959

 
35,973

 
673,383

 
135,452

 
156,726

 
805,562

Other
364

 
18,861

 
17,002

 
105,080

 
24,874

 
2,725

 
17,902

 
2,686

 
28,127

 
32,067

Total
$
121,101

 
$
9,409,504

 
$
842,618

 
$
105,080

 
$
895,575

 
$
270,671

 
$
455,028

 
$
192,790

 
$
407,375

 
$
981,900

2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-life run-off
$
655

 
$
5,949,472

 
$
14,275

 
$
—

 
$
14,162

 
$
166,678

 
$
(190,674
)
 
$
328

 
$
233,827

 
$
6,482

Atrium
18,385

 
240,873

 
64,877

 
—

 
134,747

 
4,218

 
69,419

 
47,688

 
29,586

 
134,214

StarStone
45,944

 
1,207,743

 
504,045

 
—

 
459,403

 
27,706

 
314,806

 
48,012

 
135,558

 
464,901

Other
—

 
—

 
—

 
117,207

 
4,809

 
10,187

 
4,015

 
878

 
37,014

 
4,793

Total
$
64,984

 
$
7,398,088

 
$
583,197

 
$
117,207

 
$
613,121

 
$
208,789

 
$
197,566

 
$
96,906

 
$
435,985

 
$
610,390




266

SCHEDULE IV
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
REINSURANCE
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
 
 
Gross
 
Ceded to
Other
Companies
 
Assumed
from
Other
Companies
 
Net Amount
 
Percentage
of Amount
Assumed
to Net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Life insurance in force
$
725,293

 
$
(65,795
)
 
$
—

 
$
659,498

 
—
%
Premiums earned:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property and casualty
1,146,956

 
(267,174
)
 
273,807

 
1,153,589

 
23.7
%
Life and annuities
1,295

 
(23
)
 
—

 
1,272

 
—
%
Total premiums earned
$
1,148,251

 
$
(267,197
)
 
$
273,807

 
$
1,154,861

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Life insurance in force
$
855,366

 
$
(84,603
)
 
$
—

 
$
770,763

 
—
%
Premiums earned:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property and casualty
985,637

 
(330,110
)
 
236,182

 
891,709

 
26.5
%
Life and annuities
3,892

 
(26
)
 
—

 
3,866

 
—
%
Total premiums earned
$
989,529

 
$
(330,136
)
 
$
236,182

 
$
895,575

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Life insurance in force
$
979,291

 
$
(100,189
)
 
$
—

 
$
879,102

 
—
%
Premiums earned:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property and casualty
899,226

 
(433,075
)
 
142,161

 
608,312

 
23.4
%
Life and annuities
5,900

 
(1,091
)
 
—

 
4,809

 
—
%
Total premiums earned
$
905,126

 
$
(434,166
)
 
$
142,161

 
$
613,121

 
 



267

SCHEDULE V
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
 
 
Balance at Beginning of Year
 
Charged to costs and expenses
 
Charged to other
accounts 
 
Deductions (1)
 
Balance at End of Year
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provisions for bad debt
156,732

 
—

 
111

 
(9,204
)
 
147,639

Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
212,113

 
2,792

 
—

 
(97,515
)
 
117,390

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provisions for bad debt
165,213

 
—

 
(1,837
)
 
(6,644
)
 
156,732

Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
188,300

 
(2,492
)
 
18,000

 
8,305

 
212,113

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance balances recoverable on paid and unpaid losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provisions for bad debt
174,516

 
(1,536
)
 
(4,191
)
 
(3,576
)
 
165,213

Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
290,861

 
(16,694
)
 
—

 
(85,867
)
 
188,300

(1) 
Credited to the related asset account.

268

SCHEDULE VI
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
 
 
 
As of December 31,
 
Year ended December 31,
 Affiliation with Registrant
 
Deferred Acquisition Costs
 
Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
 
Unearned
Premiums
 
Net Premiums Earned
 
Net Investment Income
 
Net Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred
 
Net Paid Losses and Loss Expenses
 
Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs
 
Net Premiums Written
Current Year
 
Prior Year
 
Consolidated Subsidiaries
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
$
153,505

 
$
10,429,238

 
$
746,775

 
$
1,153,589

 
$
320,780

 
$
823,658

 
$
48,917

 
$
(1,869,268
)
 
$
305,774

 
$
899,687

2018
 
121,101

 
9,409,504

 
842,618

 
891,708

 
269,093

 
689,782

 
(235,757
)
 
(1,384,545
)
 
192,790

 
978,037

2017
 
64,984

 
7,398,088

 
583,197

 
608,312

 
198,602

 
437,853

 
(244,302
)
 
(945,194
)
 
96,028

 
605,597



269

ITEM 9.     CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2019. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that we maintained effective disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and timely reported as specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Management does not expect that its internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, has inherent limitations, and accordingly no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. As a result, even those internal control systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that evaluation, we have concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019.
Management excluded Morse TEC, acquired on October 30, 2019, from its evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting as permitted under Securities and Exchange Commission guidance. The results of Morse TEC since the acquisition date are included in our consolidated financial statements. Morse TEC constituted approximately 3.5%, 0.0% and 0.0% of total assets, net assets and total income, respectively, as of and for the year ended, December 31, 2019. See Note 3 - "Acquisitions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of this acquisition. We are in the process of incorporating our controls and procedures into this acquisition.
KPMG Audit Limited, the independent registered public accounting firm who audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K, audited our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 and their attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting appears below.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


270

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Enstar Group Limited:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019,and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to VI (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 27, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
The Company acquired Morse TEC on October 30, 2019, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, Morse TEC’s internal control over financial reporting associated with total assets, net assets and total income acquired of 3.5%, 0.0% and 0.0% of total assets, net assets and total income, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Morse TEC.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Form 10-K as “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” under Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG Audit Limited
KPMG Audit Limited
Hamilton, Bermuda
February 27, 2020

271

PART II (CONTINUED)
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
All information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement for our 2020 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 pursuant to Regulation 14A.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
See Item 10 herein.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
See Item 10 herein.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
See Item 10 herein.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
See Item 10 herein.
PART IV
 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)
Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules: see Item 8 in Part II of this report.
(b)
Exhibits: see accompanying exhibit index that precedes the signature page of this report.
 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Omitted at Company's option.

272

Exhibit Index
Exhibit
No.
  
Description
 
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated February 17, 2017, by and between Southland National Holdings, Inc. and Laguna Life Holdings SARL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2017).
 
 
 
 
Amendment No. 1 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated June 1, 2017, by and between Southland National Holdings, Inc. and Laguna Life Holdings SARL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2017).
 
 
 
 
Amendment No. 2 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated July 31, 2017, by and between Southland National Holdings, Inc. and Laguna Life Holdings SARL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2017).
 
 
 
 
Amendment No. 3 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated December 15, 2017, by and between Southland National Holdings, Inc. and Laguna Life Holdings SARL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.14 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2018).
 
 
 
 
Master Transaction Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2018, by and among Enstar Group Limited, Enstar Holdings (US) LLC and Maiden Holdings North America, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018).
 
 
 
  
Memorandum of Association of Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K/A filed on May 2, 2011).
 
 
 
  
Fifth Amended and Restated Bye-Laws of Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 13, 2019).
 
 
 
  
Certificate of Designations for the Series B Convertible Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on July 9, 2013).
 
 
 
 
Certificate of Designations of Series C Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock of Enstar Group Limited, dated as of June 13, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2016).
 
 
 
 
Certificate of Designations of Series D Perpetual Non-Cumulative Preferred Shares of Enstar Group Limited, dated as of June 27, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 27, 2018).
 
 
 
 
Certificate of Designations of Series E Perpetual Non-Cumulative Preferred Shares of Enstar Group Limited, dated as of November 21, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2018).
 
Senior Indenture, dated as of March 10, 2017, between Enstar Group Limited and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2017).
 
 
 
 
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 10, 2017, between Enstar Group Limited and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2017).
 
 
 
 
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2019, between Enstar Group Limited and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on March 26, 2019).
 
 
 
 
Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 28, 2019, between Enstar Group Limited and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 28, 2019).
 
 
 
 
Deposit Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2018, between Enstar Group Limited and American Stock Transfer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 27, 2018).
 
 
 
 
Deposit Agreement, dated as of November 21, 2018, between Enstar Group Limited and American Stock Transfer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2018).
 
 
 
 
Description of Securities.
 
 
 

273

  
Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2011).
 
 
 
  
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2007, by and among Castlewood Holdings Limited, Trident II, L.P., Marsh & McLennan Capital Professionals Fund, L.P., Marsh & McLennan Employees’ Securities Company, L.P., Dominic F. Silvester, J. Christopher Flowers, and other parties thereto set forth on the Schedule of Shareholders attached thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K12B filed on January 31, 2007).
 
 
 
  
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2011, by and among Enstar Group Limited, GSCP VI AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Offshore Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Parallel AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Employee Navi, Ltd., and GSCP VI GmbH Navi, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2011).
 
 
 
  
Registration Rights Agreement, dated April 1, 2014, among Enstar Group Limited, FR XI Offshore AIV, L.P., First Reserve Fund XII, L.P., FR XII A Parallel Vehicle L.P., FR Torus Co-Investment, L.P. and Corsair Specialty Investors, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2014).
 
 
 
 
Form of Waiver Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Company's Form S-3 filed on October 10, 2017).
 
 
 
 
Shareholder Rights Agreement, dated June 3, 2015, between Enstar Group Limited and Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2015.
 
 
 
  
Form of Director Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form S-3 (No. 333-151461) initially filed on June 5, 2008).
 
 
 
 
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of January 21, 2020, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Dominic F. Silvester (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2020).
 
 
 
  
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of January 21, 2020, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Paul J. O’Shea (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2020).
 
 
 
 
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated January 21, 2020, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Orla M. Gregory (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2020).
 
 
 
 
Employment Agreement, dated December 28, 2017, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Guy T.A. Bowker (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 4, 2018).
 
 
 
 
Employment Agreement, dated January 8, 2018, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Paul M.J. Brockman(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2019).
 
 
 
 
Employment Agreement, dated September 9, 2016, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Nazar Alobaidat.
 
 
 
  
Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors, effective as of June 5, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 11, 2007).
 
 
 
  
Amended and Restated Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors, effective as of January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2015).
 
 
 
  
Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2015).
 
 
 
  
Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the proxy statement/prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s Form S-4 declared effective December 15, 2006).
 
 
 
 
First Amendment to Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2007).
 
 
 
  
Form of Award Agreement under the Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2007).
 
 
 

274

  
Form of Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement pursuant to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2014).
 
 
 
  
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement pursuant to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2014).
 
 
 
 
Enstar Group Limited Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 2, 2019).
 
 
 
 
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2016).
 
 
 
 
Form of Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2016).
 
 
 
 
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2016).
 
 
 
 
Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2016).
 
 
 
 
Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (2018) under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2017).
 
 
 
 
Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (3-Year Cycle) (2020) under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2020).
 
 
 
 
Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (Annual Cycle) (2020) under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan.
 
 
 
 
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (2020) under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan.
 
 
 
 
Joint Share Ownership Agreement, dated January 21, 2020, by and among Enstar Group Limited, Dominic F. Silvester and Zedra Trust Company, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2020).
 
 
 
  
Enstar Group Limited Amended and Restated Employee Share Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2016).
 
 
 
 
Amended and Restated Enstar Group Limited 2019-2021 Annual Incentive Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2019).
 
 
 
  
Amended and Restated Bayshore Shareholders’ Agreement, dated May 8, 2014, among Bayshore Holdings Limited, Kenmare Holdings Ltd., Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P., Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P., and Dowling Capital Partners I, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2014).
 
 
 
 
Voting and Shareholders’ Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2015, among North Bay Holdings Limited, Kenmare Holdings Ltd., Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P., Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P., Dowling Capital Partners I, L.P., Atrium Nominees Limited, Bayshore Holdings Limited, Northshore Holdings Limited and Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 30, 2015).
 
 
 
 
Second Amended and Restated Northshore Shareholders’ Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2015, among Northshore Holdings Limited, North Bay Holdings Limited and Atrium Nominees Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 30, 2015).
 
 
 
 
Exchange Agreement, dated as of February 2, 2018, by and among Enstar Group Limited, KaylaRe Holdings, Ltd., HH KaylaRe Holdings, Ltd., Hillhouse Fund III, L.P., Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P, Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P., Souris Partners and Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on February 8, 2018).
 
 
 
 
Master Agreement, dated March 1, 2019, by and among Enstar Group Limited, Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2019).
 
Amendment to Master Agreement, dated June 28, 2019, by and among Enstar Group Limited, Maiden Holdings, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2019).

275

 
 
 
 
Subscription Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2018, by and between Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited and Enhanzed Reinsurance Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2019).
 
 
 
 
Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of August 16, 2018, by and among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited, Barclays Bank PLC, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and each of the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 21, 2018).
 
 
 
 
First Amendment to Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of December 19, 2018, by and among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited, Barclays Bank PLC, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and each of the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2019).
 
 
 
 
Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of December 27, 2018, by and among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its subsidiaries, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association and each of the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 2, 2019).
 
 
 
 
Letter of Credit Facility Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2019, by and among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited, London Branch, The Bank of Nova Scotia and each of the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 7, 2019).
 
 
 
 
First Amendment to Letter of Credit Facility Agreement, dated as of December 9, 2019, by and among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited, London Branch, The Bank of Nova Scotia and each of the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2019).
 
 
 
  
List of Subsidiaries.
 
 
 
  
Consent of KPMG Audit Limited.
 
 
 
  
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 
  
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 
  
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 
  
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 
101*
  
Inline XBRL Document Set for the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 
 
 
104*
 
The cover page from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, formatted as Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101).
_______________________________
*     filed herewith
** furnished herewith
+     denotes management contract or compensatory arrangement
s    certain of the schedules and similar attachments are not filed but Enstar Group Limited undertakes to furnish
a copy of the schedules or similar attachments to the SEC upon request

276

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 27, 2020.
 
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
 
 
By:
/S/ DOMINIC F. SILVESTER
 
Dominic F. Silvester
Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 27, 2020.
 
 
 
Signature
  
Title
 
 
/s/    ROBERT J. CAMPBELL
Robert J. Campbell
  
Chairman and Director
 
 
/s/    DOMINIC F. SILVESTER
Dominic F. Silvester
  
Chief Executive Officer and Director
 
 
/s/    GUY BOWKER
Guy Bowker
  
Chief Financial Officer (signing in his capacity as principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)
 
 
 
/s/    PAUL J. O’SHEA
Paul J. O’Shea
  
President and Director
 
 
/s/    B. FREDERICK BECKER
B. Frederick Becker
  
Director
 
 
 
/s/    SANDRA L. BOSS
Sandra L. Boss
  
Director
 
 
 
/s/    JAMES D. CAREY
James D. Carey
  
Director
 
 
/s/    HANS-PETER GERHARDT
Hans-Peter Gerhardt
  
Director
 
 
/s/    MYRON HENDRY
Myron Hendry
  
Director
 
 
 
/s/    JIE LIU
Jie Liu
  
Director
 
 
 
/s/    HITESH PATEL
Hitesh Patel
  
Director
 
 
 
/s/    POUL A. WINSLOW
Poul A. Winslow
  
Director

277
Exhibit


Exhibit 4.7

ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

The following description sets forth certain material terms and provisions of our securities that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). This description also summarizes certain provisions of our Memorandum of Association (the “Memorandum”) and Fifth Amended and Restated Bye-Laws (the “Bye-Laws”), and the applicable Certificate of Designation for our Series D Preferred Shares and Series E Preferred Shares.
The description of our securities set forth below is a summary and does not purport to be complete. For complete information regarding the provisions of the documents that govern our securities, you should refer to the Memorandum and Bye-Laws and the applicable certificates of designation. Copies of these governing documents are incorporated by reference as exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.7 is a part. References to “we,” “us” or “our” mean Enstar Group Limited, excluding, unless otherwise expressly stated or the context requires, our subsidiaries.
Ordinary Shares
Voting Ordinary Shares
We are authorized to issue up to an aggregate of 90,000,000 ordinary shares, par value $1.00 per share ("Voting Ordinary Shares"). Our Voting Ordinary Shares are listed and trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "ESGR." Each Voting Ordinary Share entitles the holder thereof to one vote. We are also authorized to issue up to an aggregate of 21,000,000 non-voting convertible ordinary shares, par value $1.00 per share (“Non-Voting Ordinary Shares”). Our Non-Voting Ordinary Shares are not registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act, and therefore a discussion of our Non-Voting Ordinary Shares is not included in this Exhibit 4.7. For information regarding these shares, you should refer to the Memorandum and Bye-Laws.
Holders of our Voting Ordinary Shares have no preemptive, redemption, conversion or sinking fund rights. Subject to the limitation on voting rights described below, holders of our Voting Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders.
Most matters to be approved by our shareholders require approval by a simple majority vote. Under the Bermuda Companies Act, 1981 (the "Companies Act"), the holders of at least 75% of our shares voting in person or by proxy at a meeting (including non-voting shares) generally must approve an amalgamation or merger with another company. In addition, the Companies Act provides that a resolution to remove our auditor before the expiration of its term of office must be approved by at least two-thirds of the votes cast at a meeting of our shareholders. The quorum for any meeting of our shareholders is two or more persons present in person throughout the meeting and representing in person or by proxy in excess of 50% of our total issued voting shares.
Our board of directors has the power to approve our discontinuation from Bermuda to another jurisdiction. In accordance with the Companies Act, the rights attached to any class of shares (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) may, whether or not we are being wound-up, be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of 75% of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a resolution passed by a majority of the votes cast at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of the class, at which meeting the necessary quorum shall be two persons at least holding or representing by proxy one-third of the issued shares of the class.
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of our Voting Ordinary Shares are entitled to share equally and ratably on a pari passu basis with our Non-Voting Ordinary Shares and any participating shares in the surplus of our assets, if any, remaining after the payment of all its debts and liabilities and the liquidation preference of any outstanding Preferred Shares. Holders of Voting Ordinary Shares are entitled to such dividends as our board of directors may from time to time declare on a pari passu basis with the Non-Voting Ordinary Shares.
Our transfer agent for our ordinary shares is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company.





Preferred Shares
We are authorized to issue up to an aggregate of 45,000,000 preferred shares, par value $1.00 per share ("Preferred Shares"). The following descriptions of our Series D Preferred Shares and Series E Preferred Shares, as defined below, are qualified in their entirety by reference to the applicable Certificate of Designations, as noted above, which are incorporated by reference as exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit 4.7 is a part.
Series D Preferred Shares
There are 16,000,000 depositary shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest in a share of our 7.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Perpetual Non-Cumulative Preferred Shares, Series D, $1.00 par value (the "Series D Preferred Shares") outstanding. The 16,000,000 depositary shares representing the Series D Preferred Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ESGRP.” The Series D Preferred Shares have a $25,000 liquidation preference per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share) and are fully paid and nonassessable within the meaning of applicable Bermuda law.
Dividends
Holders of the Series D Preferred Shares are entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared by our board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof, non-cumulative cash dividends from and including the original issue date, quarterly in arrears in an amount per share equal to 7.00% of the liquidation preference per annum (equivalent to $1,750.00 per Series D Preferred Share and $1.75 per depositary share per annum) up to but excluding September 1, 2028. Commencing on September 1, 2028, which is the commencement date of the ‘‘floating rate period,’’ dividends on the Series D Preferred Shares will be payable, on a non-cumulative basis, when, as and if declared by our board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof, at a floating annual rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 4.015% of the liquidation preference per annum. The floating dividend rate will be reset quarterly. Dividends that are not declared do not accumulate and are not be payable.
Optional Redemption
The Series D Preferred Shares are redeemable at our option as follows:
•
on and after September 1, 2028, we have the option to redeem the Series D Preferred Shares, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per Series D Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share);
•
we have the option to redeem all (but not less than all) of the Series D Preferred Shares, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) $25,000 per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share) or (ii) the sum of the present value of $25,000 per Series D Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share) and the present value of all undeclared dividends for the dividend periods from the redemption date to and including the September 1, 2028 dividend payment date, in each case, discounted to the redemption date on a quarterly basis (assuming a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months) at the Treasury Rate (as defined herein) plus 65 basis points, if we submit to our holders of ordinary shares a proposal for an amalgamation, consolidation, merger, scheme of arrangement, reconstruction, reincorporation, de-registration or any other similar transaction involving us that requires, or we submit any proposal for any other matter that (as a result of any change in Bermuda law after the date of this prospectus supplement, whether by enactment or official interpretation) requires, in either case, a vote of the holders of the Series D Preferred Shares at the time outstanding, voting as a single class (alone or with one or more other classes or series of preferred shares); provided, that no redemption may occur prior to September 1, 2028 unless (i) we have sufficient funds in order to meet the individual and group Enhanced Capital Requirements (as defined in the Bermuda capital adequacy regulations) under the BMA’s capital adequacy regulations (the “ECR”) and the BMA (or its successor, if any) approves of the redemption or (ii) we replace the capital represented by the Series D Preferred Shares with capital having equal or better treatment as the Series D Preferred Shares under the ECR (the conditions described in clauses (i) and (ii) above, the “Redemption Requirements”);
•
we will have the option to redeem all (but not less than all) of the Series D Preferred Shares, at a redemption price of $25,000 per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share), if as a result of a “change in tax law” (as defined herein) there is, in our reasonable determination, a substantial probability that we or any successor company would become obligated to pay any additional amounts on the next succeeding dividend payment date with respect to the Series D Preferred Shares and the payment of those additional amounts cannot be avoided by the use of any reasonable measures available to us or any successor company (a “tax




event”); provided that no redemption may occur prior to September 1, 2028 unless one of the Redemption Requirements is met;
•
we will have the option to redeem the Series D Preferred Shares, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price of $25,000 per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share), at any time within 90 days following the occurrence of the date on which we have reasonably determined a “capital disqualification event” (as defined herein) has occurred as a result of any amendment or proposed amendment to, or change or proposed change in, the laws or regulations of Bermuda that is enacted or becomes effective after the initial issuance of the Series D Preferred Shares or any official administrative decision or judicial decision or administrative action or other official pronouncement interpreting or applying those laws or regulations that is announced after the initial issuance of the Series D Preferred Shares; provided that no redemption may occur prior to September 1, 2028 unless one of the Redemption Requirements is met; and
•
we will have the option to redeem all (but not less than all) of the Series D Preferred Shares, at a redemption price of $25,500 per share (equivalent to $25.50 per depositary share) within 90 days of the occurrence of a “rating agency event” (as defined herein); provided that no redemption may occur prior to September 1, 2028 unless one of the Redemption Requirements is met.
Any such redemption requires us to provide not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ prior written notice. Upon any such redemption, the redemption price will also include declared and unpaid dividends, if any, without interest on such unpaid dividends. Under Bermuda law, no redemption of the Series D Preferred Shares may be effected if, on the date that the redemption is to be effected, we have reasonable grounds for believing that: (i) we are, or after the redemption would be, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due; (ii) the realizable value of our assets would thereby be less than our liabilities; or (iii) we are or would after such redemption be in breach of our ECR or eligible capital requirements contained within the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda (the “Insurance Act”) and applicable rules and regulations thereunder as may from time to time be issued by the BMA (or any successor agency or then-applicable regulatory authority) pursuant to the terms of the Insurance Act, or any successor legislation.
Substitution or Variation
In lieu of redemption, upon or following a “tax event” or “capital disqualification event,” we may, without the consent of any holders of the Series D Preferred Shares vary the terms of, or exchange for new securities, the Series D Preferred Shares to eliminate the substantial probability that we would be required to pay additional amounts with respect to the Series D Preferred Shares as a result of a change in tax law or to maintain compliance with certain capital adequacy regulations applicable to us, as the case may be. In either case, the terms of the varied securities or new securities, considered in the aggregate, cannot be less favorable to holders than the terms of the Series D Preferred Shares prior to being varied or exchanged, and no such variation of terms or securities in exchange shall change certain specified terms of the Series D Preferred Shares.
Liquidation
Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Enstar Group Limited, holders of the Series D Preferred Shares are entitled to receive out of our assets available for distribution to shareholders, before any distribution is made to holders of our ordinary shares or other junior shares, a liquidating distribution in the amount of $25,000 per Series D Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share) plus declared and unpaid dividends, if any, to the date fixed for distribution, without interest on such unpaid dividends. Distributions will be made pro rata in accordance with the respective aggregate liquidation preferences of the Series D Preferred Shares and any parity shares and only to the extent of our assets, if any, that are available after satisfaction of all liabilities to creditors.
Voting Rights
Holders of the Series D Preferred Shares will have no voting rights, except with respect to certain fundamental changes in the terms of the Series D Preferred Shares and in the case of certain dividend non-payments or as otherwise required by Bermuda law or our Bye-Laws.
Series E Preferred Shares
There are 4,400,000 depositary shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest in a share of our 7.00% Perpetual Non-Cumulative Series E Preferred Shares, Series E, $1.00 par value (the "Series E Preferred Shares") outstanding. The 4,400,000 depositary shares representing the Series E Preferred Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ESGRO.” The Series D Preferred Shares have a $25,000 liquidation preference




per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share) and are fully paid and nonassessable within the meaning of applicable Bermuda law.
Dividends
Holders of Series E Preferred Shares are entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared by our board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof, non-cumulative cash dividends from and including the original issue date, quarterly in arrears in an amount per share equal to 7.00% of the liquidation preference per annum (equivalent to $1,750.00 per Series E Preferred Share and $1.75 per depositary share per annum). Dividends that are not declared will not accumulate and will not be payable.
Optional Redemption
The Series E Preferred Shares are redeemable at our option as follows:
•
on and after March 1, 2024, we will have the option to redeem the Series E Preferred Shares, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per Series E Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share);
•
we will have the option to redeem all (but not less than all) of the Series E Preferred Shares, at a redemption price of $26,000 per share (equivalent to $26.00 per depositary share), if we submit to our holders of ordinary shares a proposal for an amalgamation, consolidation, merger, scheme of arrangement, reconstruction, reincorporation, de-registration or any other similar transaction involving us that requires, or we submit any proposal for any other matter that (as a result of any change in Bermuda law after the date of this prospectus supplement, whether by enactment or official interpretation) requires, in either case, a vote of the holders of the Series E Preferred Shares at the time outstanding, voting as a single class (alone or with one or more other classes or series of preference shares); provided, that no redemption may occur prior to March 1, 2024 unless (i) we have sufficient funds in order to meet the individual and group Enhanced Capital Requirements (as defined in the Bermuda capital adequacy regulations) under the BMA’s capital adequacy regulations (the “ECR”) and the BMA (or its successor, if any) approves of the redemption or (ii) we replace the capital represented by the Series E Preferred Shares with capital having equal or better treatment as the Series E Preferred Shares under the ECR (the conditions described in clauses (i) and (ii) above, the “Redemption Requirements”);
•
we will have the option to redeem all (but not less than all) of the Series E Preferred Shares, at a redemption price of $25,000 per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share), if as a result of a “change in tax law” (as defined herein) there is, in our reasonable determination, a substantial probability that we or any successor company would become obligated to pay any additional amounts on the next succeeding dividend payment date with respect to the Series E Preferred Shares and the payment of those additional amounts cannot be avoided by the use of any reasonable measures available to us or any successor company (a “tax event”); provided that no redemption may occur prior to March 1, 2024 unless one of the Redemption Requirements is met;
•
we will have the option to redeem the Series E Preferred Shares, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price of $25,000 per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share), at any time within 90 days following the occurrence of the date on which we have reasonably determined a “capital disqualification event” (as defined herein) has occurred as a result of any amendment or proposed amendment to, or change or proposed change in, the laws or regulations of Bermuda that is enacted or becomes effective after the initial issuance of the Series E Preferred Shares or any official administrative decision or judicial decision or administrative action or other official pronouncement interpreting or applying those laws or regulations that is announced after the initial issuance of the Series E Preferred Shares; provided that no redemption may occur prior to March 1, 2024 unless one of the Redemption Requirements is met; and
•
we will have the option to redeem all (but not less than all) of the Series E Preferred Shares, at a redemption price of $25,500 per share (equivalent to $25.50 per depositary share) within 90 days of the occurrence of a “rating agency event” (as defined herein); provided that no redemption may occur prior to March 1, 2024 unless one of the Redemption Requirements is met.
Any such redemption requires us to provide not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ prior written notice. Upon any such redemption, the redemption price will also include declared and unpaid dividends, if any, without interest on such unpaid dividends.Under Bermuda law, no redemption of the Series E Preferred Shares may be effected if, on the date that the redemption is to be effected, we have reasonable grounds for believing that: (i) we are, or after the




redemption would be, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due; (ii) the realizable value of our assets would thereby be less than our liabilities; or (iii) we are or would after such redemption be in breach of our ECR or eligible capital requirements contained within the Insurance Act and applicable rules and regulations thereunder as may from time to time be issued by the BMA (or any successor agency or then-applicable regulatory authority) pursuant to the terms of the Insurance Act, or any successor legislation.
Substitution or Variation
In lieu of redemption, upon or following a “tax event” or “capital disqualification event,” we may, without the consent of any holders of the Series E Preferred Shares vary the terms of, or exchange for new securities, the Series E Preferred Shares to eliminate the substantial probability that we would be required to pay additional amounts with respect to the Series E Preferred Shares as a result of a change in tax law or to maintain compliance with certain capital adequacy regulations applicable to us, as the case may be. In either case, the terms of the varied securities or new securities, considered in the aggregate, cannot be less favorable to holders than the terms of the Series E Preferred Shares prior to being varied or exchanged, and no such variation of terms or securities in exchange shall change certain specified terms of the Series E Preferred Shares.
Liquidation
Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Enstar Group Limited, holders of the Series E Preferred Shares are entitled to receive out of our assets available for distribution to shareholders, before any distribution is made to holders of our ordinary shares or other junior shares, a liquidating distribution in the amount of $25,000 per Series E Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share) plus declared and unpaid dividends, if any, to the date fixed for distribution, without interest on such unpaid dividends. Distributions will be made pro rata in accordance with the respective aggregate liquidation preferences of the Series E Preferred Shares and any parity shares and only to the extent of our assets, if any, that are available after satisfaction of all liabilities to creditors.
Voting Rights
Holders of the Preference Shares will have no voting rights, except with respect to certain fundamental changes in the terms of the Preference Shares and in the case of certain dividend non-payments or as otherwise required by Bermuda law or our bye-laws.


Exhibit


Exhibit 10.13

EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

THIS EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT ("Agreement") is made by and between ENSTAR (US) INC., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), and NAZAR ALOBAIDAT ("Employee"). The Company is a subsidiary of Enstar Group Limited (collectively, with its subsidiaries, “Enstar”). This Agreement is effective as of September 9, 2016 (“Effective Date”).

1.Employment Period. Subject to the satisfactory completion of background and reference checks and proof of legal work authorization, the Company agrees to employ Employee, and Employee hereby agrees to accept such employment, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, for the period commencing on September 23, 2016 (the “Start Date”) and ending on the date that Employee’s employment with the Company terminates (“Termination Date”) pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement (“Employment Period”).

2.Terms of Employment.

(a)Position and Duties. During the Employment Period, Employee shall serve as Enstar’s Chief Investment Officer, with such duties, authority and responsibilities as are commensurate with such position and assigned by the Company. During the Employment Period, Employee shall faithfully perform all of the duties and responsibilities for the position and shall devote his best efforts and full time and attention to the business of Enstar (except for vacation periods and reasonable periods of absence for illness or incapacity as not prohibited by the Company’s general employment policies and the terms of this Agreement). Employee shall directly report to the Enstar Chief Executive Officer, who shall have authority to change such reporting line in his discretion. The Employee will be based in the Company’s offices in Jersey City, New Jersey, although it is understood that Employee may be required to visit other offices and locations from time to time and that Employee’s position will require travel. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Employee may devote reasonable time to personal and professional activities, including without limitation participation in committees, professional associations, and board memberships, in each case so long as such activities are in accordance with the Code of Conduct and approved in writing by Enstar’s Chief Executive Officer.

(b)Compensation.

(i)    Base Salary. During the Employment Period, Employee shall receive a base salary ("Base Salary"), initially at an annualized rate of Four Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($450,000), payable in accordance with the Company's standard payroll practices (currently, semi-monthly on the 15th and last day of the month) and subject to statutory payroll deductions and withholdings. Employee acknowledges that he is an exempt employee and, accordingly, that he is not entitled to overtime pay regardless of the number of hours required to complete his duties hereunder. The Base Salary of Employee will be reviewed from time to time in accordance with the established procedures of the Company for adjusting salaries for similarly situated employees and may be increased in the sole discretion of the Company. The Company’s annual salary review is conducted on April 1 of each year. Employee will first be eligible for a merit increase in 2018.

(ii)    Discretionary Bonus Plan. For the period of Employee's employment, Employee will be eligible to participate In the Enstar annual discretionary performance bonus program established by Enstar from time to time. Currently, the Discretionary Bonus Plan is based upon Employee's performance and the profitability of Enstar. Payment of a bonus, if any, is not a wage and is not earned or accrued or payable until the date that it is actually tendered to Employee. If awarded, any bonus shall be payable at such time as the Company pays annual bonuses generally to its employees, but in no event later than April 30 following the end of each year; provided, however, that the payment of any bonus Is conditioned upon Employee being actually employed by the Company on the date bonuses are paid to the Company's employees that year.

(A)For the performance period beginning on Employee's Start Date and ending on December 31, 2016, Employee will receive a bonus of no less than One Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($150,000), provided that Employee has not either been terminated for Cause or resigned prior to the date bonuses are paid to the Company's employees that year.


1


(B)For performance year periods beginning on January 1, 2017, Employee’s target bonus is 100% of Base Salary.

(iii)    Employee Benefit Plans. During the Employment Period, Employee shall be eligible to participate in the Company’s group health and welfare insurance programs beginning on the first of the month coinciding with or following the Start Date. These benefits are subject to change, with advance notice to Employee as required by law, in the Company’s discretion.

(iv)    401(k) Plan. Employee shall be eligible to participate in the Company's 401(k) plan (subject to plan eligibility requirements), as such plan is amended from time to time in the Company's discretion. If Employee elects to participate in the Company's 401(k) plan, and such plan provides for employee matching contributions during his participation, the Company will make matching contributions, in accordance with the terms of the Company's plan. As of the date of this Agreement, the Company's plan provides for it to provide a matching contribution to Employee’s account in an amount equal to 100% of the first 6% of Employee's eligible compensation per payroll, contributed to the 401(k) plan as pre-tax contributions, and that Employee will be 100% vested in Employee's own pre-tax contributions and Employer's matching contributions when made. These terms are subject to change in the future, in the Company's discretion. Enrollment elections will become effective as soon as administratively feasible.

(v)    Paid Time Off. Employee shall be entitled to twenty-five (25) business days of paid time off ("PTO") per year in accordance with the Company's PTO policy. Employee's PTO allowance for 2016 will be pro-rated based on his Start Date. PTO must he scheduled and taken in accordance with the Company's PTO policy, as may be amended from time to time.

(vi)    Expenses. The Company shall reimburse Employee for reasonable business expenses incurred in the performance of his duties in accordance with Enstar’s expense reimbursement guidelines, as may be amended from time to time.

(vii)    Deductions and Withholding. The Company shall deduct and withhold from any salary or benefits or other compensation payable to Employee all federal, state, local, and other taxes and all other amounts as required by applicable law, rule or regulation.

(c)Policies and Procedures. The employment relationship between the parties shall be governed by the general employment practices, policies, and procedures of the Company, and Employee agrees to comply with all of Enstar’s practices, policies, and procedures in effect from time to time.

3.Other Activities.

(a)Activities. During the Employment Period, Employee shall not, without the prior written consent of the Company in its sole discretion as signed by a duly authorized officer of the Company, (I) accept or engage in any employment other than with Enstar, (ii) solicit the business of any client or customer of Enstar other than on behalf of Enstar, and/or (iii) engage, directly or indirectly, in any other business activity (whether or not pursued for pecuniary advantage) that does or may be expected to interfere with the obligations of Employee under this Agreement or that might create a conflict of interest with Enstar.

(b)No Conflict. Employee represents and warrants that his execution of this Agreement, his employment with the Company, and the performance of his duties under this Agreement will not violate any obligations he may have to any former employer or other person or entity, including any obligations with respect to proprietary or confidential information of any such employer or other person or entity or with respect to non-competition. By signing this Agreement, Employee confirms that he has not used or disclosed and that he will not use or disclose, for any purpose whatsoever, any confidential, proprietary, or trade secret information belonging to any former employer or other person or entity.

4.Confidentiality Agreement and Intellectual Property. Employee agrees to sign, at the commencement of the Employment Period, the Company’s standard confidentiality agreement. Employee agrees to cooperate fully with Enstar, both during and after his employment with the Company, with respect to the procurement, maintenance, and enforcement of intellectual property rights in Enstar-related developments. Employee agrees to sign, both during and after the Employment Period, all papers, including without limitation copyright applications, patent

2


applications, declarations, oaths, assignments of priority rights, and powers of attorney, which Enstar may deem necessary or desirable in order to protect its rights and interests in any Enstar-related development. If the Company is unable, after reasonable effort, to secure Employee's signature on any such papers, Employee hereby irrevocably designates and appoints each officer of the Company as his agent and attorney-in­fact to execute any such papers on his behalf, and to take any and all actions as the Company may deem necessary or desirable in order to protect its rights and interests in any Company-related development. Employee hereby waives and irrevocably quitclaims to the Company or its designee any and all claims, of any nature whatsoever, which he now or hereafter has for infringement of any and all proprietary rights assigned to the Company or such designee.

5.At-Will Employment; Termination Without Cause by Company.

(a)At-Will Employment. The employment of employee shall be at-will at all times hereunder, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary contained in or arising from any statements, policies, or practices of the Company relating to the employment, discipline, or termination of its employees. This at-will employment relationship cannot be changed except in writing signed by Employee and a duly authorized officer of the company other than Employee.

(b)Termination without Cause. The Company may unilaterally terminate the employment of Employee at any time without Cause as defined in paragraph 7 below upon thirty (30) days' advance written notice. If Employee's employment is terminated by the Company without Cause, then upon Employee's signing (and non-revocation) of a separation agreement containing a plenary release of claims in a form acceptable to the Company, Employee shall be entitled to receive, In addition to all earned compensation through his Termination Date, salary continuation at his then-current Base Salary for the greater of: (I) three (3) months after the Termination Date or (ii) the number of pay periods required by the Employer's Severance Pay Plan, provided, however, that all salary continuation not yet paid by March 15 of the calendar year following the Termination Date shall be paid in a lump sum on such March 15 or the first business day prior thereto.

6.Termination by Employee. Employee also may terminate his employment with the Company at any time for any reason or no reason by providing ninety (90) days' advance written notice to the Company ("Notice Period"). During such Notice Period, Employee shall continue to diligently perform all of his duties hereunder. The Company shall have the option, in its sole discretion, to make Employee's termination effective at any time prior to the end of such Notice Period as long as the Company pays Employee all compensation to which Employee ls entitled up through the last day of the Notice Period.

7.Other Terminations of Employment.

(a)Termination for Cause. The Company may immediately terminate the employment of Employee for Cause upon the occurrence of any of the following events (each a “Cause”):

(i)Conviction or plea to a felony or a crime involving fraud, misrepresentation, or misconduct;

(ii)Indictment for a felony or a crime involving fraud, misrepresentation, or misconduct; provided, however, that in the event Employee is subsequently acquitted of such crime or the indictment is subsequently dismissed, Employee shall be entitled to all severance benefits following a termination without Cause;

(iii)Failure by Employee to follow lawful written instructions from Employee's supervisor or the Board of Directors of the Company;

(iv)Failure to perform Employee's duties hereunder following written notice and a reasonable opportunity to cure, if curable, within a time frame determined by the Company, but no less than twenty (20) days from such notice;


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(v)Material gross neglect by Employee in the performance of his duties hereunder following written notice and a reasonable opportunity to cure, if curable, not to exceed twenty (20) days from such notice;

(vi)Fraud, dishonesty, or willful misconduct in connection with Employee's employment;

(vii)Breach of fiduciary duty related to the business or affairs of the Company;

(viii)Employee's material breach of any written employment agreement with the Company, following written notice and a reasonable opportunity to cure, if curable, not to exceed ten (10) days from such notice; or

(ix)Willful conduct that may be materially harmful to the business, Interests, or reputation of Enstar, including any material violation of Enstar written policy;

provided, however, that any right to cure hereunder shall not be applicable to two or more of the same or similar or related breaches, acts, or omissions.

In the event of a termination for Cause, the Company shall pay to Employee all compensation to which Employee is entitled up through the Termination Date, subject to any other rights or remedies of the Company under law; and thereafter all obligations of the Company under this Agreement shall cease.

(b)By Death. The employment of Employee shall terminate automatically upon Employee's death. The Company shall pay to Employee's beneficiaries or estate, as appropriate, any compensation to which Employee would have been entitled up through the date of death; and thereafter all obligations of the Company under this Agreement shall cease. Nothing in this Section shall affect any entitlement of the heirs or devisees of the Employee to the benefits of any life insurance plan or policy or other applicable benefits.

(c)By Disability. If Employee becomes eligible for the long term disability benefits of the Company or if, in the reasonable opinion of the Board of Directors of the Company, Employee is unable to carry out the responsibilities and functions of the position held by Employee by reason of any physical or mental impairment for more than ninety (90) consecutive days or more than one hundred and twenty (120) days in any twelve (12) month period, then, to the extent not prohibited by law, the Company may terminate Employee's employment. The Company shall pay to Employee all compensation to which Employee is entitled up through the Termination Date; and thereafter all obligations of the Company under this Agreement shall cease. Nothing in this paragraph shall affect Employee's rights under any disability plan in which Employee is a participant.

8.Return of Property. Upon termination of employment with the Company, Employee agrees to promptly return to the Company and not retain any and all property, equipment, documents, data, and materials of the Company of any kind in the possession and/or control of Employee.

9.Cooperation in Pending Work. Following any termination of Employee's employment, Employee shall reasonably cooperate with the Company in all matters relating to the winding up of pending work on behalf of the Company and the orderly transfer of work to other employees or contractors of the Company. Employee shall also reasonably cooperate in the defense of any action brought by any third party against the Company that relates in any manner to Employee's acts or omissions while employed by the Company. The Company's request for cooperation pursuant to this paragraph shall take into consideration Employee's personal and business commitments and the amount of notice provided to Employee. The Company will reimburse Employee, in accordance with Company policy, for reasonable expenses incurred as a result of Employee's cooperation pursuant to this paragraph.

10.Non-Compete and Non-Solicitation.

(a)During the term of his employment with the Company and for a period of six (6) months immediately after the date his employment terminates for any reason other than termination by the Company without

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Cause ("Non-Compete Period"), Employee agrees that Employee will not, directly or indirectly, as a principal, agent, employee, consultant, contractor, partner, shareholder, or in any other capacity perform work or services for or become affiliated with a "Competitor" of Enstar. As set forth in Section 6 above, If Employee resigns his employment, Employee must provide the Company with at least ninety (90) days advance written notice before the proposed termination date. Following Employee's delivery of notice of intent to resign, the Company may elect to utilize all or part of the Notice Period for the purposes of working with the Employee to, among other things, transition the Employee's job responsibilities (the Transition Period"). Within ten (10) business days of receiving; the Employee's notice of intent to resign, the Company shall notify the Employee as to the duration of any Transition Period. The Non-Compete Period shall be reduced by the number of Transition Period days, if any, selected by the Company. The term "Competitor" shall include any company engaged in the insurance and reinsurance run-off or any other business in which Enstar or any of its affiliates has been engaged at any time during the last six (6) months of Employee's employment with the Company and to which Employee has rendered services or about which Employee has acquired confidential information at any time during the last six (6) months of Employee's employment with the Company, and, in each case, in any jurisdiction in which Enstar or any of its affiliates has conducted substantial business during the last six (6) months of Employee's employment with the Company.

(b)During the term of his employment with the Company and for a period of six (6) months immediately after the date his employment terminates for any reason, Employee agrees that Employee will not, directly or indirectly, (i) call upon, solicit, divert, or take away any of the customers, business, or prospective customers of the Company, or request or cause any of the above to cancel or terminate any part of their relationship with the Company, or (ii) solicit, entice, or attempt to persuade any employee, agent, consultant, or independent contractor of the Company to leave the service of the Company for any reason or take any other action that may cause any such individual to terminate his relationship with the Company.

11.Injunctive Relief. Employee acknowledges that the remedy at law for any Employee breach or threatened breach of this Agreement will be inadequate and, accordingly, that the Company, in addition to all other available remedies (including without limitation seeking such damages as it has sustained by reason of such breach), shall be entitled to seek injunctive or any other appropriate form of equitable relief.

12.Alternative Dispute Resolution.

(a)Arbitrable Claims. To ensure the rapid, economical, and private resolution of any disputes which may arise concerning the relationship between Employee and the Company, the parties hereby agree that any and all disputes, claims or controversies (collectively "disputes") in any manner arising out of or relating to or in connection with this Agreement or any of the breach, termination, enforcement, interpretation or validity thereof, including but not limited to any of the employment of Employee or any termination of employment (subject to the following proviso, "Arbitrable Claims"), shall be resolved to the fullest extent not prohibited by law by final and binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association or its successor ("AAA"} pursuant to its then applicable employment arbitration rules and procedures ("AAA Rules"); provided, however, that notwithstanding the foregoing or any contrary provision of this Agreement, binding arbitration shall not be applicable to any dispute relating to (i) any of the ownership or scope or validity or enforceability of any patent, copyright, trade mark, trade secret or other intellectual property or intellectual property rights or the infringement or misappropriation or violation thereof or (ii) the Company's request for injunctive relief. Subject to the foregoing proviso, Arbitrable Claims shall include without limitation claims for breach of contract (express or implied), tort of any kind, employment discrimination (including harassment), as well as all claims based on any federal, state, or local law, statute, or regulation, and claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and any other comparable state laws.

(b)Arbitration Procedures. The arbitration of Arbitrable Claims shall be in accordance with the AAA Rules and shall take place in New York, New York before a single neutral arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. Arbitration shall be final and binding upon the parties and shall be the exclusive remedy for all Arbitrable Claims. Employee shall have the right to be represented by legal counsel at any arbitration proceeding. The arbitrator shall (i) have the authority to compel adequate discovery for the resolution of the dispute and to award such relief as would otherwise be available under applicable law in a court proceeding; and (ii) issue a written statement signed by the arbitrator regarding the disposition of each claim and the relief, if any, awarded as to each claim, the reasons for the award, and the arbitrator's essential findings and conclusions on which the award is based. Either party may bring an action in court to compel arbitration under this Agreement, to enforce an arbitration award or to

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obtain temporary injunctive relief pending a judgment based on the arbitration award. Otherwise, neither party shall initiate or prosecute any lawsuit or administrative action in any manner related to any Arbitrable Claim. The Federal Arbitration Act shall govern the interpretation and enforcement of this provision.

(c)Class Arbitration Waiver. Any arbitration will be conducted and resolved on an individual basis and not a class-wide, multiple plaintiff, or similar basis. Any arbitration will not be consolidated with any other arbitration proceeding involving any other person.

13.Compliance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary:

(a)As determined by the Company, to the extent any provision herein constitutes a "nonqualified deferred compensation plan" under Section 409A(d)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), which provides for the payment of compensation provides to Employee upon his "separation from service" under Section 409A(a)(2)(A)i) of the Code, and Employee is a "specified employee" under Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code, then any such compensation or benefit otherwise payable to Employee shall be suspended and not be paid to Employee until the «date that is six (6) months after the date of his separation from service and any amounts suspended during such six-month period shall be paid once benefits commence. The right to any series of installment payments hereunder shall be treated for purposes of Section 409A of the Code as a right to a series of separate payments.

(b)The provisions herein, and plans and arrangements referenced hereunder, are intended to comply with or be exempt from the applicable requirements of Section 409A of the Code and may be limited, construed and interpreted in accordance with such intent. References in this Agreement to "termination of employment" or word to similar effect shall mean a "separation from service" as defined in final regulations promulgated under Section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, any provision hereunder that is inconsistent with Section 409A of the Code may be deemed to be amended to comply with Section 409A of the Code and to the extent such provision cannot be amended to comply therewith, such provision may be null and void.

(c)To the extent Employee is entitled to receive taxable reimbursements and/or in-kind benefits, the following provisions apply: (i) Employee shall receive such reimbursements and benefits for the period set forth in this Agreement: and, if no such period is specified, Employee shall receive such reimbursements and benefits for the term of this Agreement, (ii) the amount of such reimbursements and benefits Employee receives in one year shall not affect amounts provided in any other year, (iii) such reimbursements must be made by the last day of the year following the year in which the expense was incurred, and (iv) such reimbursements and benefits may not be liquidated or exchanged for any other reimbursement or benefit.

(d)No acceleration of any payment, including separation payments, shall be permitted if such acceleration would result in Employee being taxed under Section 409A of the Code.

14.Section 280G of the Code. If any payment or benefit due under this Agreement, together with all other payments and benefits that Employee receives or is entitled to receive from the Company or any of its subsidiaries, Affiliates or related entities, would (if paid or provided) constitute an excess parachute payment for purposes of Section 280G of the Code, the amounts otherwise payable and benefits otherwise due under this Agreement will either (i) be delivered in full, or (ii) be limited to the minimum extent necessary to ensure that no portion thereof will fail to be tax-deductible to the Company by reason of Section 280G of the Code, whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable federal, state or local income and employment taxes and the excise tax imposed under Section 4999 of the Code, results in the receipt by the Employee, on an after-tax basis, of the greatest amount of benefits, notwithstanding that all or some portion of such benefits may be subject to the excise tax imposed under Section 4999 of the Code. In the event that the payments and/or benefits are to be reduced pursuant to this Section 14, such payments and benefits shall be reduced such that the reduction of cash compensation to be provided to the Employee as a result of this Section 14 is minimized. In applying this principle, the reduction shall be made in a manner consistent with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code and where two economically equivalent amounts are subject to reduction but payable at different times, such amounts shall be reduced on a pro rata basis but not below zero. All determinations required to be made under this Section 14 shall be made by the Company's independent public accounting firm, or by another advisor mutually agreed to by the parties.

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15.Indemnification. Company shall indemnify and defend the Employee against all claims arising out of Employee's activities as an officer or employee of Company or its affiliates to the fullest extent permitted by law and under Company's organizational documents, except that the Company shall not indemnify and defend the Employee against any such claims brought against the Employee by the Company or any of its affiliates.

16.General Provisions.

(a)Entire Agreement. This Agreement (including the Company’s standard confidentiality agreement) is the entire and final agreement and understanding of the parties relating to the subject matter hereof and shall supersede all prior or other current negotiations, agreements, representations, warranties and understandings between the parties or any subsidiaries or other affiliates of a party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company acknowledges It is aware of the letter to Employee from Enstar Group Limited dated September 9, 2016 regarding a recommendation to the Compensation Committee of a long-term incentive award.

(b)Assignment; Binding Effect. This Agreement is a personal service contract, and neither this Agreement nor any rights or obligations hereunder may be assigned or transferred or delegated or otherwise disposed of by Employee without the prior written consent of the Company, which may be withheld in its sole discretion, and any purported assignment or transfer or delegation or other disposition by Employee without such consent shall be null and void. Employee acknowledges and agrees that the Company has the right and power to assign or transfer or delegate or otherwise dispose of this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder in its sole discretion and in whole or in part, whether by merger, consolidation, reorganization, sale or other transfer or disposition of assets or stock or operation of law or otherwise. Subject to the foregoing restrictions on Employee, this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon each of the parties; the affiliates, officers, directors, agents, successors and assigns of the Company; and the heirs, devisees, spouses, legal representatives, successors and permitted assigns of Employee. There are no intended third-party beneficiaries under this Agreement, except as expressly stated herein.

(c)Amendments, Waivers. This Agreement or any provision hereof may not be amended otherwise except by a writing signed by Employee and by a duly authorized representative of the Company other than Employee. Any waiver of any provision of this Agreement must be in writing and executed by the party waiving such provision. The waiver of a party of any default or breach of this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver of any other or subsequent default or breach. The Company shall not be required to give notice to enforce strict adherence to all terms of this Agreement.

(d)Severability. If any provision of this Agreement shall be held by a court or arbitrator of competent jurisdiction to be invalid or unenforceable or void, such provision shall be enforced to the fullest extent not prohibited by law and shall be revised to the extent necessary to make such provision a valid and enforceable and legal provision consistent with the original intent and economic effect of such provision, and the remaining provisions hereof will remain in full force and effect. In addition, if any one or more provisions contained in this Agreement shall be held to be excessively broad as to duration, geographical scope, activity or subject, such provision shall be construed by limiting or reducing it, so as to be enforceable under applicable law.

(e)Governing Law. This Agreement and all matters arising out of or relating to or in connection with this Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, without application of conflict of law rules, subject to the application of the Federal Arbitration Act.

(f)Attorney’s Fees. In any arbitration proceeding or other action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement, the parties agree that the prevailing party in the proceeding or action shall be entitled to an award of all reasonable attorneys' fees and costs incurred by the prevailing party.

(g)Notices. Any notice, request, demand or other communication required or permitted hereunder shall be in writing, shall reference this Agreement and shall be deemed to be properly given: (i) when delivered personally, by courier, or by e-mail or (ii) five (5) business days after having been sent by registered or certified mall, return receipt requested, postage prepaid. All notices shall be sent to the respective addresses set forth

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in the signature page of this Agreement. Any party may change its notice address or e-mail address by notifying the other party of such change in compliance with this Section.

(h)Taxes. All amounts paid under this Agreement shall be subject to and paid less all applicable federal, state, local and other applicable tax withholdings.

(i)Representations. Each party represents and warrants that such party has the full right, power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement and to perform its or his obligations hereunder, and that this Agreement shall constitute its or his valid and legally binding agreement enforceable In accordance with its terms.

(j)Remedies Cumulative. The remedies provided in this Agreement shall be cumulative and shall not preclude any party from asserting any other right, or seeking any other remedies, against the other party.

(k)Interpretation. When the context requires, the plural shall include the singular and the singular the plural; and any gender shall include any other gender. All references to "including" or "includes" or any variation thereof shall be deemed to include the terms "without limitation. The words "hereunder," "hereof," "hereto" and words of similar import shall be deemed references to this Agreement as a whole. To the extent not prohibited by law, this Agreement shall not be construed against the drafter. Section headings are not part of this Agreement and are only for the convenience of the parties.

(l)Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument. Facsimile signatures shall be deemed as effective as originals.

(m)Employee Acknowledgment. Employee hereby acknowledges that he has had the opportunity to consult legal counsel concerning this agreement, that he has read and understands the agreement, that he is fully aware of its legal effect, and that he has entered into the agreement freely and based on his own judgment and not on any representations or promises other than those expressly provided in this agreement.


[Signature Page to Follow]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have duly executed this Agreement as of the Effective Date.


ENSTAR (US) Inc.


By: /s/ Paul Brockman                        Dated: September 9, 2016                
Name: Paul Brockman
Title: CEO Enstar (US) Inc.
    


Employee:



/s/ Nazar Alobaidat                        Dated: September 9, 2016                
Name: Nazar Alobaidat

    




9
Exhibit


Exhibit 10.29
 
PERFORMANCE STOCK UNIT AWARD AGREEMENT
UNDER THE AMENDED AND RESTATED ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED 2016 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN

This Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (this “Agreement”) is entered into as of the Grant Date (as defined below), by and between the Grantee (as defined below) and Enstar Group Limited (the “Company”). Except as otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms used in this Agreement have the respective meanings set forth in the Plan (as defined below).
WITNESSETH THAT:

WHEREAS, the Company maintains the Amended and Restated Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), which is incorporated into and forms a part of this Agreement; and

WHEREAS, the Grantee has been selected by the committee administering the Plan (the “Committee”) to receive a Performance Stock Unit Award under the Plan.

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS AGREED, by and between the Company and the Grantee as follows:

1.    Terms of Award.

(a)    The “Grantee” is __________.

(b)    The “Grant Date” is __________.

(c)    The target number of Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”) granted under this Agreement is __________.

(d) The “Performance Period” is the period commencing on __________ and ending on __________.

2.    Award. Subject to the terms of this Agreement and the Plan, the Grantee is hereby granted the PSUs as described in paragraph 1. The number of PSUs awarded in this paragraph 2 is referred to as the “Target Award.” Each PSU represents the right to receive one Common Share, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and the Plan. The number of PSUs that the Grantee actually earns for the Performance Period will be determined by the level of achievement of the Performance Goals in accordance with Exhibit A attached hereto and shall be rounded up to the nearest whole PSU. The Company shall establish a bookkeeping account in the Grantee’s name which reflects the number of PSUs standing to the credit of the Grantee.

3.    Performance Goals.

(a)    The number of PSUs earned by the Grantee for the Performance Period will be determined at the end of the Performance Period based on the level of achievement of the Performance Goals in accordance with Exhibit A. All determinations of whether Performance Goals have been achieved, the number of PSUs earned by the Grantee, and all other matters related to this paragraph 3 shall be made by the Committee in its sole discretion.

(b)    Promptly following completion of the Performance Period, the Committee will review and certify in writing (a) whether, and to what extent, the Performance Goals for the Performance Period have been achieved, and (b) the number of PSUs that the Grantee shall earn, if any, subject to compliance with the requirements of paragraph 4. Such certification shall be final, conclusive and binding on the Grantee, and on all other persons, to the maximum extent permitted by law.

4.    Vesting.

(a)    The PSUs are subject to forfeiture until they vest. Except as otherwise provided herein, the PSUs will vest and become nonforfeitable on the date the Committee certifies the achievement of the Performance Goals in accordance with paragraph 3(b), subject to the achievement of the minimum threshold Performance Goals for




payout set forth in Exhibit A attached hereto. The number of PSUs that vest and become payable under this Agreement shall be determined by the Committee based on the level of achievement of the Performance Goals set forth in Exhibit A.

(b)    Except as otherwise expressly provided in this paragraph 4, if the Grantee’s Termination of Service occurs for any reason prior to the end of the Performance Period, the Grantee shall forfeit all PSUs granted with respect to the Performance Period and neither the Company nor any Related Corporation shall have any further obligations to the Grantee under this Agreement.

(c)    If the Grantee’s Termination of Service occurs as a result of the Grantee’s death or disability, or termination by the Company or a Related Corporation without Cause (or, if the Grantee’s employment agreement so provides, the voluntary termination by the Grantee for Good Reason) prior to the end of the Performance Period, the Grantee will vest on such date in a pro rata portion of the Target Award calculated by multiplying the Target Award by a fraction, the numerator of which equals the number of days that the Grantee was employed during the Performance Period and the denominator of which equals the total number of days in the Performance Period.

(d)    Upon the occurrence of a Change in Control during the Performance Period, if the Committee makes a good faith determination that an Alternative Award (as defined in Section 14 of the Plan) has not been granted by the acquirer, the Performance Period shall end and the Grantee shall be deemed to have earned a pro rata portion of the Target Award calculated by multiplying the Target Award by a fraction, the numerator of which equals the number of days that have elapsed during the Performance Period as of the date of the Change in Control and the denominator of which equals the total number of days in the Performance Period.

(f)    Upon a Change in Control during the Performance Period, if the Committee makes a good faith determination that an Alternative Award has been granted by the acquirer, the Alternative Award shall continue to vest in accordance with this paragraph 4.

5.    Shareholder Rights. The Grantee shall not have any right, in respect of PSUs awarded pursuant to the Plan, to receive dividends or vote on any matter submitted to the Company’s stockholders until such time as Common Shares attributable to such PSUs have been issued to the Grantee.

6.    Dividend Equivalents. PSUs awarded under this Agreement are eligible to receive Dividend Equivalents. On each date that a cash dividend is paid with respect to Common Shares, the Company shall credit the bookkeeping account (the “Account”) established on behalf of the Grantee with the dollar amount of the dividends the Grantee would have received if the PSUs held by the Grantee on the record date for such dividend payment had been Common Shares. Interest may be credited on the Dividend Equivalents at a rate and subject to such terms as determined by the Committee. Dividend Equivalents shall be subject to the same vesting and forfeiture restrictions as the PSUs to which they are attributable and shall be paid in cash on the same date that the PSUs to which they are attributable are settled.

7.    Settlement of PSUs. As soon as practicable after the vesting date and in any event no later than March 15 of the calendar year following the calendar year in which such vesting occurs, the Company shall transfer to the Grantee one Common Share for each PSU vesting on the vesting date (the date of any such transfer shall be the settlement date for purposes of this Agreement); however, the Company may withhold shares otherwise transferable to the Grantee to the extent necessary to satisfy withholding taxes due by reason of the vesting of the PSU. Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon a Change in Control, the Company may, in its sole discretion and on such terms and conditions as it deems appropriate, pay the Award either (i) in Common Shares, and/or (ii) as a Settlement Payment in cash or other property on the 30th day following such Change in Control, based on the Change in Control Price.
8.    Deferral of PSUs.
(a)    The Grantee may elect to defer the settlement of PSUs (and any related Dividend Equivalents) granted under this Agreement until the earliest of (i) a date (the “Specified Payment Date”) selected by the Grantee that is not less than one (1) year and not more than ten (10) years from the vesting date, (ii) a Change in Control, provided that the event constitutes a change in control within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5) or any successor provision, or (iii) the Grantee’s Termination of Service for any reason, provided that the event constitutes a separation from service within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h) or any successor provision. In such case, settlement of PSUs (and any related Dividend Equivalents) will occur as soon as practicable after the Specified Payment Date, Change in Control, or Termination of Service, as applicable,




but in any event no later than sixty (60) days thereafter. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if settlement is to be made as a result of the Grantee’s Termination of Service other than due to death or disability and the Grantee is a “specified employee” within the meaning of Code Section 409A at the time of such Termination of Service, then settlement will not occur until the first business day of the seventh month following the month in which such Termination of Service occurs (or, if earlier, within 60 days of the Grantee’s death if the Grantee dies following Termination of Service and before payment is made).
(b)    To make an election to defer settlement of PSUs (and any related Dividend Equivalents), the Grantee must make a valid election in compliance with the provisions of Section 409A of the Code and in accordance with procedures established by the Committee. Such deferral election is irrevocable and may not be accelerated, revoked or modified except as otherwise permitted under Code Section 409A and the Plan. PSUs deferred under this election will be settled in Common Shares payable in a single lump sum. Dividend Equivalents deferred under this election will be settled in a single lump sum cash payment.
9.    Transferability. The Grantee shall not transfer or assign, in whole or in part, PSUs subject to this Agreement, other than (a) by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, or (b) by designation, in a manner established by the Company, of a beneficiary or beneficiaries to exercise the rights of the Grantee and to receive any property distributable with respect to this Agreement upon the death of the Grantee upon satisfaction of the vesting conditions described in paragraph 4 above.

10.    Withholding. Any tax consequences arising from the grant of this Award shall be borne solely by the Grantee. The Company and/or its Related Corporations shall withhold taxes according to the requirements under the applicable laws, rules and regulations including withholding taxes at source. The Grantee will not be entitled to receive from the Company any Common Shares hereunder prior to the full payment of the Grantee’s tax liabilities relating to this Award. The Company may, in its discretion, elect (a) to withhold Common Shares otherwise issuable under the Plan or (b) allow the Grantee to deliver to the Company previously acquired Common Shares (through actual tender or attestation), in either case for the greatest number of whole shares having a Fair Market Value on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting not in excess of the amount required to satisfy the withholding tax obligations.

11.    Compliance with Applicable Law. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Company shall have no obligation to issue any Common Shares if such issuance would violate any applicable law or any applicable regulation or requirement of any securities exchange or similar entity.

12.    Section 409A. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, the settlement of the PSUs (including any Dividend Equivalents) to be made to the Grantee pursuant to this Agreement is intended to qualify as a “short-term deferral” pursuant to Section 1.409A-1(b)(4) of the Regulations and this Agreement shall be interpreted consistently therewith. However, under certain circumstances, including where Grantee has elected to defer settlement of this Award in accordance with paragraph 8, settlement of the PSUs or any Dividend Equivalents may not so qualify, and in that case, the Committee shall administer the grant and settlement of such PSUs and any Dividend Equivalents in compliance with Section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Company nor the Committee shall have any obligation to take any action to prevent the assessment of any excise tax or penalty on the Grantee under Section 409A of the Code and neither the Company nor the Committee will have any liability to the Grantee for such tax or penalty.
 

14.    Administration. The authority to manage and control the operation and administration of this Agreement shall be vested in the Committee, and the Committee shall have all powers with respect to this Agreement as it has with respect to the Plan. Any interpretation of the Agreement by the Committee and any decision made by it with respect to the Agreement is final and binding on all parties. Any inconsistency between this Agreement and the Plan shall be resolved in favor of the Plan.

15.    Not an Employment Contract. This Award will not confer on the Grantee any right with respect to the continuance of employment or other service to the Company or any Related Corporation, nor will it interfere in any way with any right the Company or any Related Corporation would otherwise have to terminate or modify the terms of such Grantee’s employment or other service at any time.
16.    Notices. Any written notices provided for in this Agreement or the Plan shall be in writing and shall be deemed sufficiently given if either hand delivered or if sent by email or overnight courier, or by postage paid first class mail. Notices sent by mail shall be deemed received three business days after mailing but in no event later




the date of actual receipt. Notices shall be directed, if to the Grantee, at the Grantee’s email address or physical address indicated by the Company’s records, or if to the Company, at the Company’s principal executive office.
17.    Amendment. This Agreement may be amended in accordance with the provisions of the Plan, and may otherwise be amended by written agreement of the Grantee and the Company without the consent of any other person.
18.    Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original and all of which together shall be deemed to be one and the same instrument.
19.    Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the Company and the Grantee and their respective heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives, successors and assigns, subject to the transfer restrictions set forth in this Agreement and the Plan.
20.    Applicable Law. This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of Bermuda (without reference to principles of conflict of laws).
21.    Clawback Policy. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, this Award will be subject to any compensation recovery or clawback policy the Company adopts, including any policy required to comply with applicable law or listing standards, as such policy may be amended from time to time in the Company’s sole discretion.
22.    Electronic Administration. Grantee hereby consents to any and all procedures that the Company has established or may establish for an electronic signature system for delivery and acceptance of this award agreement and any other documents that the Company may be required to deliver, and agrees that his or her electronic signature is the same as, and shall have the same force and effect as, his or her manual signature.
23.    Additional Provisions.
(a)    In addition, the Grantee acknowledges: (i) that the Plan is discretionary in nature and may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time; (ii) that the grant of the PSUs does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of PSUs, or benefits in lieu of PSUs; (iii) that all determinations with respect to any such future grants, including, but not limited to, the times when PSUs shall be granted and the number of shares subject to each PSU will be at the sole discretion of the Company without the need to supply reasons for the exercise or non-exercise of that discretion; and (v) that the PSU is not part of normal or expected compensation for purposes of calculating any severance or other payments paid for any reason whatsoever and whether such termination is subsequently held to be wrongful or unfair.
(b)    The Grantee has been informed by the Company about the processing of relevant data under the Plan and the PSUs and in particular this paragraph. By entering into this Agreement, the Grantee: (i) authorizes the Company and each Affiliate, and any agent of the Company or any Affiliate or third party administering the Plan, to collect, use, process and disclose and transfer to and retention by the Company or any of its or their persons such information and data (including personal data) as the Company or any such person (including any situated outside the European Economic Area) shall request or need in order to facilitate the grant of PSUs and the administration of the Plan; (ii) waives any data privacy rights he or she may have with respect to such information; and (iii) authorizes the Company and each Affiliate to store and transmit such information in electronic form.
(c)    The Grantee acknowledges that any income, other taxes or social security contributions (including to the extent provided herein any employers’ social security contributions) due from him or her with respect to the grant, vesting, deferral or delivery of this Award and Common Shares transferable hereunder (“Tax Liability”) shall be the Grantee’s responsibility and the Grantee agrees to indemnify the Company and his or her employer or former employer in respect of all such Tax Liability provided that the Grantee understands and agrees that, unless (a) his or her employer or former employer is able to withhold the amount of the Tax Liability from payment of his or her remuneration within the period of 30 days from the date on which any Tax Liability arises or (b) the Grantee indicates in writing to his or her employer or former employer in a manner agreed with the Company that the Grantee will make a payment to the Company of an amount equal to the Tax Liability and does in fact make such a payment, within 14 days of being notified by the Company of the amount of the Tax Liability, the Company shall be entitled to sell sufficient of the Common Shares acquired or to be acquired by the Grantee necessary to satisfy the




indemnity and to procure payment to the Grantee’s employer of an amount sufficient to satisfy the indemnity out of the net proceeds of sale of the Shares.

(d)    Any deferral election made in a jurisdiction where such election would be ineffective for tax purposes according to the law of such jurisdiction shall be null and void and the PSUs will be settled as if no deferral election had been made.

  
[Signature Page Follows]




IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed and delivered this Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement on ___________________, ____.

ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED


By:________________________________
Name:    
Title:    


                            

____________________________________
Grantee

Address:
                    




EXHIBIT A

Performance Measure

The number of PSUs earned shall be determined by reference to the [Insert Performance Goal(s)] for the Performance Period.

[Insert Definitions Applicable to Performance Goals and performance Period]

Determining PSUs Earned and Award Range

Except as otherwise provided in the Plan or the Agreement, the number of PSUs earned with respect to the Performance Period shall be determined as follows: [Insert Description]






Exhibit


Exhibit 10.30


RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARD AGREEMENT
UNDER THE AMENDED AND RESTATEDENSTAR GROUP LIMITED 2016 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN

This Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (this “Agreement”) is entered into as of the Grant Date (as defined below), by and between the Grantee (as defined below) and Enstar Group Limited (the “Company”). Except as otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms used in this Agreement have the respective meanings set forth in the Plan (as defined below).
WITNESSETH THAT:

WHEREAS, the Company maintains the Amended and Restated Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), which is incorporated into and forms a part of this Agreement; and

WHEREAS, the Grantee has been selected by the committee administering the Plan (the “Committee”) to receive a Restricted Stock Unit Award under the Plan.

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS AGREED, by and between the Company and the Grantee as follows:

1.    Terms of Award.

(a)    The “Grantee” is _______________.

(b)    The “Grant Date” is _______________.

(c)    The number of Restricted Stock Units granted under this Agreement is _______ (“RSUs”). Each RSU represents the right to receive one Common Share.

2.    Award. Subject to the terms of this Agreement and the Plan, the Grantee is hereby granted the RSUs as described in paragraph 1. The Company shall establish a bookkeeping account in the Grantee’s name which reflects the number of RSUs standing to the credit of the Grantee.

3.    Vesting.

(a)    Except as otherwise provided herein, upon the first, second, and third anniversaries of the Grant Date (each, a “Vesting Date”), the RSUs that have not been previously forfeited shall become vested according to the following schedule:

Number of RSUs Becoming Vested
Vesting Date
 
 
 
 
 
 

(b)    The Grantee’s right to vest in this Award is conditioned upon the Grantee’s continuous employment with the Company. If the Grantee incurs a Termination of Service, the Grantee’s rights with respect to the Award shall be affected as follows:

(i)
If the Grantee’s Termination of Service occurs by reason of the Grantee’s death, disability or termination by the Company or a Related Corporation without Cause (or, if the Grantee’s employment agreement so provides, the voluntary termination by the Grantee for Good Reason), 100% of the unvested RSUs shall vest as of the date of such Termination of Service.

(ii)
If the Grantee experiences a Termination of Service for Cause, any RSUs granted to the Grantee shall be forfeited at the time of such termination, and the Committee may require




that such Grantee disgorge any profit, gain or other benefit received in respect of the lapse of restrictions on any prior grant of RSUs for a period of up to twelve months prior to the Grantee’s Termination of Service for Cause.

(iii)
Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph 3, if the Grantee experiences a Termination of Service for any reason, any RSUs granted to the Grantee that are not fully vested as of the date of Termination of Service shall be forfeited at the time of such termination.
 
(c)
Upon the occurrence of a Change in Control, if the Committee makes a good faith determination that an Alternative Award (as defined in Section 14 of the Plan) has not been granted by the acquirer, 100% of the unvested RSUs shall vest as of the date of the Change in Control. 

(d)
Upon the occurrence of a Change in Control, if the Committee makes a good faith determination that an Alternative Award has been granted by the acquirer, the Alternative Award shall continue to vest subject to this paragraph 3.

4.    Shareholder Rights. The Grantee shall not have any right, in respect of RSUs awarded pursuant to the Plan, to receive dividends or vote on any matter submitted to the Company’s stockholders until such time as Common Shares attributable to such RSUs have been issued to the Grantee.

5.    Dividend Equivalents. RSUs awarded under this Agreement are eligible to receive Dividend Equivalents. On each date that a cash dividend is paid with respect to Common Shares, the Company shall credit the bookkeeping account (the “Account”) established on behalf of the Grantee with the dollar amount of the dividends the Grantee would have received if the RSUs held by the Grantee on the record date for such dividend payment had been Common Shares. Interest may be credited on the Dividend Equivalents at a rate and subject to such terms as determined by the Committee. Dividend Equivalents shall be subject to the same vesting and forfeiture restrictions as the RSUs to which they are attributable and shall be paid in cash on the same date that the RSUs to which they are attributable are settled.

6.    Settlement of RSUs. As soon as practicable after the applicable Vesting Date and in any event no later than March 15 of the calendar year following the calendar year in which such vesting occurs, the Company shall transfer to the Grantee one Common Share for each RSU vesting on the Vesting Date (the date of any such transfer shall be the settlement date for purposes of this Agreement); however, the Company may withhold shares otherwise transferable to the Grantee to the extent necessary to satisfy withholding taxes due by reason of the vesting of the RSU.
7.    Deferral of RSUs.     
(a)    The Grantee may elect to defer the settlement of RSUs (and any related Dividend Equivalents) granted under this Agreement until the earliest of (i) a date (the “Specified Payment Date”) selected by the Grantee that is not less than one (1) year and not more than ten (10) years from the applicable Vesting Date, (ii) a Change in Control, provided that the event constitutes a change in control within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5) or any successor provision, or (iii) the Grantee’s Termination of Service for any reason, provided that the event constitutes a separation from service within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h) or any successor provision. In such case, settlement of RSUs (and any related Dividend Equivalents) will occur as soon as practicable after the Specified Payment Date, Change in Control, or Termination of Service, as applicable, but in any event no later than sixty (60) days thereafter. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if settlement is to be made as a result of the Grantee’s Termination of Service other than due to death or disability and the Grantee is a “specified employee” within the meaning of Code Section 409A at the time of such Termination of Service, then settlement will not occur until the first business day of the seventh month following the month in which such Termination of Service occurs (or, if earlier, within 60 days of the Grantee’s death if the Grantee dies following Termination of Service and before payment is made).
(b)    To make an election to defer settlement of RSUs (and any related Dividend Equivalents), the Grantee must make a valid and timely election in compliance with the provisions of Section 409A of the Code and in accordance with procedures established by the Committee. Such deferral election is irrevocable and may not be accelerated, revoked or modified except as otherwise permitted under Code Section 409A and the Plan. RSUs deferred under this election will be settled in Common Shares payable in a single lump sum. Dividend Equivalents deferred under this election will be settled in a single lump sum cash payment. For purposes of this paragraph 7,




the portion of the RSUs that vest each year under this Agreement shall be treated as a separate grant and the Grantee may make a separate deferral election with respect to each separate grant.
    8.    Transferability. The Grantee shall not transfer or assign, in whole or in part, RSUs subject to this Agreement, other than (a) by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, or (b) by designation, in a manner established by the Company, of a beneficiary or beneficiaries to exercise the rights of the Grantee and to receive any property distributable with respect to this Agreement upon the death of the Grantee upon satisfaction of the vesting conditions described in paragraph 3 above.

9.    Withholding. Any tax consequences arising from the grant of this Award shall be borne solely by the Grantee. The Company and/or its Related Corporations shall withhold taxes according to the requirements under the applicable laws, rules and regulations including withholding taxes at source. The Grantee will not be entitled to receive from the Company any Common Shares hereunder prior to the full payment of the Grantee’s tax liabilities relating to this Award. The Company may, in its discretion, elect(a) to withhold Common Shares otherwise issuable under the Plan or (b) allow the Grantee to deliver to the Company previously acquired Common Shares (through actual tender or attestation), in either case for the greatest number of whole shares having a Fair Market Value on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting not in excess of the amount required to satisfy the withholding tax obligations.

10.    Compliance with Applicable Law. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Company shall have no obligation to issue any Common Shares if such issuance would violate any applicable law or any applicable regulation or requirement of any securities exchange or similar entity.

11.    Section 409A. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, the settlement of the RSUs (including any Dividend Equivalents) to be made to the Grantee pursuant to this Agreement is intended to qualify as a “short-term deferral” pursuant to Section 1.409A-1(b)(4) of the Regulations and this Agreement shall be interpreted consistently therewith. However, under certain circumstances, including where Grantee has elected to defer settlement of this Award in accordance with paragraph 7, settlement of the RSUs or any Dividend Equivalents may not so qualify, and in that case, the Committee shall administer the grant and settlement of such RSUs and any Dividend Equivalents in compliance with Section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Company nor the Committee shall have any obligation to take any action to prevent the assessment of any excise tax or penalty on the Grantee under Section 409A of the Code and neither the Company nor the Committee will have any liability to the Grantee for such tax or penalty.

12.    Administration. The authority to manage and control the operation and administration of this Agreement shall be vested in the Committee, and the Committee shall have all powers with respect to this Agreement as it has with respect to the Plan. Any interpretation of the Agreement by the Committee and any decision made by it with respect to the Agreement is final and binding on all parties. Any inconsistency between this Agreement and the Plan shall be resolved in favor of the Plan.

13.    Not an Employment Contract. This Award will not confer on the Grantee any right with respect to the continuance of employment or other service to the Company or any Related Corporation, nor will it interfere in any way with any right the Company or any Related Corporation would otherwise have to terminate or modify the terms of such Grantee’s employment or other service at any time.
14.    Notices. Any written notices provided for in this Agreement or the Plan shall be in writing and shall be deemed sufficiently given if either hand delivered or if sent by email or overnight courier, or by postage paid first class mail. Notices sent by mail shall be deemed received three business days after mailing but in no event later the date of actual receipt. Notices shall be directed, if to the Grantee, at the Grantee’s email address or physical address indicated by the Company’s records, or if to the Company, at the Company’s principal executive office.
15.    Amendment. This Agreement may be amended in accordance with the provisions of the Plan, and may otherwise be amended by written agreement of the Grantee and the Company without the consent of any other person.
16.    Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original and all of which together shall be deemed to be one and the same instrument.




17.    Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the Company and the Grantee and their respective heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives, successors and assigns, subject to the transfer restrictions set forth in this Agreement and the Plan.
18.    Applicable Law. This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of Bermuda (without reference to principles of conflict of laws).
19.    Clawback Policy. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, this Award will be subject to any compensation recovery or clawback policy the Company adopts, including any policy required to comply with applicable law or listing standards, as such policy may be amended from time to time in the Company’s sole discretion.
20.    Electronic Administration. Grantee hereby consents to any and all procedures that the Company has established or may establish for an electronic signature system for delivery and acceptance of this award agreement and any other documents that the Company may be required to deliver, and agrees that his or her electronic signature is the same as, and shall have the same force and effect as, his or her manual signature.
21.    Additional Provisions.
(a)    In addition, the Grantee acknowledges: (i) that the Plan is discretionary in nature and may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time; (ii) that the grant of the RSUs does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of RSUs, or benefits in lieu of RSUs; (iii) that all determinations with respect to any such future grants, including, but not limited to, the times when RSUs shall be granted and the number of shares subject to each RSU will be at the sole discretion of the Company without the need to supply reasons for the exercise or non-exercise of that discretion; and (v) that the RSU is not part of normal or expected compensation for purposes of calculating any severance or other payments paid for any reason whatsoever and whether such termination is subsequently held to be wrongful or unfair.
(b)    The Grantee has been informed by the Company about the processing of relevant data under the Plan and the RSUs and in particular this paragraph. By entering into this Agreement, the Grantee: (i) authorizes the Company and each Affiliate, and any agent of the Company or any Affiliate or third party administering the Plan, to collect, use, process and disclose and transfer to and retention by the Company or any of its or their persons such information and data (including personal data) as the Company or any such person (including any situated outside the European Economic Area) shall request or need in order to facilitate the grant of RSUs and the administration of the Plan; (ii) waives any data privacy rights he or she may have with respect to such information; and (iii) authorizes the Company and each Affiliate to store and transmit such information in electronic form.

(c)    The Grantee acknowledges that any income, other taxes or social security contributions (including to the extent provided herein any employers’ social security contributions) due from him or her with respect to the grant, vesting, deferral or delivery of this Award and Common Shares transferable hereunder (“Tax Liability”) shall be the Grantee’s responsibility and the Grantee agrees to indemnify the Company and his or her employer or former employer in respect of all such Tax Liability provided that the Grantee understands and agrees that, unless (a) his or her employer or former employer is able to withhold the amount of the Tax Liability from payment of his or her remuneration within the period of 30 days from the date on which any Tax Liability arises; (b) the Grantee indicates in writing to his or her employer or former employer in a manner agreed with the Company that the Grantee will make a payment to the Company of an amount equal to the Tax Liability and does in fact make such a payment, within 14 days of being notified by the Company of the amount of the Tax Liability, the Company shall be entitled to sell sufficient of the Common Shares acquired or to be acquired by the Grantee necessary to satisfy the indemnity and to procure payment to the Grantee’s employer of an amount sufficient to satisfy the indemnity out of the net proceeds of sale of the Shares.

(d)    Any deferral election made in a jurisdiction where such election would be ineffective for tax purposes according to the law of such jurisdiction shall be null and void and the RSUs will be settled as if no deferral election had been made.
[Signature Page Follows]





IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed and delivered this Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement on ___________________, ____.

ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED


By:________________________________
Name:    
Title:    


                            

____________________________________
Grantee

Address:                    










Exhibit


Exhibit 21.1
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
LISTING OF SUBSIDIARIES(1) 
As of December 31, 2019
Name
Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Alpha Insurance SA
Belgium
Arden Reinsurance Company Ltd.*
Bermuda
Arena SA*
Belgium
Atrium 5 Limited*
United Kingdom
Atrium Insurance Agency Limited*
United Kingdom
Atrium Underwriters Limited*
United Kingdom
Atrium Underwriting Group Limited*
United Kingdom
Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited
Bermuda
Clarendon National Insurance Company
Texas
Copper Coast Funds ICAV
Ireland
East Point Reinsurance Company of Hong Kong Limited
Hong Kong
Enstar Australia Holdings Pty Limited
Australia
Enstar Limited
Bermuda
Enstar (US Asia-Pac) Holdings Limited
United Kingdom
Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited
Bermuda
Gordian Runoff Limited
Australia
Harper Insurance Limited
Bermuda
Inter-Ocean Reinsurance (Ireland) Limited
Ireland
Kenmare Holdings Ltd.
Bermuda
Kinsale Brokers Limited
United Kingdom
Maiden Reinsurance North America, Inc.
Missouri
Mercantile Indemnity Company Limited
United Kingdom
North Bay Holdings Limited*
Bermuda
Northshore Holdings Limited*
Bermuda
Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc.
California
Pavonia Life Insurance Company of New York
New York
Providence Washington Insurance Company
Rhode Island
River Thames Insurance Company Limited
United Kingdom
Rombalds Run-Off Limited
United Kingdom
SGL No.1 Limited
United Kingdom
StarStone Bermuda Intermediaries Ltd.*
Bermuda
StarStone Corporate Capital Limited*
Ireland
StarStone Corporate Capital 1 Limited*
United Kingdom
StarStone Insurance Bermuda Limited*
Bermuda
StarStone Insurance SE*
Liechtenstein
StarStone Insurance Services Limited*
United Kingdom
StarStone National Insurance Company*
Delaware
StarStone Specialty Insurance Company*
Delaware
StarStone Underwriting Limited*
United Kingdom
Vander Haeghen & Co SA*
Belgium
Yosemite Insurance Company
Oklahoma
Notes:
 
(1) The subsidiary listing excludes noncontrolled entities and branches of subsidiaries. Subsidiaries marked with an asterisk are not wholly owned, directly or indirectly, by Enstar Group Limited. A number of subsidiaries have been omitted from the list because, considered in the aggregate, they would not constitute a single significant subsidiary.


Exhibit



                    Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Enstar Group Limited:

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements No. 333-149551, 333-148863, 333-148862, 333-141793 and 333-212131 on Form S-8 and registration statements No. 333-195562, 333-198718, 333-215144, 333-220885 and 333-220889 on Form S-3 of Enstar Group Limited of our reports dated February 27, 2020, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of Enstar Group Limited as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement Schedules I, II, III, IV, V and VI (collectively the “consolidated financial statements”), and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, which reports appear in the December 31, 2019 annual report on Form 10-K of Enstar Group Limited.
 
/s/ KPMG Audit Limited
KPMG Audit Limited
Hamilton, Bermuda
February 27, 2020



Exhibit


Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a),
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Dominic F. Silvester, certify that:

1.
I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Enstar Group Limited;
2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a.
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b.
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c.
Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d.
Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a.
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b.
Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Dated: February 27, 2020
 
/S/ DOMINIC F. SILVESTER
Dominic F. Silvester
Chief Executive Officer



Exhibit


Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a),
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Guy Bowker, certify that:

1.
I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Enstar Group Limited;
2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a.
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b.
Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c.
Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d.
Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.
The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a.
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b.
Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: February 27, 2020
 
/S/ GUY BOWKER
Guy Bowker
Chief Financial Officer



Exhibit


Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Enstar Group Limited (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Dominic F. Silvester, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

(1)
 The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)
The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
Dated: February 27, 2020

/S/ DOMINIC F. SILVESTER
Dominic F. Silvester
Chief Executive Officer

 



Exhibit


Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Enstar Group Limited (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Guy Bowker, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

(1)
 The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)
The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
Dated: February 27, 2020
 
/S/ GUY BOWKER
Guy Bowker
Chief Financial Officer